2018-2019-1 20165226 《信息安全系統設計基礎》第6周學習總結

2018-2019-1 20165226 《信息安全系統設計基礎》第6周學習總結

目錄


1、教材學習內容總結


一、 Unix I/O

這一節涉及到操做系統的基本抽象之一——文件。也就是說,全部的I/O設備都被模型化爲文件,而全部的輸入輸出都被當作對相應文件的讀/寫。html

  • I/O設備:網絡、磁盤和終端
    • 描述符:打開文件時,內核返回一個小的非負整數。
    • Unix外殼建立的每一個進程開始時都有三個打開的文件:標準輸入(描述符爲0)、標準輸出(描述符爲1)、標準錯誤(描述符爲2)。
    • 改變當前的文件位置:文件位置爲k,初始爲0。
    • seek操做:顯式地設置文件的當前位置爲k。
    • 關閉文件:內核釋放文件打開時建立的數據結構,並將這個描述符恢復到可用的描述符池中。不管一個進程由於何種緣由終止時,內核都會關閉全部打開的文件並釋放它們的存儲器資源。

二、打開和關閉文件

(1)open函數:打開一個已存在的文件或者建立一個新文件git

  • 定義:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int open(char *filename,int flags,mode_t mode);
  • 參數解析:
    • 返回值:類型爲int型,返回的是描述符數字,老是在進程中當前沒有打開的最小描述符。若是出錯,返回值爲-1.
    • filename:文件名
    • flags:指明進程打算如何訪問這個文件,能夠取的值見下:
O_RDONLY:只讀
  O_WRONLY:只寫
  O_RDWR:可讀可寫

  O_CREAT:文件不存在,就建立新文件
  O_TRUNC:若是文件存在,就截斷它
  O_APPEND:寫操做前設置文件位置到結尾處

這些值能夠用或鏈接起來。
- mode:指定了新文件的訪問權限位,符號名稱以下:
安全

(2)close函數網絡

  • 函數定義
#include <unistd.h>
int close(int fd);
  • 參數解析
    • 返回值:成功返回0,出錯返回-1數據結構

      關閉一個已經關閉的描述符會出錯app

    • fd:即文件的描述符。dom

三、讀和寫文件

  • 應用程序是經過分別調用read和write函數來執行輸入和輸出的。
#include <unistd.h>
ssize_t read(int fd,void *buf,size_t n);
ssize_t write(int fd,const void *buf,size_t n);

read函數:從描述符爲fd的當前文件位置拷貝最多n個字節到存儲器位置buf。返回值:-1表示一個錯誤;0表示EOF;不然,返回值表示的是實際傳送的字節數量。
從存儲器位置buf拷貝至多n個字節到描述符fd的當前文件位置。返回值:若成功則爲寫的字節數,若出錯則爲-1。socket

  • lseek函數:應用程序可以顯式地修改當前文件的位置。
  • 不足值:read和write傳送的字節比應用程序要求的少。
    • 讀時遇到EOF
    • 從終端讀文本行
    • 讀和寫網絡套接字

四、用RIO包健壯的讀寫

RIO包的實質:I/O包
RIO包提供的兩種函數:函數

  • 無緩衝的輸入輸出函數
  • 帶緩衝的輸入函數(線程安全)

RIO的無緩衝的輸入輸出函數post

  • 應用程序經過調用rioreadn和riowritten函數能夠在存儲器和文件之間直接傳送數據。
#include "csapp.h"
ssize_t rio_readn(int fd,void *usrbuf,size_t n);
ssize_t rio_writen(int fd,void *usrbuf,size_t n);
  • rio_ readn函數在遇到EOF時,只能返回一個不足值;
  • rio_ writen函數毫不會返回不足值。

RIO的帶緩衝的輸入函數

  • 一個文本行就是一個由換行符結尾的ASCII碼字符序列。在Unix系統中,換行符(‘\n')與ASCII碼換行符(LF)相同,數字值爲0x0a。
  • 計算文本文件中文本行的數量,更好地方法是:
    • 調用一個包裝函數(rio、readlineb),它從一個內部讀緩衝區拷貝一個文本行,當緩衝區變空時,會自動地調用read從新填滿緩衝區。
#include "csapp.h"
//每打開一個描述符都會調用一次該函數,它將描述符fd和地址rp處的類型爲rio_t的緩衝區聯繫起來。
void rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp,int fd);
//從文件rp中讀取一個文本行(包括結尾的換行符),將它拷貝到存儲器位置usrbuf,並用空字符來結束這個文本行。
ssize_t rio_readlineb(rio_t *rp,void *usrbuf,size_t maxlen);
//從文件rp中最多讀n個字節到存儲器位置usrbuf。對同一描述符,rioreadnb和rioreadlineb的調用能夠交叉進行。
ssize_t rio_readnb(rio_t *rp,void *usrbuf,size_t n);

讀取文件元數據

  • 檢索文件信息(元數據):應用程序可以經過調用stat和fstat函數
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
int stat(const char *filename,struct stat *buf);
//stat函數以一個文件名做爲輸入,填寫一個stat數據結構中的各個成員。
int fstat(int fd,struct stat *buf);
//fstat函數以文件描述符而不是文件名做爲輸入。
  • st_size成員包含了文件的字節數大小
  • st_mode成員編碼了文件訪問許可位和文件類型
  • Unix提供的宏指令根據st_mode成員來肯定文件的類型
宏指令 描述
S_ISREG() 這是一個普通文件嗎?
S_ISDIR() 這是一個目錄文件嗎?
S_ISSOCK() 這是一個網絡套接字嗎?

返回目錄

2、練習


練習題10.1

#include "csapp.h"
int main(){

        int fd1,fd2;
        fd1=Open("foo.txt",O_RDONLY,0);
        Close(fd1);
        fd2=Open("baz.txt",O_RDONLY,0);
        print("fd2=%d\n",fd2);
        exit(0);

}
  • 編譯時發生錯誤:

  • 說明是Linux系統沒有自帶csapp/h頭文件,須要本身編寫。因此,只要把這個頭文件加入到系統的include目錄中就行了。
    • csapp.h
/* $begin csapp.h */
#ifndef __CSAPP_H__
#define __CSAPP_H__
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
/* Default file permissions are DEF_MODE & ~DEF_UMASK */
/* $begin createmasks */
#define DEF_MODE   S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP|S_IROTH|S_IWOTH
#define DEF_UMASK  S_IWGRP|S_IWOTH
/* $end createmasks */
/* Simplifies calls to bind(), connect(), and accept() */
/* $begin sockaddrdef */
typedef struct sockaddr SA;
/* $end sockaddrdef */
/* Persistent state for the robust I/O (Rio) package */
/* $begin rio_t */
#define RIO_BUFSIZE 8192
typedef struct {
    int rio_fd;                /* descriptor for this internal buf */
    int rio_cnt;               /* unread bytes in internal buf */
    char *rio_bufptr;          /* next unread byte in internal buf */
    char rio_buf[RIO_BUFSIZE]; /* internal buffer */
} rio_t;
/* $end rio_t */
/* External variables */
extern int h_errno;    /* defined by BIND for DNS errors */ 
extern char **environ; /* defined by libc */
/* Misc constants */
#define MAXLINE  8192  /* max text line length */
#define MAXBUF   8192  /* max I/O buffer size */
#define LISTENQ  1024  /* second argument to listen() */
/* Our own error-handling functions */
void unix_error(char *msg);
void posix_error(int code, char *msg);
void dns_error(char *msg);
void app_error(char *msg);
/* Process control wrappers */
pid_t Fork(void);
void Execve(const char *filename, char *const argv[], char *const envp[]);
pid_t Wait(int *status);
pid_t Waitpid(pid_t pid, int *iptr, int options);
void Kill(pid_t pid, int signum);
unsigned int Sleep(unsigned int secs);
void Pause(void);
unsigned int Alarm(unsigned int seconds);
void Setpgid(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid);
pid_t Getpgrp();

/* Signal wrappers */
typedef void handler_t(int);
handler_t *Signal(int signum, handler_t *handler);
void Sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oldset);
void Sigemptyset(sigset_t *set);
void Sigfillset(sigset_t *set);
void Sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int signum);
void Sigdelset(sigset_t *set, int signum);
int Sigismember(const sigset_t *set, int signum);
/* Unix I/O wrappers */
int Open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode);
ssize_t Read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count);
ssize_t Write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);
off_t Lseek(int fildes, off_t offset, int whence);
void Close(int fd);
int Select(int  n, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, 
       struct timeval *timeout);
int Dup2(int fd1, int fd2);
void Stat(const char *filename, struct stat *buf);
void Fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf) ;
/* Memory mapping wrappers */
void *Mmap(void *addr, size_t len, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset);
void Munmap(void *start, size_t length);
/* Standard I/O wrappers */
void Fclose(FILE *fp);
FILE *Fdopen(int fd, const char *type);
char *Fgets(char *ptr, int n, FILE *stream);
FILE *Fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode);
void Fputs(const char *ptr, FILE *stream);
size_t Fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream);
void Fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream);
/* Dynamic storage allocation wrappers */
void *Malloc(size_t size);
void *Realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
void *Calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
void Free(void *ptr);
/* Sockets interface wrappers */
int Socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
void Setsockopt(int s, int level, int optname, const void *optval, int optlen);
void Bind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *my_addr, int addrlen);
void Listen(int s, int backlog);
int Accept(int s, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);
void Connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *serv_addr, int addrlen);
/* DNS wrappers */
struct hostent *Gethostbyname(const char *name);
struct hostent *Gethostbyaddr(const char *addr, int len, int type);
/* Pthreads thread control wrappers */
void Pthread_create(pthread_t *tidp, pthread_attr_t *attrp, 
            void * (*routine)(void *), void *argp);
void Pthread_join(pthread_t tid, void **thread_return);
void Pthread_cancel(pthread_t tid);
void Pthread_detach(pthread_t tid);
void Pthread_exit(void *retval);
pthread_t Pthread_self(void);
void Pthread_once(pthread_once_t *once_control, void (*init_function)());
/* POSIX semaphore wrappers */
void Sem_init(sem_t *sem, int pshared, unsigned int value);
void P(sem_t *sem);
void V(sem_t *sem);

/* Rio (Robust I/O) package */
ssize_t rio_readn(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n);
ssize_t rio_writen(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n);
void rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp, int fd); 
ssize_t rio_readnb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t n);
ssize_t rio_readlineb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t maxlen);
/* Wrappers for Rio package */
ssize_t Rio_readn(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n);
void Rio_writen(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n);
void Rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp, int fd); 
ssize_t Rio_readnb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t n);
ssize_t Rio_readlineb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t maxlen);
/* Client/server helper functions */
int open_clientfd(char *hostname, int portno);
int open_listenfd(int portno);
/* Wrappers for client/server helper functions */
int Open_clientfd(char *hostname, int port);
int Open_listenfd(int port); 
#include <csapp.c>
#endif /* __CSAPP_H__ */
/* $end csapp.h */
  • csappp.c
/* $begin csapp.c */
#include "csapp.h"
/************************** 
 * Error-handling functions
 **************************/
/* $begin errorfuns */
/* $begin unixerror */
void unix_error(char *msg) /* unix-style error */
{
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", msg, strerror(errno));
    exit(0);
}
/* $end unixerror */
void posix_error(int code, char *msg) /* posix-style error */
{
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", msg, strerror(code));
    exit(0);
}
void dns_error(char *msg) /* dns-style error */
{
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: DNS error %d\n", msg, h_errno);
    exit(0);
}
void app_error(char *msg) /* application error */
{
    fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);
    exit(0);
}
/* $end errorfuns */
/*********************************************
 * Wrappers for Unix process control functions
 ********************************************/
/* $begin forkwrapper */
pid_t Fork(void) 
{
    pid_t pid;

    if ((pid = fork()) < 0)
    unix_error("Fork error");
    return pid;
}
/* $end forkwrapper */
void Execve(const char *filename, char *const argv[], char *const envp[]) 
{
    if (execve(filename, argv, envp) < 0)
    unix_error("Execve error");
}
/* $begin wait */
pid_t Wait(int *status) 
{
    pid_t pid;
    if ((pid  = wait(status)) < 0)
    unix_error("Wait error");
    return pid;
}
/* $end wait */

pid_t Waitpid(pid_t pid, int *iptr, int options) 
{
    pid_t retpid;
    if ((retpid  = waitpid(pid, iptr, options)) < 0) 
    unix_error("Waitpid error");
    return(retpid);
}
/* $begin kill */
void Kill(pid_t pid, int signum) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = kill(pid, signum)) < 0)
    unix_error("Kill error");
}
/* $end kill */
void Pause() 
{
    (void)pause();
    return;
}
unsigned int Sleep(unsigned int secs) 
{
    unsigned int rc;
    if ((rc = sleep(secs)) < 0)
    unix_error("Sleep error");
    return rc;
}
unsigned int Alarm(unsigned int seconds) {
    return alarm(seconds);
}
void Setpgid(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid) {
    int rc;
    if ((rc = setpgid(pid, pgid)) < 0)
    unix_error("Setpgid error");
    return;
}
pid_t Getpgrp(void) {
    return getpgrp();
}
/************************************
 * Wrappers for Unix signal functions 
 ***********************************/
/* $begin sigaction */
handler_t *Signal(int signum, handler_t *handler) 
{
    struct sigaction action, old_action;

    action.sa_handler = handler;  
    sigemptyset(&action.sa_mask); /* block sigs of type being handled */
    action.sa_flags = SA_RESTART; /* restart syscalls if possible */
    if (sigaction(signum, &action, &old_action) < 0)
    unix_error("Signal error");
    return (old_action.sa_handler);
}
/* $end sigaction */
void Sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oldset)
{
    if (sigprocmask(how, set, oldset) < 0)
    unix_error("Sigprocmask error");
    return;
}
void Sigemptyset(sigset_t *set)
{
    if (sigemptyset(set) < 0)
    unix_error("Sigemptyset error");
    return;
}
void Sigfillset(sigset_t *set)
{ 
    if (sigfillset(set) < 0)
    unix_error("Sigfillset error");
    return;
}
void Sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int signum)
{
    if (sigaddset(set, signum) < 0)
    unix_error("Sigaddset error");
    return;
}
void Sigdelset(sigset_t *set, int signum)
{
    if (sigdelset(set, signum) < 0)
    unix_error("Sigdelset error");
    return;
}
int Sigismember(const sigset_t *set, int signum)
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = sigismember(set, signum)) < 0)
    unix_error("Sigismember error");
    return rc;
}
/********************************
 * Wrappers for Unix I/O routines
 ********************************/
int Open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = open(pathname, flags, mode))  < 0)
    unix_error("Open error");
    return rc;
}
ssize_t Read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count) 
{
    ssize_t rc;
    if ((rc = read(fd, buf, count)) < 0) 
    unix_error("Read error");
    return rc;
}
ssize_t Write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count) 
{
    ssize_t rc;
    if ((rc = write(fd, buf, count)) < 0)
    unix_error("Write error");
    return rc;
}
off_t Lseek(int fildes, off_t offset, int whence) 
{
    off_t rc;
    if ((rc = lseek(fildes, offset, whence)) < 0)
    unix_error("Lseek error");
    return rc;
}
void Close(int fd) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = close(fd)) < 0)
    unix_error("Close error");
}
int Select(int  n, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
       fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = select(n, readfds, writefds, exceptfds, timeout)) < 0)
    unix_error("Select error");
    return rc;
}
int Dup2(int fd1, int fd2) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = dup2(fd1, fd2)) < 0)
    unix_error("Dup2 error");
    return rc;
}
void Stat(const char *filename, struct stat *buf) 
{
    if (stat(filename, buf) < 0)
    unix_error("Stat error");
}
void Fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf) 
{
    if (fstat(fd, buf) < 0)
    unix_error("Fstat error");
}
/***************************************
 * Wrappers for memory mapping functions
 ***************************************/
void *Mmap(void *addr, size_t len, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset) 
{
    void *ptr;
    if ((ptr = mmap(addr, len, prot, flags, fd, offset)) == ((void *) -1))
    unix_error("mmap error");
    return(ptr);
}
void Munmap(void *start, size_t length) 
{
    if (munmap(start, length) < 0)
    unix_error("munmap error");
}
/***************************************************
 * Wrappers for dynamic storage allocation functions
 ***************************************************/
void *Malloc(size_t size) 
{
    void *p;
    if ((p  = malloc(size)) == NULL)
    unix_error("Malloc error");
    return p;
}
void *Realloc(void *ptr, size_t size) 
{
    void *p;
    if ((p  = realloc(ptr, size)) == NULL)
    unix_error("Realloc error");
    return p;
}
void *Calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size) 
{
    void *p;
    if ((p = calloc(nmemb, size)) == NULL)
    unix_error("Calloc error");
    return p;
}
void Free(void *ptr) 
{
    free(ptr);
}
/******************************************
 * Wrappers for the Standard I/O functions.
 ******************************************/
void Fclose(FILE *fp) 
{
    if (fclose(fp) != 0)
    unix_error("Fclose error");
}
FILE *Fdopen(int fd, const char *type) 
{
    FILE *fp;
    if ((fp = fdopen(fd, type)) == NULL)
    unix_error("Fdopen error");
    return fp;
}
char *Fgets(char *ptr, int n, FILE *stream) 
{
    char *rptr;
    if (((rptr = fgets(ptr, n, stream)) == NULL) && ferror(stream))
    app_error("Fgets error");
    return rptr;
}
FILE *Fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode) 
{
    FILE *fp;
    if ((fp = fopen(filename, mode)) == NULL)
    unix_error("Fopen error");
    return fp;
}
void Fputs(const char *ptr, FILE *stream) 
{
    if (fputs(ptr, stream) == EOF)
    unix_error("Fputs error");
}
size_t Fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream) 
{
    size_t n;
    if (((n = fread(ptr, size, nmemb, stream)) < nmemb) && ferror(stream)) 
    unix_error("Fread error");
    return n;
}
void Fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream) 
{
    if (fwrite(ptr, size, nmemb, stream) < nmemb)
    unix_error("Fwrite error");
}
/**************************** 
 * Sockets interface wrappers
 ****************************/
int Socket(int domain, int type, int protocol) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = socket(domain, type, protocol)) < 0)
    unix_error("Socket error");
    return rc;
}
void Setsockopt(int s, int level, int optname, const void *optval, int optlen) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = setsockopt(s, level, optname, optval, optlen)) < 0)
    unix_error("Setsockopt error");
}
void Bind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *my_addr, int addrlen) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = bind(sockfd, my_addr, addrlen)) < 0)
    unix_error("Bind error");
}
void Listen(int s, int backlog) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = listen(s,  backlog)) < 0)
    unix_error("Listen error");
}

int Accept(int s, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = accept(s, addr, addrlen)) < 0)
    unix_error("Accept error");
    return rc;
}
void Connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *serv_addr, int addrlen) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = connect(sockfd, serv_addr, addrlen)) < 0)
    unix_error("Connect error");
}
/************************
 * DNS interface wrappers 
 ***********************/
/* $begin gethostbyname */
struct hostent *Gethostbyname(const char *name) 
{
    struct hostent *p;
    if ((p = gethostbyname(name)) == NULL)
    dns_error("Gethostbyname error");
    return p;
}
/* $end gethostbyname */
struct hostent *Gethostbyaddr(const char *addr, int len, int type) 
{
    struct hostent *p;
    if ((p = gethostbyaddr(addr, len, type)) == NULL)
    dns_error("Gethostbyaddr error");
    return p;
}
/************************************************
 * Wrappers for Pthreads thread control functions
 ************************************************/
void Pthread_create(pthread_t *tidp, pthread_attr_t *attrp, 
            void * (*routine)(void *), void *argp) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = pthread_create(tidp, attrp, routine, argp)) != 0)
    posix_error(rc, "Pthread_create error");
}
void Pthread_cancel(pthread_t tid) {
    int rc;
    if ((rc = pthread_cancel(tid)) != 0)
    posix_error(rc, "Pthread_cancel error");
}
void Pthread_join(pthread_t tid, void **thread_return) {
    int rc;
    if ((rc = pthread_join(tid, thread_return)) != 0)
    posix_error(rc, "Pthread_join error");
}
/* $begin detach */
void Pthread_detach(pthread_t tid) {
    int rc;
    if ((rc = pthread_detach(tid)) != 0)
    posix_error(rc, "Pthread_detach error");
}
/* $end detach */
void Pthread_exit(void *retval) {
    pthread_exit(retval);
}
pthread_t Pthread_self(void) {
    return pthread_self();
}
void Pthread_once(pthread_once_t *once_control, void (*init_function)()) {
    pthread_once(once_control, init_function);
}
/*******************************
 * Wrappers for Posix semaphores
 *******************************/
void Sem_init(sem_t *sem, int pshared, unsigned int value) 
{
    if (sem_init(sem, pshared, value) < 0)
    unix_error("Sem_init error");
}
void P(sem_t *sem) 
{
    if (sem_wait(sem) < 0)
    unix_error("P error");
}
void V(sem_t *sem) 
{
    if (sem_post(sem) < 0)
    unix_error("V error");
}
/*********************************************************************
 * The Rio package - robust I/O functions
 **********************************************************************/
/*
 * rio_readn - robustly read n bytes (unbuffered)
 */
/* $begin rio_readn */
ssize_t rio_readn(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n) 
{
    size_t nleft = n;
    ssize_t nread;
    char *bufp = usrbuf;
    while (nleft > 0) {
    if ((nread = read(fd, bufp, nleft)) < 0) {
        if (errno == EINTR) /* interrupted by sig handler return */
        nread = 0;      /* and call read() again */
        else
        return -1;      /* errno set by read() */ 
    } 
    else if (nread == 0)
        break;              /* EOF */
    nleft -= nread;
    bufp += nread;
    }
    return (n - nleft);         /* return >= 0 */
}
/* $end rio_readn */

/*
 * rio_writen - robustly write n bytes (unbuffered)
 */
/* $begin rio_writen */
ssize_t rio_writen(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n) 
{
    size_t nleft = n;
    ssize_t nwritten;
    char *bufp = usrbuf;
    while (nleft > 0) {
    if ((nwritten = write(fd, bufp, nleft)) <= 0) {
        if (errno == EINTR)  /* interrupted by sig handler return */
        nwritten = 0;    /* and call write() again */
        else
        return -1;       /* errno set by write() */
    }
    nleft -= nwritten;
    bufp += nwritten;
    }
    return n;
}
/* $end rio_writen */
/* 
 * rio_read - This is a wrapper for the Unix read() function that
 *    transfers min(n, rio_cnt) bytes from an internal buffer to a user
 *    buffer, where n is the number of bytes requested by the user and
 *    rio_cnt is the number of unread bytes in the internal buffer. On
 *    entry, rio_read() refills the internal buffer via a call to
 *    read() if the internal buffer is empty.
 */
/* $begin rio_read */
static ssize_t rio_read(rio_t *rp, char *usrbuf, size_t n)
{
    int cnt;
    while (rp->rio_cnt <= 0) {  /* refill if buf is empty */
    rp->rio_cnt = read(rp->rio_fd, rp->rio_buf, 
               sizeof(rp->rio_buf));
    if (rp->rio_cnt < 0) {
        if (errno != EINTR) /* interrupted by sig handler return */
        return -1;
    }
    else if (rp->rio_cnt == 0)  /* EOF */
        return 0;
    else 
        rp->rio_bufptr = rp->rio_buf; /* reset buffer ptr */
    }

    /* Copy min(n, rp->rio_cnt) bytes from internal buf to user buf */
    cnt = n;          
    if (rp->rio_cnt < n)   
    cnt = rp->rio_cnt;
    memcpy(usrbuf, rp->rio_bufptr, cnt);
    rp->rio_bufptr += cnt;
    rp->rio_cnt -= cnt;
    return cnt;
}
/* $end rio_read */

/*
 * rio_readinitb - Associate a descriptor with a read buffer and reset buffer
 */
/* $begin rio_readinitb */
void rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp, int fd) 
{
    rp->rio_fd = fd;  
    rp->rio_cnt = 0;  
    rp->rio_bufptr = rp->rio_buf;
}
/* $end rio_readinitb */
/*
 * rio_readnb - Robustly read n bytes (buffered)
 */
/* $begin rio_readnb */
ssize_t rio_readnb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t n) 
{
    size_t nleft = n;
    ssize_t nread;
    char *bufp = usrbuf;
    while (nleft > 0) {
    if ((nread = rio_read(rp, bufp, nleft)) < 0) {
        if (errno == EINTR) /* interrupted by sig handler return */
        nread = 0;      /* call read() again */
        else
        return -1;      /* errno set by read() */ 
    } 
    else if (nread == 0)
        break;              /* EOF */
    nleft -= nread;
    bufp += nread;
    }
    return (n - nleft);         /* return >= 0 */
}
/* $end rio_readnb */
/* 
 * rio_readlineb - robustly read a text line (buffered)
 */
/* $begin rio_readlineb */
ssize_t rio_readlineb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t maxlen) 
{
    int n, rc;
    char c, *bufp = usrbuf;
    for (n = 1; n < maxlen; n++) { 
    if ((rc = rio_read(rp, &c, 1)) == 1) {
        *bufp++ = c;
        if (c == '\n')
        break;
    } else if (rc == 0) {
        if (n == 1)
        return 0; /* EOF, no data read */
        else
        break;    /* EOF, some data was read */
    } else
        return -1;    /* error */
    }
    *bufp = 0;
    return n;
}
/* $end rio_readlineb */

/**********************************
 * Wrappers for robust I/O routines
 **********************************/
ssize_t Rio_readn(int fd, void *ptr, size_t nbytes) 
{
    ssize_t n;

    if ((n = rio_readn(fd, ptr, nbytes)) < 0)
    unix_error("Rio_readn error");
    return n;
}
void Rio_writen(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n) 
{
    if (rio_writen(fd, usrbuf, n) != n)
    unix_error("Rio_writen error");
}
void Rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp, int fd)
{
    rio_readinitb(rp, fd);
} 
ssize_t Rio_readnb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t n) 
{
    ssize_t rc;

    if ((rc = rio_readnb(rp, usrbuf, n)) < 0)
    unix_error("Rio_readnb error");
    return rc;
}
ssize_t Rio_readlineb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t maxlen) 
{
    ssize_t rc;
    if ((rc = rio_readlineb(rp, usrbuf, maxlen)) < 0)
    unix_error("Rio_readlineb error");
    return rc;
} 
/******************************** 
 * Client/server helper functions
 ********************************/
/*
 * open_clientfd - open connection to server at <hostname, port> 
 *   and return a socket descriptor ready for reading and writing.
 *   Returns -1 and sets errno on Unix error. 
 *   Returns -2 and sets h_errno on DNS (gethostbyname) error.
 */
/* $begin open_clientfd */
int open_clientfd(char *hostname, int port) 
{
    int clientfd;
    struct hostent *hp;
    struct sockaddr_in serveraddr;
    if ((clientfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
    return -1; /* check errno for cause of error */
    /* Fill in the server's IP address and port */
    if ((hp = gethostbyname(hostname)) == NULL)
    return -2; /* check h_errno for cause of error */
    bzero((char *) &serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));
    serveraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    bcopy((char *)hp->h_addr_list[0], 
      (char *)&serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr, hp->h_length);
    serveraddr.sin_port = htons(port);
    /* Establish a connection with the server */
    if (connect(clientfd, (SA *) &serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr)) < 0)
    return -1;
    return clientfd;
}
/* $end open_clientfd */
/*  
 * open_listenfd - open and return a listening socket on port
 *     Returns -1 and sets errno on Unix error.
 */
/* $begin open_listenfd */
int open_listenfd(int port) 
{
    int listenfd, optval=1;
    struct sockaddr_in serveraddr;
    /* Create a socket descriptor */
    if ((listenfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
    return -1;
    /* Eliminates "Address already in use" error from bind. */
    if (setsockopt(listenfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 
           (const void *)&optval , sizeof(int)) < 0)
    return -1;
    /* Listenfd will be an endpoint for all requests to port
       on any IP address for this host */
    bzero((char *) &serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));
    serveraddr.sin_family = AF_INET; 
    serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); 
    serveraddr.sin_port = htons((unsigned short)port); 
    if (bind(listenfd, (SA *)&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr)) < 0)
    return -1;
    /* Make it a listening socket ready to accept connection requests */
    if (listen(listenfd, LISTENQ) < 0)
    return -1;
    return listenfd;
}
/* $end open_listenfd */
/******************************************
 * Wrappers for the client/server helper routines 
 ******************************************/
int Open_clientfd(char *hostname, int port) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = open_clientfd(hostname, port)) < 0) {
    if (rc == -1)
        unix_error("Open_clientfd Unix error");
    else        
        dns_error("Open_clientfd DNS error");
    }
    return rc;
}
int Open_listenfd(int port) 
{
    int rc;
    if ((rc = open_listenfd(port)) < 0)
    unix_error("Open_listenfd error");
    return rc;
}
/* $end csapp.c */

返回目錄

3、代碼託管與統計


****
代碼託管

返回目錄

4、學習進度條


代碼行數(新增/累積) 博客量(新增/累積) 學習時間(新增/累積) 重要成長
目標 5000行 30篇 400小時
第一週 87/87 2/2 20/20
第二週 71/158 1/3 12/32
第三週 100/258 2/5 13/45
第四周 3265/9750 2/7 15/60
第五週 282/9786 1/8 8/68
第六週 1980/13996 2/10 8/76

嘗試一下記錄「計劃學習時間」和「實際學習時間」,到期末看看能不能改進本身的計劃能力。這個工做學習中很重要,也頗有用。
耗時估計的公式
:Y=X+X/N ,Y=X-X/N,訓練次數多了,X、Y就接近了。

參考:軟件工程軟件的估計爲何這麼難軟件工程 估計方法

  • 計劃學習時間:8小時

  • 實際學習時間:8小時

  • 改進狀況:

(有空多看看現代軟件工程 課件
軟件工程師能力自我評價表
)

返回目錄

5、參考資料


返回目錄

相關文章
相關標籤/搜索