這一節涉及到操做系統的基本抽象之一——文件。也就是說,全部的I/O設備都被模型化爲文件,而全部的輸入輸出都被當作對相應文件的讀/寫。html
(1)open函數:打開一個已存在的文件或者建立一個新文件git
#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <fcntl.h> int open(char *filename,int flags,mode_t mode);
O_RDONLY:只讀 O_WRONLY:只寫 O_RDWR:可讀可寫 O_CREAT:文件不存在,就建立新文件 O_TRUNC:若是文件存在,就截斷它 O_APPEND:寫操做前設置文件位置到結尾處
這些值能夠用或鏈接起來。
- mode:指定了新文件的訪問權限位,符號名稱以下:
安全
(2)close函數網絡
#include <unistd.h> int close(int fd);
返回值:成功返回0,出錯返回-1數據結構
關閉一個已經關閉的描述符會出錯app
fd:即文件的描述符。dom
#include <unistd.h> ssize_t read(int fd,void *buf,size_t n); ssize_t write(int fd,const void *buf,size_t n);
read函數:從描述符爲fd的當前文件位置拷貝最多n個字節到存儲器位置buf。返回值:-1表示一個錯誤;0表示EOF;不然,返回值表示的是實際傳送的字節數量。
從存儲器位置buf拷貝至多n個字節到描述符fd的當前文件位置。返回值:若成功則爲寫的字節數,若出錯則爲-1。socket
RIO包的實質:I/O包
RIO包提供的兩種函數:函數
- 無緩衝的輸入輸出函數
- 帶緩衝的輸入函數(線程安全)
RIO的無緩衝的輸入輸出函數post
#include "csapp.h" ssize_t rio_readn(int fd,void *usrbuf,size_t n); ssize_t rio_writen(int fd,void *usrbuf,size_t n);
RIO的帶緩衝的輸入函數
#include "csapp.h" //每打開一個描述符都會調用一次該函數,它將描述符fd和地址rp處的類型爲rio_t的緩衝區聯繫起來。 void rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp,int fd); //從文件rp中讀取一個文本行(包括結尾的換行符),將它拷貝到存儲器位置usrbuf,並用空字符來結束這個文本行。 ssize_t rio_readlineb(rio_t *rp,void *usrbuf,size_t maxlen); //從文件rp中最多讀n個字節到存儲器位置usrbuf。對同一描述符,rioreadnb和rioreadlineb的調用能夠交叉進行。 ssize_t rio_readnb(rio_t *rp,void *usrbuf,size_t n);
讀取文件元數據
#include <unistd.h> #include <sys/stat.h> int stat(const char *filename,struct stat *buf); //stat函數以一個文件名做爲輸入,填寫一個stat數據結構中的各個成員。 int fstat(int fd,struct stat *buf); //fstat函數以文件描述符而不是文件名做爲輸入。
宏指令 | 描述 |
---|---|
S_ISREG() | 這是一個普通文件嗎? |
S_ISDIR() | 這是一個目錄文件嗎? |
S_ISSOCK() | 這是一個網絡套接字嗎? |
#include "csapp.h" int main(){ int fd1,fd2; fd1=Open("foo.txt",O_RDONLY,0); Close(fd1); fd2=Open("baz.txt",O_RDONLY,0); print("fd2=%d\n",fd2); exit(0); }
編譯時發生錯誤:
csapp/h
頭文件,須要本身編寫。因此,只要把這個頭文件加入到系統的include目錄中就行了。
/* $begin csapp.h */ #ifndef __CSAPP_H__ #define __CSAPP_H__ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> #include <ctype.h> #include <setjmp.h> #include <signal.h> #include <sys/time.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/wait.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <errno.h> #include <math.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <semaphore.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netdb.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> /* Default file permissions are DEF_MODE & ~DEF_UMASK */ /* $begin createmasks */ #define DEF_MODE S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP|S_IROTH|S_IWOTH #define DEF_UMASK S_IWGRP|S_IWOTH /* $end createmasks */ /* Simplifies calls to bind(), connect(), and accept() */ /* $begin sockaddrdef */ typedef struct sockaddr SA; /* $end sockaddrdef */ /* Persistent state for the robust I/O (Rio) package */ /* $begin rio_t */ #define RIO_BUFSIZE 8192 typedef struct { int rio_fd; /* descriptor for this internal buf */ int rio_cnt; /* unread bytes in internal buf */ char *rio_bufptr; /* next unread byte in internal buf */ char rio_buf[RIO_BUFSIZE]; /* internal buffer */ } rio_t; /* $end rio_t */ /* External variables */ extern int h_errno; /* defined by BIND for DNS errors */ extern char **environ; /* defined by libc */ /* Misc constants */ #define MAXLINE 8192 /* max text line length */ #define MAXBUF 8192 /* max I/O buffer size */ #define LISTENQ 1024 /* second argument to listen() */ /* Our own error-handling functions */ void unix_error(char *msg); void posix_error(int code, char *msg); void dns_error(char *msg); void app_error(char *msg); /* Process control wrappers */ pid_t Fork(void); void Execve(const char *filename, char *const argv[], char *const envp[]); pid_t Wait(int *status); pid_t Waitpid(pid_t pid, int *iptr, int options); void Kill(pid_t pid, int signum); unsigned int Sleep(unsigned int secs); void Pause(void); unsigned int Alarm(unsigned int seconds); void Setpgid(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid); pid_t Getpgrp(); /* Signal wrappers */ typedef void handler_t(int); handler_t *Signal(int signum, handler_t *handler); void Sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oldset); void Sigemptyset(sigset_t *set); void Sigfillset(sigset_t *set); void Sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int signum); void Sigdelset(sigset_t *set, int signum); int Sigismember(const sigset_t *set, int signum); /* Unix I/O wrappers */ int Open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode); ssize_t Read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count); ssize_t Write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count); off_t Lseek(int fildes, off_t offset, int whence); void Close(int fd); int Select(int n, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout); int Dup2(int fd1, int fd2); void Stat(const char *filename, struct stat *buf); void Fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf) ; /* Memory mapping wrappers */ void *Mmap(void *addr, size_t len, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset); void Munmap(void *start, size_t length); /* Standard I/O wrappers */ void Fclose(FILE *fp); FILE *Fdopen(int fd, const char *type); char *Fgets(char *ptr, int n, FILE *stream); FILE *Fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode); void Fputs(const char *ptr, FILE *stream); size_t Fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream); void Fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream); /* Dynamic storage allocation wrappers */ void *Malloc(size_t size); void *Realloc(void *ptr, size_t size); void *Calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size); void Free(void *ptr); /* Sockets interface wrappers */ int Socket(int domain, int type, int protocol); void Setsockopt(int s, int level, int optname, const void *optval, int optlen); void Bind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *my_addr, int addrlen); void Listen(int s, int backlog); int Accept(int s, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen); void Connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *serv_addr, int addrlen); /* DNS wrappers */ struct hostent *Gethostbyname(const char *name); struct hostent *Gethostbyaddr(const char *addr, int len, int type); /* Pthreads thread control wrappers */ void Pthread_create(pthread_t *tidp, pthread_attr_t *attrp, void * (*routine)(void *), void *argp); void Pthread_join(pthread_t tid, void **thread_return); void Pthread_cancel(pthread_t tid); void Pthread_detach(pthread_t tid); void Pthread_exit(void *retval); pthread_t Pthread_self(void); void Pthread_once(pthread_once_t *once_control, void (*init_function)()); /* POSIX semaphore wrappers */ void Sem_init(sem_t *sem, int pshared, unsigned int value); void P(sem_t *sem); void V(sem_t *sem); /* Rio (Robust I/O) package */ ssize_t rio_readn(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n); ssize_t rio_writen(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n); void rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp, int fd); ssize_t rio_readnb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t n); ssize_t rio_readlineb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t maxlen); /* Wrappers for Rio package */ ssize_t Rio_readn(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n); void Rio_writen(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n); void Rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp, int fd); ssize_t Rio_readnb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t n); ssize_t Rio_readlineb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t maxlen); /* Client/server helper functions */ int open_clientfd(char *hostname, int portno); int open_listenfd(int portno); /* Wrappers for client/server helper functions */ int Open_clientfd(char *hostname, int port); int Open_listenfd(int port); #include <csapp.c> #endif /* __CSAPP_H__ */ /* $end csapp.h */
/* $begin csapp.c */ #include "csapp.h" /************************** * Error-handling functions **************************/ /* $begin errorfuns */ /* $begin unixerror */ void unix_error(char *msg) /* unix-style error */ { fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", msg, strerror(errno)); exit(0); } /* $end unixerror */ void posix_error(int code, char *msg) /* posix-style error */ { fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", msg, strerror(code)); exit(0); } void dns_error(char *msg) /* dns-style error */ { fprintf(stderr, "%s: DNS error %d\n", msg, h_errno); exit(0); } void app_error(char *msg) /* application error */ { fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg); exit(0); } /* $end errorfuns */ /********************************************* * Wrappers for Unix process control functions ********************************************/ /* $begin forkwrapper */ pid_t Fork(void) { pid_t pid; if ((pid = fork()) < 0) unix_error("Fork error"); return pid; } /* $end forkwrapper */ void Execve(const char *filename, char *const argv[], char *const envp[]) { if (execve(filename, argv, envp) < 0) unix_error("Execve error"); } /* $begin wait */ pid_t Wait(int *status) { pid_t pid; if ((pid = wait(status)) < 0) unix_error("Wait error"); return pid; } /* $end wait */ pid_t Waitpid(pid_t pid, int *iptr, int options) { pid_t retpid; if ((retpid = waitpid(pid, iptr, options)) < 0) unix_error("Waitpid error"); return(retpid); } /* $begin kill */ void Kill(pid_t pid, int signum) { int rc; if ((rc = kill(pid, signum)) < 0) unix_error("Kill error"); } /* $end kill */ void Pause() { (void)pause(); return; } unsigned int Sleep(unsigned int secs) { unsigned int rc; if ((rc = sleep(secs)) < 0) unix_error("Sleep error"); return rc; } unsigned int Alarm(unsigned int seconds) { return alarm(seconds); } void Setpgid(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid) { int rc; if ((rc = setpgid(pid, pgid)) < 0) unix_error("Setpgid error"); return; } pid_t Getpgrp(void) { return getpgrp(); } /************************************ * Wrappers for Unix signal functions ***********************************/ /* $begin sigaction */ handler_t *Signal(int signum, handler_t *handler) { struct sigaction action, old_action; action.sa_handler = handler; sigemptyset(&action.sa_mask); /* block sigs of type being handled */ action.sa_flags = SA_RESTART; /* restart syscalls if possible */ if (sigaction(signum, &action, &old_action) < 0) unix_error("Signal error"); return (old_action.sa_handler); } /* $end sigaction */ void Sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oldset) { if (sigprocmask(how, set, oldset) < 0) unix_error("Sigprocmask error"); return; } void Sigemptyset(sigset_t *set) { if (sigemptyset(set) < 0) unix_error("Sigemptyset error"); return; } void Sigfillset(sigset_t *set) { if (sigfillset(set) < 0) unix_error("Sigfillset error"); return; } void Sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int signum) { if (sigaddset(set, signum) < 0) unix_error("Sigaddset error"); return; } void Sigdelset(sigset_t *set, int signum) { if (sigdelset(set, signum) < 0) unix_error("Sigdelset error"); return; } int Sigismember(const sigset_t *set, int signum) { int rc; if ((rc = sigismember(set, signum)) < 0) unix_error("Sigismember error"); return rc; } /******************************** * Wrappers for Unix I/O routines ********************************/ int Open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode) { int rc; if ((rc = open(pathname, flags, mode)) < 0) unix_error("Open error"); return rc; } ssize_t Read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count) { ssize_t rc; if ((rc = read(fd, buf, count)) < 0) unix_error("Read error"); return rc; } ssize_t Write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count) { ssize_t rc; if ((rc = write(fd, buf, count)) < 0) unix_error("Write error"); return rc; } off_t Lseek(int fildes, off_t offset, int whence) { off_t rc; if ((rc = lseek(fildes, offset, whence)) < 0) unix_error("Lseek error"); return rc; } void Close(int fd) { int rc; if ((rc = close(fd)) < 0) unix_error("Close error"); } int Select(int n, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout) { int rc; if ((rc = select(n, readfds, writefds, exceptfds, timeout)) < 0) unix_error("Select error"); return rc; } int Dup2(int fd1, int fd2) { int rc; if ((rc = dup2(fd1, fd2)) < 0) unix_error("Dup2 error"); return rc; } void Stat(const char *filename, struct stat *buf) { if (stat(filename, buf) < 0) unix_error("Stat error"); } void Fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf) { if (fstat(fd, buf) < 0) unix_error("Fstat error"); } /*************************************** * Wrappers for memory mapping functions ***************************************/ void *Mmap(void *addr, size_t len, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset) { void *ptr; if ((ptr = mmap(addr, len, prot, flags, fd, offset)) == ((void *) -1)) unix_error("mmap error"); return(ptr); } void Munmap(void *start, size_t length) { if (munmap(start, length) < 0) unix_error("munmap error"); } /*************************************************** * Wrappers for dynamic storage allocation functions ***************************************************/ void *Malloc(size_t size) { void *p; if ((p = malloc(size)) == NULL) unix_error("Malloc error"); return p; } void *Realloc(void *ptr, size_t size) { void *p; if ((p = realloc(ptr, size)) == NULL) unix_error("Realloc error"); return p; } void *Calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size) { void *p; if ((p = calloc(nmemb, size)) == NULL) unix_error("Calloc error"); return p; } void Free(void *ptr) { free(ptr); } /****************************************** * Wrappers for the Standard I/O functions. ******************************************/ void Fclose(FILE *fp) { if (fclose(fp) != 0) unix_error("Fclose error"); } FILE *Fdopen(int fd, const char *type) { FILE *fp; if ((fp = fdopen(fd, type)) == NULL) unix_error("Fdopen error"); return fp; } char *Fgets(char *ptr, int n, FILE *stream) { char *rptr; if (((rptr = fgets(ptr, n, stream)) == NULL) && ferror(stream)) app_error("Fgets error"); return rptr; } FILE *Fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode) { FILE *fp; if ((fp = fopen(filename, mode)) == NULL) unix_error("Fopen error"); return fp; } void Fputs(const char *ptr, FILE *stream) { if (fputs(ptr, stream) == EOF) unix_error("Fputs error"); } size_t Fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream) { size_t n; if (((n = fread(ptr, size, nmemb, stream)) < nmemb) && ferror(stream)) unix_error("Fread error"); return n; } void Fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream) { if (fwrite(ptr, size, nmemb, stream) < nmemb) unix_error("Fwrite error"); } /**************************** * Sockets interface wrappers ****************************/ int Socket(int domain, int type, int protocol) { int rc; if ((rc = socket(domain, type, protocol)) < 0) unix_error("Socket error"); return rc; } void Setsockopt(int s, int level, int optname, const void *optval, int optlen) { int rc; if ((rc = setsockopt(s, level, optname, optval, optlen)) < 0) unix_error("Setsockopt error"); } void Bind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *my_addr, int addrlen) { int rc; if ((rc = bind(sockfd, my_addr, addrlen)) < 0) unix_error("Bind error"); } void Listen(int s, int backlog) { int rc; if ((rc = listen(s, backlog)) < 0) unix_error("Listen error"); } int Accept(int s, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen) { int rc; if ((rc = accept(s, addr, addrlen)) < 0) unix_error("Accept error"); return rc; } void Connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *serv_addr, int addrlen) { int rc; if ((rc = connect(sockfd, serv_addr, addrlen)) < 0) unix_error("Connect error"); } /************************ * DNS interface wrappers ***********************/ /* $begin gethostbyname */ struct hostent *Gethostbyname(const char *name) { struct hostent *p; if ((p = gethostbyname(name)) == NULL) dns_error("Gethostbyname error"); return p; } /* $end gethostbyname */ struct hostent *Gethostbyaddr(const char *addr, int len, int type) { struct hostent *p; if ((p = gethostbyaddr(addr, len, type)) == NULL) dns_error("Gethostbyaddr error"); return p; } /************************************************ * Wrappers for Pthreads thread control functions ************************************************/ void Pthread_create(pthread_t *tidp, pthread_attr_t *attrp, void * (*routine)(void *), void *argp) { int rc; if ((rc = pthread_create(tidp, attrp, routine, argp)) != 0) posix_error(rc, "Pthread_create error"); } void Pthread_cancel(pthread_t tid) { int rc; if ((rc = pthread_cancel(tid)) != 0) posix_error(rc, "Pthread_cancel error"); } void Pthread_join(pthread_t tid, void **thread_return) { int rc; if ((rc = pthread_join(tid, thread_return)) != 0) posix_error(rc, "Pthread_join error"); } /* $begin detach */ void Pthread_detach(pthread_t tid) { int rc; if ((rc = pthread_detach(tid)) != 0) posix_error(rc, "Pthread_detach error"); } /* $end detach */ void Pthread_exit(void *retval) { pthread_exit(retval); } pthread_t Pthread_self(void) { return pthread_self(); } void Pthread_once(pthread_once_t *once_control, void (*init_function)()) { pthread_once(once_control, init_function); } /******************************* * Wrappers for Posix semaphores *******************************/ void Sem_init(sem_t *sem, int pshared, unsigned int value) { if (sem_init(sem, pshared, value) < 0) unix_error("Sem_init error"); } void P(sem_t *sem) { if (sem_wait(sem) < 0) unix_error("P error"); } void V(sem_t *sem) { if (sem_post(sem) < 0) unix_error("V error"); } /********************************************************************* * The Rio package - robust I/O functions **********************************************************************/ /* * rio_readn - robustly read n bytes (unbuffered) */ /* $begin rio_readn */ ssize_t rio_readn(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n) { size_t nleft = n; ssize_t nread; char *bufp = usrbuf; while (nleft > 0) { if ((nread = read(fd, bufp, nleft)) < 0) { if (errno == EINTR) /* interrupted by sig handler return */ nread = 0; /* and call read() again */ else return -1; /* errno set by read() */ } else if (nread == 0) break; /* EOF */ nleft -= nread; bufp += nread; } return (n - nleft); /* return >= 0 */ } /* $end rio_readn */ /* * rio_writen - robustly write n bytes (unbuffered) */ /* $begin rio_writen */ ssize_t rio_writen(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n) { size_t nleft = n; ssize_t nwritten; char *bufp = usrbuf; while (nleft > 0) { if ((nwritten = write(fd, bufp, nleft)) <= 0) { if (errno == EINTR) /* interrupted by sig handler return */ nwritten = 0; /* and call write() again */ else return -1; /* errno set by write() */ } nleft -= nwritten; bufp += nwritten; } return n; } /* $end rio_writen */ /* * rio_read - This is a wrapper for the Unix read() function that * transfers min(n, rio_cnt) bytes from an internal buffer to a user * buffer, where n is the number of bytes requested by the user and * rio_cnt is the number of unread bytes in the internal buffer. On * entry, rio_read() refills the internal buffer via a call to * read() if the internal buffer is empty. */ /* $begin rio_read */ static ssize_t rio_read(rio_t *rp, char *usrbuf, size_t n) { int cnt; while (rp->rio_cnt <= 0) { /* refill if buf is empty */ rp->rio_cnt = read(rp->rio_fd, rp->rio_buf, sizeof(rp->rio_buf)); if (rp->rio_cnt < 0) { if (errno != EINTR) /* interrupted by sig handler return */ return -1; } else if (rp->rio_cnt == 0) /* EOF */ return 0; else rp->rio_bufptr = rp->rio_buf; /* reset buffer ptr */ } /* Copy min(n, rp->rio_cnt) bytes from internal buf to user buf */ cnt = n; if (rp->rio_cnt < n) cnt = rp->rio_cnt; memcpy(usrbuf, rp->rio_bufptr, cnt); rp->rio_bufptr += cnt; rp->rio_cnt -= cnt; return cnt; } /* $end rio_read */ /* * rio_readinitb - Associate a descriptor with a read buffer and reset buffer */ /* $begin rio_readinitb */ void rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp, int fd) { rp->rio_fd = fd; rp->rio_cnt = 0; rp->rio_bufptr = rp->rio_buf; } /* $end rio_readinitb */ /* * rio_readnb - Robustly read n bytes (buffered) */ /* $begin rio_readnb */ ssize_t rio_readnb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t n) { size_t nleft = n; ssize_t nread; char *bufp = usrbuf; while (nleft > 0) { if ((nread = rio_read(rp, bufp, nleft)) < 0) { if (errno == EINTR) /* interrupted by sig handler return */ nread = 0; /* call read() again */ else return -1; /* errno set by read() */ } else if (nread == 0) break; /* EOF */ nleft -= nread; bufp += nread; } return (n - nleft); /* return >= 0 */ } /* $end rio_readnb */ /* * rio_readlineb - robustly read a text line (buffered) */ /* $begin rio_readlineb */ ssize_t rio_readlineb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t maxlen) { int n, rc; char c, *bufp = usrbuf; for (n = 1; n < maxlen; n++) { if ((rc = rio_read(rp, &c, 1)) == 1) { *bufp++ = c; if (c == '\n') break; } else if (rc == 0) { if (n == 1) return 0; /* EOF, no data read */ else break; /* EOF, some data was read */ } else return -1; /* error */ } *bufp = 0; return n; } /* $end rio_readlineb */ /********************************** * Wrappers for robust I/O routines **********************************/ ssize_t Rio_readn(int fd, void *ptr, size_t nbytes) { ssize_t n; if ((n = rio_readn(fd, ptr, nbytes)) < 0) unix_error("Rio_readn error"); return n; } void Rio_writen(int fd, void *usrbuf, size_t n) { if (rio_writen(fd, usrbuf, n) != n) unix_error("Rio_writen error"); } void Rio_readinitb(rio_t *rp, int fd) { rio_readinitb(rp, fd); } ssize_t Rio_readnb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t n) { ssize_t rc; if ((rc = rio_readnb(rp, usrbuf, n)) < 0) unix_error("Rio_readnb error"); return rc; } ssize_t Rio_readlineb(rio_t *rp, void *usrbuf, size_t maxlen) { ssize_t rc; if ((rc = rio_readlineb(rp, usrbuf, maxlen)) < 0) unix_error("Rio_readlineb error"); return rc; } /******************************** * Client/server helper functions ********************************/ /* * open_clientfd - open connection to server at <hostname, port> * and return a socket descriptor ready for reading and writing. * Returns -1 and sets errno on Unix error. * Returns -2 and sets h_errno on DNS (gethostbyname) error. */ /* $begin open_clientfd */ int open_clientfd(char *hostname, int port) { int clientfd; struct hostent *hp; struct sockaddr_in serveraddr; if ((clientfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) return -1; /* check errno for cause of error */ /* Fill in the server's IP address and port */ if ((hp = gethostbyname(hostname)) == NULL) return -2; /* check h_errno for cause of error */ bzero((char *) &serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr)); serveraddr.sin_family = AF_INET; bcopy((char *)hp->h_addr_list[0], (char *)&serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr, hp->h_length); serveraddr.sin_port = htons(port); /* Establish a connection with the server */ if (connect(clientfd, (SA *) &serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr)) < 0) return -1; return clientfd; } /* $end open_clientfd */ /* * open_listenfd - open and return a listening socket on port * Returns -1 and sets errno on Unix error. */ /* $begin open_listenfd */ int open_listenfd(int port) { int listenfd, optval=1; struct sockaddr_in serveraddr; /* Create a socket descriptor */ if ((listenfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) return -1; /* Eliminates "Address already in use" error from bind. */ if (setsockopt(listenfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (const void *)&optval , sizeof(int)) < 0) return -1; /* Listenfd will be an endpoint for all requests to port on any IP address for this host */ bzero((char *) &serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr)); serveraddr.sin_family = AF_INET; serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); serveraddr.sin_port = htons((unsigned short)port); if (bind(listenfd, (SA *)&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr)) < 0) return -1; /* Make it a listening socket ready to accept connection requests */ if (listen(listenfd, LISTENQ) < 0) return -1; return listenfd; } /* $end open_listenfd */ /****************************************** * Wrappers for the client/server helper routines ******************************************/ int Open_clientfd(char *hostname, int port) { int rc; if ((rc = open_clientfd(hostname, port)) < 0) { if (rc == -1) unix_error("Open_clientfd Unix error"); else dns_error("Open_clientfd DNS error"); } return rc; } int Open_listenfd(int port) { int rc; if ((rc = open_listenfd(port)) < 0) unix_error("Open_listenfd error"); return rc; } /* $end csapp.c */
代碼行數(新增/累積) | 博客量(新增/累積) | 學習時間(新增/累積) | 重要成長 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
目標 | 5000行 | 30篇 | 400小時 | |
第一週 | 87/87 | 2/2 | 20/20 | |
第二週 | 71/158 | 1/3 | 12/32 | |
第三週 | 100/258 | 2/5 | 13/45 | |
第四周 | 3265/9750 | 2/7 | 15/60 | |
第五週 | 282/9786 | 1/8 | 8/68 | |
第六週 | 1980/13996 | 2/10 | 8/76 |
嘗試一下記錄「計劃學習時間」和「實際學習時間」,到期末看看能不能改進本身的計劃能力。這個工做學習中很重要,也頗有用。
耗時估計的公式
:Y=X+X/N ,Y=X-X/N,訓練次數多了,X、Y就接近了。
計劃學習時間:8小時
實際學習時間:8小時
改進狀況:
(有空多看看現代軟件工程 課件
軟件工程師能力自我評價表)