LAMP之Apache
Apache是世界使用排名第一的Web服務器軟件。它能夠運行在幾乎全部普遍使用的計算機平臺上，因爲其跨平臺和安全性被普遍使用，是最流行的Web服務器端軟件之一。快速、可靠而且可經過簡單的API擴充，將Perl/Python等解釋器編譯到服務器中。javascript
特色：php
功能強大、配置簡單、速度快、應用普遍、性能穩定可靠，同時還能夠作代理服務器或負載均衡css
應用場景：html
運行靜態頁面、圖片（聽說處理靜態小文件能力不如Nginx）java
結合PHP引擎運行PHP等程序，LAMP組合node
結合tomcat、resin運行jsp、java等程序web
做代理、負載均衡，rewrite規則過濾等redis
一、Apache的安裝
檢查系統是否自帶httpd（通常自帶版本比較低，卸載掉）express
[root@localhost1 software]# rpm -qa httpd*
[root@localhost1 software]#
2、若是沒有自帶 Apache 服務軟件，能夠不須要進行下面的卸載 [root@Centos ~]# rpm -e --nodeps httpd-2.2.15-54.el6.centos.x86_64 warning: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf saved as /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf.rpmsave [root@Centos ~]# rpm -e --nodeps httpd-tools-2.2.15-54.el6.centos.x86_64
[root@localhost1 ~]# cd /home/cairui/ [root@localhost1 cairui]# ls [root@localhost1 cairui]# mkdir software [root@localhost1 cairui]# cd software/ [root@localhost1 software]# wget http://mirrors.hust.edu.cn/apache//httpd/httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz --2018-02-26 16:16:06-- http://mirrors.hust.edu.cn/apache//httpd/httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz Resolving mirrors.hust.edu.cn... 202.114.18.160 Connecting to mirrors.hust.edu.cn|202.114.18.160|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 7684419 (7.3M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: 「httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz」 100%[====================================>] 7,684,419 212K/s in 45s 2018-02-26 16:16:52 (167 KB/s) - 「httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz」 saved [7684419/7684419] [root@localhost1 software]# ls httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz [root@localhost1 httpd-2.2.34]# tar zxvf httpd-2.2.34.tar.gz [root@localhost1 software]# cd httpd-2.2.34 [root@localhost1 httpd-2.2.34]# ll total 1176 -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 14882 Nov 21 2004 ABOUT_APACHE -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 18613 Jul 6 2012 acinclude.m4 -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 56952 Oct 5 2010 Apache.dsw drwxr-xr-x 6 1001 1001 4096 Jul 6 2017 build -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 2644 Aug 24 2007 BuildAll.dsp -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 2692 Jul 29 2009 BuildBin.dsp -rwxr-xr-x 1 1001 1001 5786 Sep 19 2012 buildconf -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 147887 Jun 28 2017 CHANGES -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 11701 Feb 27 2012 config.layout -rwxr-xr-x 1 1001 1001 574593 Jul 6 2017 configure -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 24720 May 25 2015 configure.in drwxr-xr-x 9 1001 1001 4096 Jul 6 2017 docs -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 403 Nov 21 2004 emacs-style -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 1248 May 7 2011 httpd.dep -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 4124 Jun 11 2008 httpd.dsp -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 8994 May 6 2011 httpd.mak -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 12053 Jul 6 2017 httpd.spec drwxr-xr-x 2 1001 1001 4096 Jul 6 2017 include -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 5129 Jan 9 2017 INSTALL -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 2909 Dec 7 2006 InstallBin.dsp -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 5145 Nov 29 2005 LAYOUT -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 30119 May 7 2011 libhttpd.dep -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 17039 Jan 12 2007 libhttpd.dsp -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 28503 May 6 2011 libhttpd.mak -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 28690 Jan 18 2008 LICENSE -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 8739 Nov 25 2008 Makefile.in -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 34759 Jan 19 2014 Makefile.win drwxr-xr-x 20 1001 1001 4096 Jul 6 2017 modules -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 828 Jan 2 2017 NOTICE -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 12894 Mar 15 2012 NWGNUmakefile drwxr-xr-x 9 1001 1001 4096 Jul 6 2017 os -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 5954 Jan 10 2007 README -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 4178 Aug 27 2014 README.platforms -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 2553 Dec 20 2010 README-win32.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 10183 Mar 14 2005 ROADMAP drwxr-xr-x 3 1001 1001 4096 Jul 6 2017 server drwxr-xr-x 5 1001 1001 4096 Jul 6 2017 srclib drwxr-xr-x 4 1001 1001 4096 Jul 6 2017 support drwxr-xr-x 2 1001 1001 4096 Jul 6 2017 test -rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 8183 Oct 17 2005 VERSIONING
[root@localhost1 httpd-2.2.34]# cat README Apache HTTP Server What is it? ----------- The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful and flexible HTTP/1.1 compliant web server. Originally designed as a replacement for the NCSA HTTP Server, it has grown to be the most popular web server on the Internet. As a project of the Apache Software Foundation, the developers aim to collaboratively develop and maintain a robust, commercial-grade, standards-based server with freely available source code. The Latest Version ------------------ Details of the latest version can be found on the Apache HTTP server project page under <http://httpd.apache.org/>. Documentation ------------- The documentation available as of the date of this release is included in HTML format in the docs/manual/ directory. The most up-to-date documentation for the 2.2.x releases can be found at <http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/>. Installation ------------ Please see the file called INSTALL. Platform specific notes can be found in README.platforms. Licensing --------- Please see the file called LICENSE. Cryptographic Software Notice #加密軟件的通知 ----------------------------- This distribution may include software that has been designed for use with cryptographic software. The country in which you currently reside may have restrictions on the import, possession, use, and/or re-export to another country, of encryption software. BEFORE using any encryption software, please check your country's laws, regulations and policies concerning the import, possession, or use, and re-export of encryption software, to see if this is permitted. See <http://www.wassenaar.org/> for more information. The U.S. Government Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), has classified this software as Export Commodity Control Number (ECCN) 5D002.C.1, which includes information security software using or performing cryptographic functions with asymmetric algorithms. The form and manner of this Apache Software Foundation distribution makes it eligible for export under the License Exception ENC Technology Software Unrestricted (TSU) exception (see the BIS Export Administration Regulations, Section 740.13) for both object code and source code. The following provides more details on the included files that may be subject to export controls on cryptographic software: Apache httpd 2.0 and later versions include the mod_ssl module under modules/ssl/ for configuring and listening to connections over SSL encrypted network sockets by performing calls to a general-purpose encryption library, such as OpenSSL or the operating system's platform-specific SSL facilities. In addition, some versions of apr-util provide an abstract interface for SSL encrypted network sockets in the files under the directory srclib/apr-util/ssl/ that makes use of a general-purpose encryption library, such as OpenSSL or the operating system's platform-specific SSL facilities. Apache httpd currently does not use that apr-util interface. Some object code distributions of Apache httpd, indicated with the word "crypto" in the package name, may include object code for the OpenSSL encryption library as distributed in open source form from <http://www.openssl.org/source/>. The above files are optional and may be removed if the cryptographic functionality is not desired or needs to be excluded from redistribution. Distribution packages of Apache httpd that include the word "nossl" in the package name have been created without the above files and are therefore not subject to this notice. Contacts -------- o If you want to be informed about new code releases, bug fixes, security fixes, general news and information about the Apache server subscribe to the apache-announce mailing list as described under <http://httpd.apache.org/lists.html#http-announce> o If you want freely available support for running Apache please join the Apache user community by subscribing to Users Mailing List at <http://httpd.apache.org/userslist.html> or one of the following USENET newsgroups: comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix comp.infosystems.www.servers.ms-windows Also available at: <http://groups.google.com/groups?group=comp.infosystems.www.servers> o If you want commercial support for running Apache please contact one of the companies and contractors which are listed at <http://www.apache.org/info/support.cgi> o If you have a concrete bug report for Apache please go to the Apache Group Bug Database and submit your report: <http://httpd.apache.org/bug_report.html> o If you want to participate in actively developing Apache please subscribe to the `dev@httpd.apache.org' mailing list as described at <http://httpd.apache.org/lists.html#http-dev> Acknowledgments ---------------- We wish to acknowledge the following copyrighted works that make up portions of the Apache software: Portions of this software were developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This software contains code derived from the RSA Data Security Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm, including various modifications by Spyglass Inc., Carnegie Mellon University, and Bell Communications Research, Inc (Bellcore). Regular expression support is provided by the PCRE library package, which is open source software, written by Philip Hazel, and copyright by the University of Cambridge, England. The original software is available from ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/ Apache 2 relies heavily on the use of autoconf and libtool to provide a build environment.
[root@localhost1 httpd-2.2.34]# cat INSTALL APACHE INSTALLATION OVERVIEW CAUTION ------- This package represents a legacy version of the Apache HTTP Server software and is not current. Please note that Apache Web Server Project will only provide maintenance releases of the 2.2.x flavor through June of 2017, and will provide some security patches beyond this date through at least December of 2017. Minimal maintenance patches of 2.2.x are expected throughout this period, and users are strongly discouraged from deploying this legacy release. #不建議安裝較低版本，由於不會再維護 Also note, this package includes very stale and known-vulnerable versions of the Expat [http://expat.sourceforge.net/] and PCRE [http://www.pcre.org/] packages. Users are strongly encouraged to first install the most recent versions of these components. #強烈建議安裝最新版本 Quick Start - Unix ------------------ For complete installation documentation, see [ht]docs/manual/install.html or http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/install.html $ ./configure --prefix=PREFIX $ make $ make install $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl start NOTES: * Replace PREFIX with the filesystem path under which Apache should be installed. A typical installation might use "/usr/local/apache2" for PREFIX (without the quotes). * If you are a developer who will be linking your code with Apache or using a debugger to step through server code, ./configure's --with-included-apr option may be advantageous, as it removes the possibility of version or compile-option mismatches with APR and APR-util code. (Many OSes now include their own version of APR and APR-util.) * If you are a developer building Apache directly from Subversion, you will need to run ./buildconf before running configure. This script bootstraps the build environment and requires Python as well as GNU autoconf and libtool. If you build Apache from a release tarball, you don't have to run buildconf. * If you want to build a threaded MPM (for instance worker) on FreeBSD, be aware that threads do not work well with Apache on FreeBSD versions before 5.4-RELEASE. If you wish to try a threaded Apache on an earlier version of FreeBSD, use the --enable-threads parameter to ./configure in addition to the --with-mpm parameter. * If you are building directly from Subversion on Mac OS X (Darwin), make sure to use GNU Libtool 1.4.2 or newer. All recent versions of the developer tools on this platform include a sufficiently recent version of GNU Libtool (named glibtool, but buildconf knows where to find it). For a short impression of what possibilities you have, here is a typical example which configures Apache for the installation tree /sw/pkg/apache with a particular compiler and flags plus the two additional modules mod_rewrite and mod_speling for later loading through the DSO mechanism: $ CC="pgcc" CFLAGS="-O2" \ ./configure --prefix=/sw/pkg/apache \ --enable-rewrite=shared \ --enable-speling=shared The easiest way to find all of the configuration flags for Apache 2.2 is to run ./configure --help. Quick Start - Windows --------------------- For complete documentation, see manual/platform/windows.html.en or http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/platform/windows.html. The Apache/Win32 binaries are distributed as Windows Installer packages (.msi) named httpd-2.2.xx-win32-x86-no_ssl.msi for a version without mod_ssl and httpd-2.2.xx-win32-x86-openssl-0.9.8x.msi for a version including the mod_ssl plus the openssl library and command line utility. These packages may be unpacked without "installing" them by using the msiexec /a option. If you have unpacked a source distribution (named httpd-2.2.x-win32-src.zip, without any -x86 notation) you must compile the package yourself, see the links mentioned above. Unless you intended to do this, please look again for the binary package from http://www.apache.org/dist/httpd/binaries/win32/ and install the desired .msi package. The .msi package configures the httpd.conf file, and installs and starts the Apache2.2 service for you. It also installs plenty of useful shortcuts and the taskbar ApacheMonitor. We strongly encourage you to use it. Postscript ---------- The Apache HTTP Server group cannot field user's installation questions. There are many valuable forums to help you get started. Please refer your questions to the appropriate forum, such as the Users Mailing List at http://httpd.apache.org/userslist.html or the usenet newsgroups comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix or comp.infosystems.www.servers.ms-windows. Thanks for using the Apache HTTP Server, version 2.2. The Apache Software Foundation http://www.apache.org/
[root@localhost1 httpd-2.2.34]# ./configure --help `configure' configures this package to adapt to many kinds of systems. Usage: ./configure [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]... To assign environment variables (e.g., CC, CFLAGS...), specify them as VAR=VALUE. See below for descriptions of some of the useful variables. #指定環境變量(例如，CC, CFLAGS…)，指定它們爲。VAR =價值。如下是一些有用的變量的描述。
Defaults for the options are specified in brackets. Configuration: -h, --help display this help and exit --help=short display options specific to this package --help=recursive display the short help of all the included packages -V, --version display version information and exit -q, --quiet, --silent do not print `checking ...' messages --cache-file=FILE cache test results in FILE [disabled] -C, --config-cache alias for `--cache-file=config.cache' -n, --no-create do not create output files --srcdir=DIR find the sources in DIR [configure dir or `..'] Installation directories: --prefix=PREFIX install architecture-independent files in PREFIX #指定安裝目錄，默認爲/usr/local/apache2 [/usr/local/apache2] --exec-prefix=EPREFIX install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX [PREFIX] By default, `make install' will install all the files in `/usr/local/apache2/bin', `/usr/local/apache2/lib' etc. You can specify an installation prefix other than `/usr/local/apache2' using `--prefix', for instance `--prefix=$HOME'. For better control, use the options below. Fine tuning of the installation directories: #安裝目錄的微調 --bindir=DIR user executables [EPREFIX/bin] #用戶可執行文件 --sbindir=DIR system admin executables [EPREFIX/sbin] --libexecdir=DIR program executables [EPREFIX/libexec] --sysconfdir=DIR read-only single-machine data [PREFIX/etc] --sharedstatedir=DIR modifiable architecture-independent data [PREFIX/com] --localstatedir=DIR modifiable single-machine data [PREFIX/var] --libdir=DIR object code libraries [EPREFIX/lib] --includedir=DIR C header files [PREFIX/include] --oldincludedir=DIR C header files for non-gcc [/usr/include] --datarootdir=DIR read-only arch.-independent data root [PREFIX/share] --datadir=DIR read-only architecture-independent data [DATAROOTDIR] --infodir=DIR info documentation [DATAROOTDIR/info] --localedir=DIR locale-dependent data [DATAROOTDIR/locale] --mandir=DIR man documentation [DATAROOTDIR/man] --docdir=DIR documentation root [DATAROOTDIR/doc/PACKAGE] --htmldir=DIR html documentation [DOCDIR] --dvidir=DIR dvi documentation [DOCDIR] --pdfdir=DIR pdf documentation [DOCDIR] --psdir=DIR ps documentation [DOCDIR] System types: --build=BUILD configure for building on BUILD [guessed] --host=HOST cross-compile to build programs to run on HOST [BUILD] --target=TARGET configure for building compilers for TARGET [HOST] Optional Features: #可選特性 --disable-option-checking ignore unrecognized --enable/--with options #忽略 unrecognized --enable/--with選項 --disable-FEATURE do not include FEATURE (same as --enable-FEATURE=no) #不包括FEATURE（和 --enale-FEATURE=no同樣） --enable-FEATURE[=ARG] include FEATURE [ARG=yes] --enable-layout=LAYOUT --enable-v4-mapped Allow IPv6 sockets to handle IPv4 connections #容許IPv6處理IPv4鏈接 --enable-exception-hook Enable fatal exception hook --enable-maintainer-mode Turn on debugging and compile time warnings #打開調試而且編譯時警告 --enable-pie Build httpd as a Position Independent Executable --enable-modules=MODULE-LIST Space-separated list of modules to enable | "all" | "most" --enable-mods-shared=MODULE-LIST Space-separated list of shared modules to enable | "all" | "most" --disable-authn-file file-based authentication control --enable-authn-dbm DBM-based authentication control --enable-authn-anon anonymous user authentication control --enable-authn-dbd SQL-based authentication control --disable-authn-default authentication backstopper --enable-authn-alias auth provider alias --disable-authz-host host-based authorization control --disable-authz-groupfile 'require group' authorization control --disable-authz-user 'require user' authorization control --enable-authz-dbm DBM-based authorization control --enable-authz-owner 'require file-owner' authorization control --enable-authnz-ldap LDAP based authentication --disable-authz-default authorization control backstopper --disable-auth-basic basic authentication --enable-auth-digest RFC2617 Digest authentication --enable-isapi isapi extension support --enable-file-cache File cache --enable-cache dynamic file caching --enable-disk-cache disk caching module --enable-mem-cache memory caching module --enable-dbd Apache DBD Framework --enable-bucketeer buckets manipulation filter --enable-dumpio I/O dump filter --enable-echo ECHO server --enable-example example and demo module --enable-case-filter example uppercase conversion filter --enable-case-filter-in example uppercase conversion input filter --enable-reqtimeout Limit time waiting for request from client --enable-ext-filter external filter module --disable-include Server Side Includes --disable-filter Smart Filtering --enable-substitute response content rewrite-like filtering --disable-charset-lite character set translation --enable-charset-lite character set translation --enable-deflate Deflate transfer encoding support #壓縮傳輸編碼的支持，提升傳輸速度，提高用戶訪問體驗 --enable-ldap LDAP caching and connection pooling services --disable-log-config logging configuration --enable-log-forensic forensic logging --enable-logio input and output logging --disable-env clearing/setting of ENV vars --enable-mime-magic automagically determining MIME type --enable-cern-meta CERN-type meta files --enable-expires Expires header control #EXPIRES頭部控制，激活容許經過配置文件控制HTTP的頭文件，即對網站的圖片等內容，提供在客戶端瀏覽器緩存的設置 --enable-headers HTTP header control #HTTP的頭部控制 --enable-ident RFC 1413 identity check --enable-usertrack user-session tracking --enable-unique-id per-request unique ids --disable-setenvif basing ENV vars on headers --disable-version determining httpd version in config files --enable-proxy Apache proxy module --enable-proxy-connect Apache proxy CONNECT module --enable-proxy-ftp Apache proxy FTP module --enable-proxy-http Apache proxy HTTP module --enable-proxy-scgi Apache proxy SCGI module --enable-proxy-ajp Apache proxy AJP module --enable-proxy-balancer Apache proxy BALANCER module --enable-ssl SSL/TLS support (mod_ssl) --enable-distcache Select distcache support in mod_ssl --enable-optional-hook-export example optional hook exporter --enable-optional-hook-import example optional hook importer --enable-optional-fn-import example optional function importer --enable-optional-fn-export example optional function exporter --enable-static-support Build a statically linked version of the support binaries --enable-static-htpasswd Build a statically linked version of htpasswd --enable-static-htdigest Build a statically linked version of htdigest --enable-static-rotatelogs Build a statically linked version of rotatelogs --enable-static-logresolve Build a statically linked version of logresolve --enable-static-htdbm Build a statically linked version of htdbm --enable-static-ab Build a statically linked version of ab --enable-static-checkgid Build a statically linked version of checkgid --enable-static-htcacheclean Build a statically linked version of htcacheclean --enable-static-httxt2dbm Build a statically linked version of httxt2dbm --enable-http HTTP protocol handling --disable-mime mapping of file-extension to MIME --enable-dav WebDAV protocol handling --disable-status process/thread monitoring --disable-autoindex directory listing --disable-asis as-is filetypes --enable-info server information --enable-suexec set uid and gid for spawned processes --disable-cgid CGI scripts --enable-cgi CGI scripts --disable-cgi CGI scripts --enable-cgid CGI scripts --enable-dav-fs DAV provider for the filesystem --enable-dav-lock DAV provider for generic locking --enable-vhost-alias mass virtual hosting module --disable-negotiation content negotiation --disable-dir directory request handling --enable-imagemap server-side imagemaps --disable-actions Action triggering on requests --enable-speling correct common URL misspellings --disable-userdir mapping of requests to user-specific directories --disable-alias mapping of requests to different filesystem parts --enable-rewrite rule based URL manipulation #提供基於URL規則的重寫功能，根據已知URL地址，轉換其餘要訪問的URL地址 --enable-so DSO capability #DSO的能力，即在之後億DSO的方式編譯安裝共享模塊 Optional Packages: --with-PACKAGE[=ARG] use PACKAGE [ARG=yes] --without-PACKAGE do not use PACKAGE (same as --with-PACKAGE=no) --with-included-apr Use bundled copies of APR/APR-Util --with-apr=PATH prefix for installed APR or the full path to apr-config --with-apr-util=PATH prefix for installed APU or the full path to apu-config --with-pcre=PATH Use external PCRE library --with-port=PORT Port on which to listen (default is 80) --with-sslport=SSLPORT Port on which to securelisten (default is 443) --with-z=DIR use a specific zlib library --with-sslc=DIR RSA SSL-C SSL/TLS toolkit --with-ssl=DIR OpenSSL SSL/TLS toolkit --with-mpm=MPM Choose the process model for Apache to use. MPM={beos|event|worker|prefork|mpmt_os2|winnt} #選擇用於Apache的模式，生產模式用worker，此模式原理是更多使用線程來處理請求 --with-module=module-type:module-file Enable module-file in the modules/<module-type> directory. #容許多少模塊在編譯中 --with-program-name alternate executable name --with-suexec-bin Path to suexec binary --with-suexec-caller User allowed to call SuExec --with-suexec-userdir User subdirectory --with-suexec-docroot SuExec root directory --with-suexec-uidmin Minimal allowed UID --with-suexec-gidmin Minimal allowed GID --with-suexec-logfile Set the logfile --with-suexec-safepath Set the safepath --with-suexec-umask umask for suexec'd process Some influential environment variables: CC C compiler command CFLAGS C compiler flags LDFLAGS linker flags, e.g. -L<lib dir> if you have libraries in a nonstandard directory <lib dir> LIBS libraries to pass to the linker, e.g. -l<library> CPPFLAGS (Objective) C/C++ preprocessor flags, e.g. -I<include dir> if you have headers in a nonstandard directory <include dir> CPP C preprocessor Use these variables to override the choices made by `configure' or to help it to find libraries and programs with nonstandard names/locations. Report bugs to the package provider.
二、apache依賴組件安裝
[root@localhost1 httpd-2.2.34]# yum install gcc* zlib* -y
[root@localhost1 opt]# ./configure --prefix=/opt/apache2.2.34 --enable-deflate --enable-expires --enable-headers --enable-modules=most --enable-so --with-mpm=worker --enable-rewrite
[root@localhost1 opt]# make & make install
[root@localhost1 opt]# cd /opt/ [root@localhost1 opt]# ls apache2.2.34 [root@localhost1 opt]# ln -s apache2.2.34/ apache/ ln: target `apache/' is not a directory: No such file or directory [root@localhost1 opt]# ln -s apache2.2.34/ apache [root@localhost1 opt]# ls apache apache2.2.34
啓動服務：apache
[root@localhost1 opt]# /opt/apache/bin/apachectl start httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for localhost1 httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for ServerName 服務啓動成功，但因爲沒有DNS出現這種提示，解決辦法以下 [root@localhost1 conf]# vim /opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf ^C ServerName www.example.com:80==========>localhost:80(192.168.1.2:80) [root@localhost1 conf]# /opt/apache/bin/apachectl graceful
It works！表示配置成功。
三、Apache重要目錄
[root@localhost1 apache]# ll total 60 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 26 17:10 bin #apche命令的目錄，如服務啓動命令 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 26 17:10 build drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 26 17:10 cgi-bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Feb 26 17:33 conf drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 26 17:10 error drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 6 2017 htdocs 默認站點目錄 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 26 17:10 icons drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 26 17:10 include drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 26 17:10 lib drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 26 17:33 logs 日誌目錄 drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Feb 26 17:10 man drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jul 6 2017 manual drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 26 17:10 modules apache的模塊目錄，一些程序通過編譯後都存放在這裏
（1）
[root@localhost1 apache]# tree -l 1 bin/ 1 [error opening dir] bin/ ├── ab HTTP服務器性能測試工具 ├── apachectl 服務的啓動命令，一樣它也是一個腳本 ├── apr-1-config ├── apu-1-config ├── apxs 是一個爲HTTP服務器編譯和安裝擴展模塊的工具 ├── checkgid ├── dbmmanage ├── envvars ├── envvars-std ├── htcacheclean 這是清理磁盤緩衝區的命令，須要在編譯時指定相關的參數，不多使用 ├── htdbm ├── htdigest ├── htpasswd 創建和更新基本認證文件，後面配置監控服務會用到 ├── httpd 是apache的控制命令程序，apachectl執行時會調用httpd ├── httxt2dbm ├── logresolve └── rotatelogs apache自帶的日誌輪訓命令 0 directories, 17 files
（2）
[root@localhost1 apache]# tree -L 1 conf/ conf/ ├── extra apache額外的配置文件目錄，實際生產環境中常用或修改，如httpd-vhosts.conf默認在此 ├── httpd.conf 主配置文件 ├── magic ├── mime.types └── original 2 directories, 3 files
（3）
[root@localhost1 apache]# tree -L 1 htdocs/ htdocs/ └── index.html 0 directories, 1 file
[root@localhost1 htdocs]# cat index.html
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>
（4）
[root@localhost1 apache]# tree -L 1 logs/ logs/ ├── access_log 默認訪問日誌目錄 ├── cgisock.27892 ├── error_log 錯誤日誌文件，服務啓動故障或其餘問題，均可以查看此文件 └── httpd.pid 0 directories, 4 files
主配置文件：
[root@localhost1 conf]# egrep -v "^.*#|^$" httpd.conf |nl 1 ServerRoot "/opt/apache2.2.34" #apache根目錄，只能root訪問，通常不作修改 2 Listen 80 apache監聽端口，默認爲80端口 3 <IfModule !mpm_netware_module> 4 <IfModule !mpm_winnt_module> 5 User daemon apache的用戶，默認是daemon，實際生產環境建議修改 6 Group daemon 7 </IfModule> 8 </IfModule> 9 ServerAdmin you@example.com 系統管理員的郵箱，實際生產環境中修改成管理郵箱，有故障可直接發送至郵箱 10 ServerName localhost:80(192.168.181.128:80) 11 DocumentRoot "/opt/apache2.2.34/htdocs" 12 <Directory /> 禁止訪問文件系統所在的目錄 13 Options FollowSymLinks 14 AllowOverride None 禁止用戶對目錄配置文件進行修改 15 Order deny,allow 16 Deny from all 17 </Directory> 18 <Directory "/opt/apache2.2.34/htdocs"> apache默認網站站點目錄路徑 19 Options Indexes FollowSymLinks 20 AllowOverride None 21 Order allow,deny 22 Allow from all 23 </Directory> 24 <IfModule dir_module> 25 DirectoryIndex index.html配置的默認首頁文件，如虛擬機沒有設置，默認就調用這裏的配置，首頁文件能夠有多個，每一個文件用空格分開，調用時，前面的優先匹配 26 </IfModule> 27 <FilesMatch "^\.ht"> 防止.htaccess和.htpasswd等隱藏文件被Web用戶查看 28 Order allow,deny 29 Deny from all 30 Satisfy All 31 </FilesMatch> 32 ErrorLog "logs/error_log" 錯誤日誌路徑 33 LogLevel warn 34 <IfModule log_config_module> 35 LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined 36 LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b" common 37 <IfModule logio_module> 38 LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %I %O" combinedio 39 </IfModule> 40 CustomLog "logs/access_log" common 41 </IfModule> 42 <IfModule alias_module> 43 ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "/opt/apache2.2.34/cgi-bin/" 44 </IfModule> 45 <IfModule cgid_module> 46 </IfModule> 47 <Directory "/opt/apache2.2.34/cgi-bin"> 48 AllowOverride None 49 Options None 50 Order allow,deny 51 Allow from all 52 </Directory> 53 DefaultType text/plain 54 <IfModule headers_module> 55 RequestHeader unset Proxy early 56 </IfModule> 57 <IfModule mime_module> 58 TypesConfig conf/mime.types 59 AddType application/x-compress .Z 60 AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz 61 </IfModule> 62 <IfModule ssl_module> 63 SSLRandomSeed startup builtin 64 SSLRandomSeed connect builtin 65 </IfModule>
Apache擴展的配置文件
Apache擴展的配置文件是經過httpd.conf主配置文件中嵌入Include命令來實現，不過默認狀況下是這樣：
# Virtual hosts #Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf # Various default settings #Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf 去掉註釋，即加入擴展
使用tree列出apache擴展的配置文件全部目錄的配置文件
[root@localhost1 conf]# tree -L 2 /opt/apache/conf/extra/ /opt/apache/conf/extra/ ├── httpd-autoindex.conf ├── httpd-dav.conf dav支持配置 ├── httpd-default.conf apache相關服務參數（超時時間、保持連續時間等） ├── httpd-info.conf ├── httpd-languages.conf 語言支持配置 ├── httpd-manual.conf ├── httpd-mpm.conf 服務器池管理，也就是優化apache的一個配置文件 ├── httpd-multilang-errordoc.conf ├── httpd-ssl.conf 提供apache ssl支持配配置文件 ├── httpd-userdir.conf └── httpd-vhosts.conf 虛擬主機的配置文件 0 directories, 11 files
[root@localhost1 conf]# cat extra/httpd-vhosts.conf # # Virtual Hosts # # If you want to maintain multiple domains/hostnames on your # machine you can setup VirtualHost containers for them. Most configurations # use only name-based virtual hosts so the server doesn't need to worry about # IP addresses. This is indicated by the asterisks in the directives below. #若是你但願維護多個域名/主機名，你能夠爲她們設置虛擬主機容器。大部分只使用基於名稱的虛擬主機。 # # Please see the documentation at # <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/vhosts/> # for further details before you try to setup virtual hosts. # # You may use the command line option '-S' to verify your virtual host # configuration. # # Use name-based virtual hosting. # NameVirtualHost *:80 80監聽端口 # # VirtualHost example: # Almost any Apache directive may go into a VirtualHost container. # The first VirtualHost section is used for all requests that do not # match a ServerName or ServerAlias in any <VirtualHost> block. # <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin webmaster@dummy-host.example.com DocumentRoot "/opt/apache2.2.34/docs/dummy-host.example.com" ServerName dummy-host.example.com 這裏配置提供的域名，生產環境須要把域名解析到服務器上，同時配置到外網IP上 ServerAlias www.dummy-host.example.com 設置別名，此功能須要 apache mod_alias模塊支持 ErrorLog "logs/dummy-host.example.com-error_log" 錯誤日誌目錄 CustomLog "logs/dummy-host.example.com-access_log" common 日誌配置文件 </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin webmaster@dummy-host2.example.com DocumentRoot "/opt/apache2.2.34/docs/dummy-host2.example.com" ServerName dummy-host2.example.com ErrorLog "logs/dummy-host2.example.com-error_log" CustomLog "logs/dummy-host2.example.com-access_log" common </VirtualHost>
查看apache編譯參數
[root@localhost1 conf]# cat /opt/apache/build/config.nice #! /bin/sh # # Created by configure "./configure" \ "--prefix=/opt/apache2.2.34" \ "--enable-deflate" \ "--enable-expires" \ "--enable-headers" \ "--enable-modules=most" \ "--enable-so" \ "--with-mpm=worker" \ "--enable-rewrite" \ "$@"
四、Apache服務基於域名的虛擬主機配置
開啓虛擬機功能
[root@localhost1 conf]# grep "httpd-vhosts.conf" /opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
配置虛擬主機配置文件（httpd-vhosts.conf）
[root@localhost1 extra]# cat httpd-vhosts.conf # # Virtual Hosts # # If you want to maintain multiple domains/hostnames on your # machine you can setup VirtualHost containers for them. Most configurations # use only name-based virtual hosts so the server doesn't need to worry about # IP addresses. This is indicated by the asterisks in the directives below. # # Please see the documentation at # <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/vhosts/> # for further details before you try to setup virtual hosts. # # You may use the command line option '-S' to verify your virtual host # configuration. # # Use name-based virtual hosting. # NameVirtualHost *:80 #這一行必定要去掉，否則會出錯，此文件只保留下面的配置文件 # # VirtualHost example: # Almost any Apache directive may go into a VirtualHost container. # The first VirtualHost section is used for all requests that do not # match a ServerName or ServerAlias in any <VirtualHost> block. # <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin 928939638@qq.com DocumentRoot "/data/www/bbs" ServerName bbs.abc.com ServerAlias abc.com ErrorLog "logs/bbs-error_log" CustomLog "logs/bbs_access_log" common </VirtualHost>
修改完成以後，在apache主配置文件中（httpd.conf）中加入虛擬機許可
修改windows本地hosts
錯誤總結：
配置了下虛擬主機，localhost打開發現錯誤： HTTP 錯誤 403 - 禁止訪問，即403 Forbidden：You don't have permission to access / on this server. 多是權限不足引發的問題。 解決方法： 打開apache的配置文件httpd.conf，逐行檢查。 找到： 代碼示例: <Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order deny,allow Deny from all </Directory> 因爲配置了php後，此處「Deny from all」爲拒絕一切鏈接。 把此行修改成 「Allow from all」，便可解決問題。 修改後的代碼爲： 代碼示例: <Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order deny,allow allow from all </Directory> 瀏覽器裏打開http://localhost，問題解決。 總結： 在apache服務器中，遇到403禁止訪問時，重點關注下apache的httpd.conf配置文件中，是否有「Deny from all」這樣的代碼。 這個多是修改了某些配置文件後，重啓apache，被自動更改的。 附，另一個apache 403錯誤的例子。 apache 403錯誤，顯示信息以下： 您無權查看該網頁 您可能沒有權限用您提供的憑據查看此目錄或網頁 若是您確信可以查看該目錄或網頁，請嘗試使用 192.168.1.5 主頁上所列的電子郵件地址或電話與網站聯繫。 能夠單擊搜索，尋找 Internet 上的信息。 HTTP 錯誤 403 - 禁止訪問 Internet Explorer 去掉顯示友好信息的鉤後顯示Forbidden You don't have permission to access \ on this server. 檢查了一遍配置文件httpd.conf，找到這麼一段： 代碼示例: <Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order deny,allow deny from all Satisfy all </Directory> 而後試着把deny from all中的deny改爲了allow，保存後重起了apache，訪問測試網站徹底正常了。 APACHE升級到2.2版本以後，提供和支持很多模塊的支持，性能和安全上也有很多改進。 之前配置好apache的httpd.conf以後，便可使用。 但如今必須額外對這個文件進行其餘方面的配置，否則會出現 http 403權限問題錯誤。 解決方法。 如下爲httpd.conf文件的其中一段原代碼。 把下面代碼紅色標誌進行更改： 代碼示例: <Directory "E:/wamp/www"> # # Possible values for the Options directive are "None", "All", # or any combination of: # Indexes Includes FollowSymLinks SymLinksifOwnerMatch ExecCGI MultiViews # # Note that "MultiViews" must be named *explicitly* --- "Options All" # doesn't give it to you. # # The Options directive is both complicated and important. Please see # [url]http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/core.html#options[/url] # for more information. # Options Indexes FollowSymLinks # # AllowOverride controls what directives may be placed in .htaccess files. # It can be "All", "None", or any combination of the keywords: # Options FileInfo AuthConfig Limit # AllowOverride all # # Controls who can get stuff from this server. # # onlineoffline tag - don't remove Order Deny,Allow Deny from all Allow from 127.0.0.1 </Directory> 紅色部分更改成 Allow from all ，也就是全部訪問容許經過。
http://blog.csdn.net/u011130583/article/details/42363831
五、基於端口的虛擬主機配置
實際生產環境中有不少是基於域名的虛擬主機，有不少引用場景：公司內網（如網站後臺界面、其餘發佈類的頁面）都是基於端口的虛擬配置。
默認狀況http默認監聽80端口，因此配置基於端口的主機，就是想應的增長監聽端口
[root@localhost1 ~]# cat /opt/apache/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf | grep -v "#" <VirtualHost 192.168.181.128:8888> ServerAdmin 928939638@qq.com DocumentRoot "/data/www/bbs" ServerName 192.168.181.1 ServerAlias abc.com ErrorLog "logs/bbs-error_log" CustomLog "logs/bbs-access_log" common </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 192.168.181.128:9999> ServerAdmin 928939638@qq.com DocumentRoot "/data/www/blog" ServerName 192.168.181.2 ServerAlias abc.com ErrorLog "logs/bbs-error_log" CustomLog "logs/bbs-access_log" common </VirtualHost>
[root@localhost1 ~]# cat /opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf | grep -v "#" ServerRoot "/opt/apache2.2.34" Listen 80 Listen 8888 Listen 9999 <IfModule !mpm_netware_module> <IfModule !mpm_winnt_module> User daemon Group daemon </IfModule> </IfModule> ServerAdmin you@example.com ServerName 192.168.181.128:80 DocumentRoot "/opt/apache2.2.34/htdocs" <Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory> <Directory "/opt/apache2.2.34/htdocs"> Options -Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> <IfModule dir_module> DirectoryIndex index.html </IfModule> <FilesMatch "^\.ht"> Order allow,deny Deny from all Satisfy All </FilesMatch> ErrorLog "logs/error_log" LogLevel warn <IfModule log_config_module> LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b" common <IfModule logio_module> LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %I %O" combinedio </IfModule> CustomLog "logs/access_log" common </IfModule> <IfModule alias_module> ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "/opt/apache2.2.34/cgi-bin/" </IfModule> <IfModule cgid_module> </IfModule> <Directory "/opt/apache2.2.34/cgi-bin"> AllowOverride None Options None Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> DefaultType text/plain <IfModule headers_module> RequestHeader unset Proxy early </IfModule> <IfModule mime_module> TypesConfig conf/mime.types AddType application/x-compress .Z AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz </IfModule> Include conf/extra/httpd-mpm.conf Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf <IfModule ssl_module> SSLRandomSeed startup builtin SSLRandomSeed connect builtin </IfModule> <Directory "/data/www/bbs"> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> <Directory "/data/www/blog"> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory>
[root@localhost1 ~]# cat /data/www/bbs/index.html this is a bbs page [root@localhost1 ~]# cat /data/www/blog/index.html this is blog page
[root@localhost1 ~]# cat /opt/apache/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf | grep -v "#" <VirtualHost *:8888> ServerAdmin 928939638@qq.com DocumentRoot "/data/www/bbs" ServerName bbs.abc.com ServerAlias abc.com ErrorLog "logs/bbs-error_log" CustomLog "logs/bbs-access_log" common </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:9999> ServerAdmin 928939638@qq.com DocumentRoot "/data/www/blog" ServerName blog.abc.com ServerAlias abc.com ErrorLog "logs/bbs-error_log" CustomLog "logs/bbs-access_log" common </VirtualHost>
六、Apache服務mod_expires緩存模塊
簡介：
此模塊是容許經過Apache配置文件控制HTTP的「expires」和「cache-control」頭的內容，用於控制服務器應答時的「expires」頭的內容和「cache-control」頭的max-age的指令，這個有效期能夠設置爲對於源文件最後的修改時間或客戶端訪問的時間
這些HTTP頭向客戶端代表了內容的有效性和持久性，若是客戶端本地有緩存，則用戶再次訪問時讀取的內容就是從緩存裏讀取的（緩存沒有失效的狀況下）而不是從服務器端讀取的，客戶端還會檢查緩存中的內容，看看是否是須要從服務器端進行更新，從而增長用戶的體驗度，減小服務器的壓力，實際生產環境中也是重要的調優參數之一。
（1）檢查與安裝模塊
具體編譯命令以下 [root@Centos httpd-2.4.23]# ./configure\ --enable-expires 以 DSO 的方式編譯安裝以下 cd /Downloads/tools/httpd2.2.24/modules/metadata/ /application/apache/bin/apxs -c -i -a mod_expires.c 參數說明 -a 此選項會自動增長一個 LoadModule 行到 httpd.conf 文件中，來激活模塊，若是此行已存在，則啓用 -c 此選項表示須要執行編譯操做 -i 此選項表示須要執行安裝操做，以安裝一個或多個動態共享對象到服務器 modules 目錄中 [root@Centos modules]# cd /Downloads/tools/httpd-2.4.23/modules/metadata/ [root@Centos metadata]# /application/apache/bin/apxs -a -c -i mod_expires.c 處程省略 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- chmod 755 /application/apache2.4.23/modules/mod_expires.so [activating module `expires' in /application/apache2.4.23/conf/httpd.conf]
檢查當前的http headers信息
[root@localhost1 httpd-2.2.34]# curl -I http://bbs.abc.com:8888/ HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Tue, 27 Feb 2018 05:14:26 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.34 (Unix) DAV/2 Last-Modified: Tue, 27 Feb 2018 01:19:12 GMT ETag: "a059e-13-566276a119d53" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 19 Content-Type: text/html
（2）配置模塊
配置模塊有兩種模式：主配置裏面配置與單個虛擬主機配置文件裏配置
配置HTTP主配置文件以下
[root@localhost1 httpd-2.2.34]# vim /opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf [root@localhost1 httpd-2.2.34]# tail -10 /opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf ExpiresActive on ExpiresDefault "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/jpge "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/jpg "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType application/x-javascript "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType video/x-flv "access plus 12 month" [root@localhost1 httpd-2.2.34]# tail -20 /opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf Allow from all </Directory> <Directory "/data/www/blog"> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> ExpiresActive on ExpiresDefault "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/jpge "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/jpg "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType application/x-javascript "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType video/x-flv "access plus 12 month"
[root@localhost1 bbs]# curl -I http://bbs.abc.com:8888/ HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Tue, 27 Feb 2018 05:25:29 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.34 (Unix) DAV/2 Last-Modified: Tue, 27 Feb 2018 01:19:12 GMT ETag: "a059e-13-566276a119d53" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 19 Cache-Control: max-age=31104000 Expires: Fri, 22 Feb 2019 05:25:29 GMT Content-Type: text/html
說明若是配置HTTP主配置文件，則全局生效，虛擬主機配置文件則不須要配置
配置單個虛擬主機文件以下：
<VirtualHost *:9999> ServerAdmin admini@abc.com DocumentRoot "/data/www/blog" ServerName blog.abc.com ServerAlias blog1.com ErrorLog "logs/bbs-error_log" CustomLog "logs/bbs-access_log" common ExpiresActive on ExpiresDefault "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/jpge "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/jpg "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType application/x-javascript "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType video/x-flv "access plus 12 month"
（3）mod_expires模塊的優勢：
提高用戶對網站的體驗度：因爲一些文件緩存在本地，訪問速度提高了，用戶體驗也就提高了
減小服務器帶寬與負載壓力：因爲用戶訪問時時讀取本地緩存的文件內容，減小了與服務器之間的交互，從而減小了服務器的壓力
節約維護服務器成本：和上述同樣，服務器壓力小了，維護人員也會相應的減小，服務器配件配置更新的速度也會相應的慢下來
注：這個緩存也會有失效的時候就是用戶主動清空瀏覽器緩存或者有效期過時
七、Apache的mod_deflate壓縮模塊
簡介：
此壓縮模塊提供了DEFLATE輸出過濾器，容許服務器將內容發送給客戶端以前進行壓縮，節省帶寬資源
[root@localhost1 bbs]# /opt/apache/bin/apachectl -l | grep 'deflate' mod_deflate.c [root@localhost1 bbs]# curl -I http://bbs.abc.com:8888/ HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Tue, 27 Feb 2018 05:40:50 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.34 (Unix) DAV/2 Last-Modified: Tue, 27 Feb 2018 01:19:12 GMT ETag: "a059e-13-566276a119d53" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 19 Cache-Control: max-age=31104000 Expires: Fri, 22 Feb 2019 05:40:50 GMT Content-Type: text/html
[root@localhost1 bbs]# vim /opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf [root@localhost1 bbs]# tail -20 /opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf </Directory> ExpiresActive on ExpiresDefault "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/jpge "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/jpg "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType application/x-javascript "access plus 12 month" ExpiresByType video/x-flv "access plus 12 month" <IfModule mod_deflate.c> DeflateCompressionLevel 9 SetOutputFilter DEFLATE AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain /text/xml AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/javascript AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/css </IfModule> [root@localhost1 bbs]# /opt/apache/bin/apachectl -t Syntax OK [root@localhost1 bbs]# /opt/apache/bin/apachectl graceful [root@localhost1 bbs]# lsof -i tcp:8888 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME httpd 27892 root 6w IPv6 63602 0t0 TCP *:ddi-tcp-1 (LISTEN) httpd 45450 daemon 6u IPv6 63602 0t0 TCP *:ddi-tcp-1 (LISTEN) httpd 45451 daemon 6u IPv6 63602 0t0 TCP *:ddi-tcp-1 (LISTEN) [root@localhost1 bbs]# curl -I http://bbs.abc.com:8888/1.jpg HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Tue, 27 Feb 2018 05:45:08 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.34 (Unix) DAV/2 Last-Modified: Wed, 29 Nov 2017 08:16:39 GMT ETag: "a059a-bdb1-55f1ac137c7c0" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 48561 Cache-Control: max-age=31104000 Expires: Fri, 22 Feb 2019 05:45:08 GMT Vary: Accept-Encoding #出現這個提示代表已經啓用壓縮 Content-Type: image/jpeg
八、Apache服務日誌輪詢配置（安裝配置cronolog）
Apache服務安裝後，默認有本身的日誌服務，如今通常生產環境不太經常使用默認的日誌服務
默認日誌服務以下
[root@localhost1 bin]# ll total 3776 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 75861 Feb 26 17:10 ab -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3425 Feb 26 17:08 apachectl -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6986 Feb 26 17:10 apr-1-config -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6601 Feb 26 17:10 apu-1-config -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 22652 Feb 26 17:08 apxs -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 12269 Feb 26 17:10 checkgid -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 8925 Feb 26 17:08 dbmmanage -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1071 Feb 26 17:08 envvars -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1071 Feb 26 17:08 envvars-std -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 45328 Feb 26 17:10 htcacheclean -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 30347 Feb 26 17:10 htdbm -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 22476 Feb 26 17:10 htdigest -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 31665 Feb 26 17:10 htpasswd -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3497167 Feb 26 17:10 httpd -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 20180 Feb 26 17:10 httxt2dbm -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 22937 Feb 26 17:10 logresolve -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 24964 Feb 26 17:10 rotatelogs #默認日誌服務
查看服務安裝是否成功 [root@Centos cronolog-1.6.2]# ls /usr/local/sbin/ cronolog cronosplit 編輯主配置文件修改日誌配置 [root@Centos cronolog-1.6.2]# vi /application/apache/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf #port bash name <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin admini@abc.com DocumentRoot "/data/www/bbs" ServerName bbs.abc.com ServerAlias bbs.com ErrorLog "logs/bbs-error_log" #CustomLog "logs/bbs-access_log" common#註釋掉原來的配置，新增下面一行配置 CustomLog "|/usr/local/sbin/cronolog /application/apache/logs/bbs-access_%d.log" combined #按天來輪詢日誌信息 "/application/apache2.4.23/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf" 43L, 1397C written 檢查語法與重啓服務 [root@Centos cronolog-1.6.2]# /application/apache/bin/apachectl -t Syntax OK [root@Centos cronolog-1.6.2]# /application/apache/bin/apachectl graceful 1、 查看日誌信息 進入日誌記錄的目錄查看 [root@Centos cronolog-1.6.2]# cd /application/apache/logs/ [root@Centos logs]# ll total 204 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3255 Sep 20 03:44 access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 68367 Sep 23 08:35 bbs-access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 79370 Sep 23 08:35 bbs-error_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2315 Sep 23 07:38 blog-access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 23 06:31 blog-error_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 32632 Sep 23 08:52 error_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5 Sep 23 08:52 httpd.pid 上面是原來的日誌目錄內容，接下來咱們訪問站點看看目錄內容會不會有變化 249 / 753 [root@Centos logs]# ll total 212 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3255 Sep 20 03:44 access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1788 Sep 23 09:00 bbs-access_23.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 68367 Sep 23 08:35 bbs-access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 81482 Sep 23 09:00 bbs-error_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2315 Sep 23 07:38 blog-access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 23 06:31 blog-error_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 33503 Sep 23 09:00 error_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5 Sep 23 09:00 httpd.pid 代表配置是正確的，訪問站點後會自動生成以天爲單位的日誌文件 [root@Centos logs]# date -s '09/24/16' Sat Sep 24 00:00:00 CST 2016 [root@Centos logs]# ll total 220 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3255 Sep 20 03:44 access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1788 Sep 23 09:00 bbs-access_23.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 894 Sep 24 00:00 bbs-access_24.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 68367 Sep 23 08:35 bbs-access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 82538 Sep 24 00:00 bbs-error_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2315 Sep 23 07:38 blog-access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 23 06:31 blog-error_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 33503 Sep 23 09:00 error_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5 Sep 23 09:00 httpd.pid 修改時間後，目錄會自動生產一個日誌文件 2、 日誌記錄的信息 [root@Centos logs]# tail -f /application/apache/logs/bbs-access_24.log 192.168.1.200 - - [24/Sep/2016:00:00:18 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 403 209 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0)" 192.168.1.200 - - [24/Sep/2016:00:00:19 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 403 209 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0)" 目前是六行信息，咱們在客戶端刷新網頁看看變化 [root@Centos logs]# tail -f /application/apache/logs/bbs-access_24.log 192.168.1.200 - - [24/Sep/2016:00:00:18 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 403 209 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0)" 250 / 753 192.168.1.200 - - [24/Sep/2016:00:00:19 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 403 209 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0)" 192.168.1.200 - - [24/Sep/2016:00:14:02 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 403 209 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0)" 192.168.1.200 - - [24/Sep/2016:00:14:05 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 403 209 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0) 刷新兩次就會增長兩行的日誌記錄，信息裏說明有：客戶端地址、訪問時間、協議、客戶端系統版本、瀏覽器
九、Apache服務優化配置
（1）修改默認配置用戶
Apache默認用戶是deamon
[root@localhost1 logs]# egrep "User|Group" /opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf # User/Group: The name (or #number) of the user/group to run httpd as. User apache Group apache LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %I %O" combinedio # User home directories
（2）錯誤頁面修改
[root@Centos ~]# grep "Error" /application/apache/conf/httpd.conf # ErrorLog: The location of the error log file. # If you do not specify an ErrorLog directive within a <VirtualHost> ErrorLog "logs/error_log" #ErrorDocument 500 "The server made a boo boo." #ErrorDocument 404 /missing.html # ErrorDocument 404 http://www.abc.com 跳轉到指定頁面 #ErrorDocument 404 "/cgi-bin/missing_handler.pl" #ErrorDocument 402 http://www.example.com/subscription_info.html:
（3）使用worker模式
編譯安裝時已經使用worker模式，提升併發
（4）屏蔽Apache版本信息
修改 httpd.conf 文件，打開模塊 [root@Centos conf]# cat /application/apache/conf/httpd.conf|grep httpd-default #Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf 修改爲 Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf [root@Centos conf]# sed -i 's#\#Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf#Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf#g' //application/apache/conf/httpd.conf [root@Centos conf]# cat /application/apache/conf/httpd.conf|grep httpd-default Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf [root@Centos conf]# ../bin/apachectl -t Syntax OK [root@Centos conf]# ../bin/apachectl graceful [root@Centos apache]# egrep -v "^.*#|^$" ./conf/extra/httpd-default.conf Timeout 60 KeepAlive On MaxKeepAliveRequests 100 KeepAliveTimeout 5 UseCanonicalName Off AccessFileName .htaccess ServerTokens Full-----------------------------------------------> ServerTokens Prod ServerSignature On---------------------------------------------> ServerSignature Off HostnameLookups Off <IfModule reqtimeout_module> RequestReadTimeout header=20-40,MinRate=500 body=20,MinRate=500 </IfModule>
（5）禁止目錄瀏覽權限
</IfModule> <Directory "/data/www/blog"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks #修改爲 OptionsFollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Require all granted </Directory>
（6）禁止用戶覆蓋（重載）
</IfModule> <Directory "/data/www/blog"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Require all granted </Directory>
（7）開啓Apache防盜鏈功能
此功能是爲了其它用戶使用站點中的文件，可是不是下載到本地而後上傳到 B 網站，而是直接使用文件的連接， 因此當別的用戶訪問這個連接時，其實真正訪問的不是 B 網站，而是咱們的站點服務器，一旦這種流量增長， 就會增長服務器的負載，因此這也是優化的重要參數之一 首先在/application/apache/conf/httpd.conf 文件裏打開以下模塊 LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so <IfModule rewrite_module > RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://www.abc.com.org/.*$ [NC] RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://www.abc.com.org$ [NC] RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^ abc.com.org/.*$ [NC] </IfModule> 優化的參數太多，具體應用還得實際生產環境的需求
（8）禁止PHP解析指定站點的目錄
<Directory "/data/www/blog"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Require all granted php_flag engine off #防止上傳 PHP 木馬文件，遠程執行 </Directory>
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