相對於Runnable,Callable並非很讓人熟知,其實Callable和Runnable很相似,只不過它有返回值,而且也沒有run()方法,而是有call()方法。java
public interface Callable<V>{ V call() throw Exception; }
Callable 接口相似於 Runnable,二者都是爲那些其實例可能被另外一個線程執行的類設計的。可是 Runnable 不會返回結果,而且沒法拋出通過檢查的異常。異步
能夠看到,返回的結果是以V泛型表示的,好比Callable<Integer>
表示一個最終返回Integer
的異步計算ide
Future用來保存異步計算的結果,就是說以前用Callable
標誌的任務能夠用Future來進行包裝,那爲何非要用Future
呢,Callable
本身運行而後用相應的類型來接收結果不就好了嗎?之因此要用到Future
,有一下兩個緣由:測試
Thread t = new Thread(..)
用這個方法建立一個線程,必需要傳給一個Runnable
的參數,而不能傳給它Callable
可是Future終究只是一個接口,而FutureTask
包裝器不只實現了Future接口,還實現了Runnable接口,這彌補上面的遺憾,使得它不只能被Thread運行,還具備取消運行的特性,一個典型的使用FutureTask
的例子就是:this
Callable<Integer> calc = ...; FutureTask<Integer> task = new FutureTask<Integer>(calc); Thread t = new Thread(task); //這裏是Runnable t.start; ... Integer result = task.get(); //這裏是Future
住:FutureTask
的兩個構造方法spa
FutureTask(Callable<V> task)線程
FutureTask(Runnable task,V result)設計
一個計算指定目錄下具備指定關鍵字的文件數目的例子:code
package future; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Scanner; import java.util.concurrent.Callable; import java.util.concurrent.Future; import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask; public class MatchCounter implements Callable<Integer> { private File directory; private String keyword; private int count; public MatchCounter(File directory, String keyword) { this.directory = directory; this.keyword = keyword; } @Override public Integer call() throws Exception { count = 0; try { File[] files = directory.listFiles(); List<Future<Integer>> results = new ArrayList<>(); // 用來保存全部的異步計算結果 for (File file : files) { if (file.isDirectory()) { MatchCounter counter = new MatchCounter(file, keyword); FutureTask<Integer> task = new FutureTask<>(counter); results.add(task); Thread t = new Thread(task); t.start(); } else { if (search(file)) { count++; } } } for (Future<Integer> r : results) { count += r.get(); } } catch (InterruptedException e) { } return count; } public boolean search(File file) { try { Scanner in = new Scanner(file); boolean found = false; while (in.hasNextLine()) { String line = in.nextLine(); if (line.contains(keyword)) { found = true; } } return found; } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return false; } }
測試類:對象
package future; import java.io.File; import java.util.Scanner; import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue; import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException; import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask; public class FutureTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter starting directory:"); String d = in.nextLine(); System.out.println("Enter keyword:"); String keyword = in.nextLine(); MatchCounter counter = new MatchCounter(new File(d), keyword); FutureTask<Integer> task = new FutureTask<>(counter); new Thread(task).start(); try { System.out.println(task.get() + " matching files!"); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (ExecutionException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
運行:
Enter starting directory: D:\workspace\concurrent\src Enter keyword: future 2 matching files!