oracle數據庫鏈接及工具使用sqlplus經常使用命令操做手冊

時間 2019-11-19
標籤 oracle 數據庫鏈接工具使用 sqlplus 經常命令手冊欄目 Oracle 简体版
原文原文鏈接
oracle數據庫鏈接及工具使用sqlplus經常使用命令操做手冊
周萬春
微信：loveoracle11g
QQ：574344136

當咱們把全部的數據庫安裝過程所有作完後，開始咱們的正式課。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@zhouwanchun ~]# su - oracle
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ ps -elf | grep ora_ | grep orcl
0 S oracle    4318     1  0  75   0 - 185771 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_pmon_orcl
0 S oracle    4322     1  0  58   - - 185209 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_vktm_orcl
0 S oracle    4328     1  0  75   0 - 185540 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_gen0_orcl
0 S oracle    4332     1  0  78   0 - 185209 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_diag_orcl
0 S oracle    4336     1  0  75   0 - 186115 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_dbrm_orcl
0 S oracle    4340     1  0  75   0 - 185725 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_psp0_orcl
0 S oracle    4344     1  0  78   0 - 185337 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_dia0_orcl
0 S oracle    4348     1  1  78   0 - 185209 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:03 ora_mman_orcl
0 S oracle    4352     1  0  75   0 - 188009 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_dbw0_orcl
0 S oracle    4356     1  0  75   0 - 191644 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_lgwr_orcl
0 S oracle    4360     1  0  75   0 - 186247 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_ckpt_orcl
0 S oracle    4364     1  0  75   0 - 186111 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_smon_orcl
0 S oracle    4368     1  0  75   0 - 186113 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_reco_orcl
0 S oracle    4372     1  0  75   0 - 185862 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_rbal_orcl
0 S oracle    4376     1  0  78   0 - 185662 pipe_w 23:00 ?       00:00:00 ora_asmb_orcl
0 S oracle    4380     1  0  75   0 - 187327 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_mmon_orcl
0 S oracle    4384     1  0  78   0 - 185209 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_mmnl_orcl
0 S oracle    4388     1  0  78   0 - 185668 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_d000_orcl
0 S oracle    4396     1  0  78   0 - 185475 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_s000_orcl
0 S oracle    4400     1  0  75   0 - 187150 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_mark_orcl
0 S oracle    4459     1  0  75   0 - 185559 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_o000_orcl
0 S oracle    4469     1  0  75   0 - 185560 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_o001_orcl
0 S oracle    4483     1  0  75   0 - 185559 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_o002_orcl
0 S oracle    4491     1  0  75   0 - 186110 ?     23:00 ?        00:00:00 ora_qmnc_orcl
0 S oracle    4526     1  0  75   0 - 186893 ?     23:01 ?        00:00:00 ora_cjq0_orcl
0 S oracle    4568     1  0  75   0 - 186935 ?     23:01 ?        00:00:00 ora_q000_orcl
0 S oracle    4572     1  0  78   0 - 185208 ?     23:01 ?        00:00:00 ora_q001_orcl
0 S oracle    4576     1  0  75   0 - 186116 ?     23:01 ?        00:00:00 ora_q002_orcl
0 S oracle    4683     1  0  75   0 - 185732 ?     23:04 ?        00:00:00 ora_j000_orcl
0 S oracle    4687     1  0  75   0 - 185208 ?     23:04 ?        00:00:00 ora_j001_orcl
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$


[root@zhouwanchun ~]# su - grid
[grid@zhouwanchun ~]$ crs_stat -t -v
Name           Type           R/RA   F/FT   Target    State     Host        
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ora.DATA.dg    ora....up.type 0/5    0/     ONLINE    ONLINE    zhouwanchun 
ora.FRA.dg     ora....up.type 0/5    0/     ONLINE    ONLINE    zhouwanchun 
ora....ER.lsnr ora....er.type 0/5    0/     ONLINE    ONLINE    zhouwanchun 
ora.asm        ora.asm.type   0/5    0/     ONLINE    ONLINE    zhouwanchun 
ora.cssd       ora.cssd.type  0/5    0/5    ONLINE    ONLINE    zhouwanchun 
ora.diskmon    ora....on.type 0/10   0/5    ONLINE    ONLINE    zhouwanchun 
ora.orcl.db    ora....se.type 0/2    0/1    ONLINE    ONLINE    zhouwanchun 


[grid@zhouwanchun ~]$ lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 19-APR-2018 23:06:54

Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date                19-APR-2018 22:59:59
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 6 min. 54 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /u01/app/grid/product/11.2.0/grid/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /u01/app/grid/diag/tnslsnr/zhouwanchun/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=zhouwanchun.example.com)(PORT=1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "+ASM" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "+ASM", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "orcl.example.com" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "orclXDB.example.com" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully
[grid@zhouwanchun ~]$
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
提醒各位咱們數據庫作完了下一步就是用，怎麼用？第一步登陸
登陸數據庫，檢查數據庫的狀態？
怎麼登陸？
1 本地登陸------》用的就是ipc進程間通信協議，和網路沒有關係。
先登陸數據庫所在的操做系統，而後在鏈接數據庫。

2 遠程登陸------》經過tcp/ip協議。（先配置網絡）

3 管理員登陸------》sys、system

4 普通用戶登陸------》scott、hr、sh等。


管理員的本地登陸
必須先指定你要登陸哪一個數據庫------》ORACLE_SID
export ORACLE_SID=orcl ------》表示我要鏈接orcl數據庫
export ORACLE_SID=ocp ------》表示我要鏈接ocp數據庫
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=orcl
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ sqlplus sys/oracle
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sun Aug 31 12:59:09 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
ERROR:
ORA-28009: connection as SYS should be as SYSDBA or SYSOPER（提示：sys用戶登陸必須指定角色sysdba）
Enter user-name:（按兩次回車退出）
上面的登陸方式不正確，正確的登陸方式以下：
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=orcl
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sun Aug 31 13:00:46 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP, Data Mining
and Real Application Testing options
SQL> show user ;
USER is "SYS"

擴展：在oracle數據庫中不存在忘記密碼登陸不了數據庫，你只要輸入dba組的帳戶登陸數據庫服務器，就必定登陸數據庫
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
普通用戶本地登陸
注意：默認普通用戶都是被鎖定的，必須先解鎖
管理員先解鎖帳戶
alter user 帳戶名 account unlock ;
例如：
SQL> alter user scott account unlock ;
User altered.


給用戶設置密碼
alter user scott identified by 新密碼 ;
例如：
SQL> alter user scott identified by oracle ;
User altered.


SQL> conn scott/oracle ;
Connected.
這個時候咱們能夠登陸到scott用戶，若是不能登陸scott
第一判斷scott是否啓用，第二判斷scott是否有權限登陸數據庫。

SQL> show user ;
USER is ""黑洞帳號

SQL> conn / as sysdba ;
Connected to an idle instance.


SQL> startup ;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  534462464 bytes
Fixed Size            2215064 bytes
Variable Size          369099624 bytes
Database Buffers      159383552 bytes
Redo Buffers            3764224 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

SQL> conn scott/oracle ;
Connected.
SQL> show user ;
USER is "SCOTT"
------------------------------------------------------------
關閉數據庫------》sysdba
export ORACLE_SID=orcl
sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> shutdown immediate ;
數據庫關閉後咱們sysdba是能夠登陸的，可是咱們普通用戶是不能登陸的。
-------------------------------------------------------
總結：普通用戶登陸
1 解鎖
2 保證數據庫是open ，怎麼檢查數據庫是否是OPEN呢？
  export ORACLE_SID=orcl
  sqlplus / as sysdba
  SQL> select status from v$instance ;

  STATUS
  ------------
  OPEN


最後總結：
sys用戶操做系統驗證，本地登陸sqlplus / as sysdba
普通用戶數據字典驗證，保證數據庫開啓後登陸。

接下來咱們來熟悉sqlplus這個工具。
SQL> help index ;  顯示的是你能夠輸入的sqlplus命令

Enter Help [topic] for help.

 @             COPY         PAUSE                    SHUTDOWN
 @@            DEFINE       PRINT                    SPOOL
 /             DEL          PROMPT                   SQLPLUS
 ACCEPT        DESCRIBE     QUIT                     START
 APPEND        DISCONNECT   RECOVER                  STARTUP
 ARCHIVE LOG   EDIT         REMARK                   STORE
 ATTRIBUTE     EXECUTE      REPFOOTER                TIMING
 BREAK         EXIT         REPHEADER                TTITLE
 BTITLE        GET          RESERVED WORDS (SQL)     UNDEFINE
 CHANGE        HELP         RESERVED WORDS (PL/SQL)  VARIABLE
 CLEAR         HOST         RUN                      WHENEVER OSERROR
 COLUMN        INPUT        SAVE                     WHENEVER SQLERROR
 COMPUTE       LIST         SET                      XQUERY
 CONNECT       PASSWORD     SHOW

各位不要看着這麼多sql語句就瘋了啊
1 怎麼輸入sql語句
sql語句自身是不區分大小寫
英文分號 ; 表示結束
回車執行
例子：
SQL> select * from scott.dept ;

    DEPTNO DNAME          LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
        10 ACCOUNTING     NEW YORK
        20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
        30 SALES          CHICAGO
        40 OPERATIONS     BOSTON


2、剛執行的語句到sql buffer裏面去了。
如何查看我剛剛輸入的語句呢？
SQL> ? list

 LIST
 ----

 Lists one or more lines of the most recently executed SQL command
 or PL/SQL block which is stored in the SQL buffer. Enter LIST with
 no clauses to list all lines. In SQL*Plus command-line you can also
 use ";" to list all the lines in the SQL buffer. The buffer has no
 command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.

 L[IST] [n | n m | n  * | n LAST | * | * n | * LAST | LAST]


SQL>
SQL> list
  1* select * from scott.dept
擴展其實輸入一個l也是能夠的。
----------------------------------------------------
3、我想修改一下緩存，好比我想加條件where deptno=10
SQL> ? edit

 EDIT
 ----

 Invokes an operating system text editor on the contents of the
 specified file or on the contents of the SQL buffer. The buffer
 has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.

 ED[IT] [file_name[.ext]]
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
28

?

?
q

  1* select * from scott.dept
q退出
windows ------>記事本
unix/linux ------>不少選擇，必須指定用那個
方法1：臨時指定
define _editor=vim（這種方法我很最喜歡，爲何呢？很簡單由於第二種方法不是全部設備都能讓你去改環境變量滴）
方法2：修改環境變量
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ cd /home/oracle/
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ vim .bash_profile
加入：export EDITOR=vim
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ source .bash_profile
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ echo $EDITOR
vim
SQL> define _editor=vim
SQL> ed
select * from scott.emp
where deptno=10
/
:wq
SQL> /

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB           MGR HIREDATE        SAL       COMM
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
    DEPTNO
----------
      7782 CLARK      MANAGER          7839 09-JUN-81       2450
    10

      7839 KING       PRESIDENT        17-NOV-81       5000
    10

      7934 MILLER     CLERK          7782 23-JAN-82       1300
    10
------------------------------------------------------------------
4、如何執行sql buffer裏的語句呢？
SQL> ? /

 / (slash)
 ---------

 Executes the most recently executed SQL command or PL/SQL block
 which is stored in the SQL buffer. Use slash (/) at the command
 prompt or line number prompt in SQL*Plus command line. The buffer
 has no command history and does not record SQL*Plus commands.

 /
（解釋：上面經過vim編輯後的sql語句執行）
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5、我想把sql buffer中的語句保存起來，下次再使用，怎麼辦？
SQL> ? save

 SAVE
 ----

 Saves the contents of the SQL buffer in a script. The
 buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.

 SAV[E] [FILE] file_name[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]]
-----------------------
save 文件名字（建議絕對路徑）默認create
save 文件名字（建議絕對路徑）replace（覆蓋rep簡寫）
save 文件名字（建議絕對路徑）append 追加
例如：
SQL> select * from scott.emp ;
SQL> l
  1* select * from scott.emp
SQL> save /u01/app/1.sql ;
Created file /u01/app/1.sql
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
6、我是否保存成功，到操做系統上看，但我又不想退出sqlplus
SQL> ? host

 HOST
 ----

 Executes an operating system command without leaving SQL*Plus.
 Enter HOST without command to display an operating system prompt.
 You can then enter multiple operating system commands.

 HO[ST] [command]
輸入host回車進入操做系統，再輸入exit回到sqlplus
SQL> host ;
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ cd /u01/app/  保存的文件在哪？
[oracle@zhouwanchun app]$ ll
total 16
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall   27 Oct 22 01:27 1.sql
drwxrwxr-x 7 grid   oinstall 4096 Oct 21 23:27 grid
drwxrwxr-x 7 oracle oinstall 4096 Oct 22 00:00 oracle
drwxrwx--- 6 grid   oinstall 4096 Oct 21 23:50 oraInventory
[oracle@zhouwanchun app]$ cat 1.sql  查看保存的文件內容
select * from scott.emp 
where deptno=10
/
[oracle@zhouwanchun app]$ exit
exit

SQL>
-------------------------------------------------------
host 加操做系統命令
clear 清屏---------------->host clear
pwd 顯示當前目錄------------>host pwd
ls 列出目錄信息----------->host ls
SQL> host ls /u01/app ;
1.sql  grid  oracle  oraInventory
cp 複製--------------> host cp /u01/app/1.sql  /tmp/2.sql ;
rm 刪除--------------> host rm /tmp/2.sql ;
-----------------------------------
注意：host在sqlplus中的命令
若是在linux平臺host等價命令 !
host clear 等價於 ! clear
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
7、退出sqlplus
exit
quit
SQL> exit ;
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP, Data Mining
and Real Application Testing options
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8、在/u01/app/1.sql腳本，如何在sqlplus中調用
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> ? @

 @ ("at" sign)
 -------------
 Runs the SQL*Plus statements in the specified script. The script can be
 called from the local file system or a web server.

 @ {url|file_name[.ext]} [arg ...]

 where url supports HTTP and FTP protocols in the form:

    http://host.domain/script.sql


 @@ (double "at" sign)
 ---------------------

 Runs the specified script. This command is almost identical to
 the @ command. It is useful for running nested scripts because it
 has the additional functionality of looking for the nested script
 in the same url or path as the calling script.

 @@ {url|file_name[.ext]} [arg ...]
SQL> ? start

 START
 -----

 Runs the SQL*Plus statements in the specified script. The script can be
 called from the local file system or a web server.

 STA[RT] {url|file_name[.ext]} [arg ...]

 where url supports HTTP and FTP protocols in the form:

    http://host.domain/script.sql


 STARTUP
 -------

 Starts an Oracle instance with several options, including mounting,
 and opening a database.

 STARTUP options | upgrade_options

 where options has the following syntax:
    [FORCE] [RESTRICT] [PFILE=filename] [QUIET] [ MOUNT [dbname] |
    [ OPEN [open_options] [dbname] ] |
    NOMOUNT ]

 where open_options has the following syntax:
    READ {ONLY | WRITE [RECOVER]} | RECOVER

 and where upgrade_options has the following syntax:
    [PFILE=filename] {UPGRADE | DOWNGRADE} [QUIET]
@ 腳本的名字
start 腳本名字
SQL> @ /u01/app/1.sql ;
SQL> start /u01/app/1.sql ;
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9、我只想在SQLPLUS 看腳本內容，編輯後再執行。
先把腳本調入sql buffer，而後edit編輯，最後執行。
SQL> ? get

 GET
 ---

 Loads a SQL statement or PL/SQL block from a script into the SQL buffer.
 The buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.

 GET [FILE] file_name[.ext] [LIST | NOLIST]
SQL> get /u01/app/1.sql ;
  1  select * from scott.emp
  2* where deptno=10
SQL> ed
select * from scott.emp
where deptno=20
/
:wq
SQL> /
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10、我須要把個人屏幕全部輸出保存爲一個日誌，怎麼解決？
SQL> ? spool

 SPOOL
 -----

 Stores query results in a file, or optionally sends the file to a printer.

 SPO[OL] [file_name[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]] | OFF | OUT]
SQL> spool /u01/app/1.log append ;
輸入不少操做
SQL> select status from v$instance ;
SQL> select * from scott.emp ;
SQL> spool off ;  結束
結束後咱們不用退出
SQL> host ;
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ cd /u01/app/
[oracle@zhouwanchun app]$ ll
total 24
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 5517 Oct 22 02:01 1.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall   43 Oct 22 01:38 1.sql
drwxrwxr-x 7 grid   oinstall 4096 Oct 21 23:27 grid
drwxrwxr-x 7 oracle oinstall 4096 Oct 22 00:00 oracle
drwxrwx--- 6 grid   oinstall 4096 Oct 21 23:50 oraInventory
[oracle@zhouwanchun app]$ cat 1.log
這樣咱們就能夠看見全部正確錯誤的命令所有都保存下來，生成了一個日誌）
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11、常常在帳戶之間切換
語法：CONNECT
conn 帳戶名/密碼 as 角色
SQL> show user ;
USER is "SYS"
SQL> conn scott/oracle ;
Connected.
SQL> show user ;
USER is "SCOTT"
SQL> conn system/oracle ;
Connected.
SQL> show user ;
USER is "SYSTEM"
SQL> conn / as sysdba ;
Connected.
SQL> show user ;
USER is "SYS"
SQL> exit ;
鏈接數據庫用
[oracle@zhouwanchun ~]$ sqlplus /nolog  至少打開sqlplus工具沒有鏈接數據庫。

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sun Oct 22 02:08:48 2017

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

SQL>
SQL> show user ;
USER is ""
鏈接數據庫
SQL> conn / as sysdba ;
Connected.
SQL> show user ;
USER is "SYS"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12、在sqlplus能夠關閉和啓動數據庫
SQL> shutdown immediate ;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup ;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  534462464 bytes
Fixed Size            2215064 bytes
Variable Size          369099624 bytes
Database Buffers      159383552 bytes
Redo Buffers            3764224 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL>

完成以上命令咱們就學完一個DBA最基礎的命令了。