LVS負載均衡機制:nginx
LVS工做在網絡層。相對於其它負載均衡的解決辦法,好比DNS域名輪流解析、應用層負載的調度、客戶端的調度等,它的效率是很是高的。LVS的經過控制IP來實現負載均衡。IPVS是其具體的實現模塊。IPVS的主要做用:安裝在Director Server上面,在Director Server虛擬一個對外訪問的IP(VIP)。用戶訪問VIP,到達Director Server,Director Server根據必定的規則選擇一個Real Server,處理完成後而後返回給客戶端數據。這些步驟產生了一些具體的問題,好比如何選擇具體的Real Server,Real Server若是返回給客戶端數據等等。IPVS爲此有三種機制:c++
1.VS/NAT(Virtual Server via Network Address Translation),即網絡地址翻轉技術實現虛擬服務器。當請求來到時,Diretor server上處理的程序將數據報文中的目標地址(即虛擬IP地址)改爲具體的某臺Real Server,端口也改爲Real Server的端口,而後把報文發給Real Server。Real Server處理完數據後,須要返回給Diretor Server,而後Diretor server將數據包中的源地址和源端口改爲VIP的地址和端口,最後把數據發送出去。由此能夠看出,用戶的請求和返回都要通過Diretor Server,若是數據過多,Diretor Server確定會不堪重負。shell
2.VS/TUN(Virtual Server via IP Tunneling),即IP隧道技術實現虛擬服務器。它跟VS/NAT基本同樣,可是Real server是直接返回數據給客戶端,不須要通過Diretor server,這大大下降了Diretor server的壓力。vim
3.VS/DR(Virtual Server via Direct Routing),即用直接路由技術實現虛擬服務器。跟前面兩種方式,它的報文轉發方法有所不一樣,VS/DR經過改寫請求報文的MAC地址,將請求發送到Real Server,而Real Server將響應直接返回給客戶,免去了VS/TUN中的IP隧道開銷。這種方式是三種負載調度機制中性能最高最好的,可是必需要求Director Server與Real Server都有一塊網卡連在同一物理網段上bash
//環境介紹服務器
#VS/DR模式下,Direct server在VIP:80端口監聽用戶請求,改寫請求報文的MAC地址,將請求負載到real server上,real server將響應直接返回給用戶,所以全部的主機必須在同一個網段,且real server能夠直接與用戶通訊 1.主機配置 DIRECT SERVER:10.10.54.155 vip:10.10.54.151 DIRECT BACKUP:10.10.54.156 vip:10.10.54.151 real server:10.10.54.222(80) --nginx real server:10.10.54.226(80) --nginx
//軟件安裝網絡
1.所需軟件 ipvsadm-1.26.tar.gz keepalived-1.2.9.tar.gz 2.安裝ipvsadm shell> yum -y install wget libnl* popt* gcc.x86_64 gcc-c++.x86_64 gcc-objc++.x86_64 kernel-devel.x86_64 make popt-static.x86_64 shell> tar xvf ipvsadm-1.26.tar.gz shell> cd ipvsadm-1.26 shell> ./configure && make && make install 3.安裝keepalived shell> yum install -y net-snmp.x86_64 net-snmp-devel.x86_64 shell> tar xvf keepalived-1.2.9.tar.gz shell> cd keepalived-1.2.9 shell> ./configure && make && make install shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --enable-snmp --sysconfdir=/etc shell> cp /usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived /sbin/ shell> cp /usr/local/keepalived/bin/genhash /bin/
//【real server上操做】負載均衡
1.編輯realserver腳本 shell> vim /etc/init.d/realserver ----------------------------------------------------- #!/bin/bash #description:start realserver #script_name:realserver_config VIP=10.10.54.151#虛擬IP source /etc/init.d/functions case "$1" in start) echo "start LVS of realserver." /sbin/ifconfig lo:0 $VIP broadcast $VIP netmask 255.255.255.255 up echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore echo "2" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore echo "2" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce ;; stop) /sbin/ifconfig lo:0 down echo "0" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore echo "0" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce echo "0" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore echo "0" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce ;; *) echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop}" exit 1 esac ----------------------------------------------------------------- 2.shell> /etc/init.d/realserver start
//【Direct server上操做】oop
1.[master]修改配置文件 shell> vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf --------------------------------------------- global_defs { notification_email { lij@ssr.com } notification_email_from lij@ssr.com smtp_server lij@ssr.com smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id LVS_MASTER2 } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state MASTER interface eth0 virtual_router_id 51 priority 100 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 1111 } virtual_ipaddress { 10.10.54.151/24 dev eth0 label eth0:1#虛擬IP,用戶可見IP } } virtual_server 10.10.54.151 80 { delay_loop 6 lb_algo rr lb_kind DR # nat_mask 255.255.255.0 # persistence_timeout 50 protocol TCP real_server 10.10.54.157 80 {#real server上80端口 weight 1 TCP_CHECK { connect_timeout 3 nb_get_retry 3 delay_before_retry 3 connect_port 80 } } real_server 10.10.54.159 80 { weight 1 TCP_CHECK { connect_timeout 3 nb_get_retry 3 delay_before_retry 3 connect_port 80 } } } #查看IPVS表 shell> ipvsadm -ln IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096) Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags -> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn TCP 10.10.54.151:80 rr -> 10.10.54.157:80 Route 1 0 0 -> 10.10.54.159:80 Route 1 0 0 -------------------------------------------------- 2.【backup server】修改配置文件 --------------------------------------------------- global_defs { notification_email { lij@ssr.com } notification_email_from lij@ssr.com smtp_server lij@ssr.com smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id LVS_BACKUP #改1 } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state MASTER #改2 interface eth0 virtual_router_id 51 priority 80 #改3 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 1111 } ... } #backup上查看IPVS表 shell> ipvsadm -ln IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096) Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags -> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn TCP 10.10.54.151:80 rr -> 10.10.54.157:80 Route 1 0 0 -> 10.10.54.159:80 Route 1 0 0 -----------------------------------------------
//telnet 測試負載均衡和故障轉移性能
##################### 測試負載均衡 1.master 和 backup上啓動keepalived /etc/init.d/keepalived start 2.150主機上telnet VIP shell> telnet 10.10.54.151 80 Trying 10.10.54.151... Connected to 10.10.54.151. Escape character is '^]'. 3.master主機上查看IPVS信息 shell> ipvsadm -ln IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096) Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags -> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn TCP 10.10.54.151:80 rr -> 10.10.54.157:80 Route 1 1 0 -> 10.10.54.159:80 Route 1 0 1 ##由上面查看157機子上"ActiveConn"變爲1 ##從新執行 telnet 10.10.54.151 80 操做後,發現159機子"ActiveConn"變爲1 ##上面測試結果顯示,LVS負載均衡已經成功 ################### 測試故障轉移是否成功 1.當掉master主機155 shell> /etc/init.d/keepalived stop Stopping keepalived: [ OK ] 2.backup主機上查看ip信息 shell> ip add list 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:1f:da:47 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.10.54.156/24 brd 10.10.54.255 scope global eth0 inet 10.10.54.151/24 scope global secondary eth0:1 inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe1f:da47/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:ac:b4:36 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 3.測試backup是否能夠負載 shell> telnet 10.10.54.151 80 shell> ipvsadm -ln IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096) Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags -> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn TCP 10.10.54.151:80 rr -> 10.10.54.157:80 Route 1 1 0 -> 10.10.54.159:80 Route 1 0 0 ##由上面可知,LVS故障轉移成功