這一篇主要圍繞線程狀態控制相關的操做分析線程的原理,好比線程的中斷,線程的通訊等,內容比較多,可能會分兩篇文章java
阿里面試系列導讀:關注個人技術公衆號【架構師修煉寶典】一週出產1-2篇技術文章。linux
【阿里面試系列】搞懂併發編程,輕鬆應對80%的面試場景git
【阿里面試系列】Java線程的應用及挑戰
github
前面咱們簡單分析過了線程的使用,經過調用線程的啓動方法來啓動線程,線程啓動後會調用運行方法執行業務邏輯,運行方法執行完畢後,線程的生命週期也就終止了。
不少同窗最先學習線程的時候會比較疑惑,啓動一個線程爲何是調用啓動方法,而不是運行方法,這作一個簡單的分析,先簡單看一下啓動方法的定義面試
public class Thread implements Runnable {
...
public synchronized void start() {
/**
* This method is not invoked for the main method thread or "system"
* group threads created/set up by the VM. Any new functionality added
* to this method in the future may have to also be added to the VM.
*
* A zero status value corresponds to state "NEW".
*/
if (threadStatus != 0)
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
/* Notify the group that this thread is about to be started
* so that it can be added to the group's list of threads * and the group's unstarted count can be decremented. */
group.add(this);
boolean started = false;
try {
start0(); //注意這裏
started = true;
} finally {
try {
if (!started) {
group.threadStartFailed(this);
}
} catch (Throwable ignore) {
/* do nothing. If start0 threw a Throwable then
it will be passed up the call stack */
}
}
}
private native void start0();//注意這裏
...
複製代碼
咱們看到調用啓動方法其實是調用一個本地方法START0()來啓動一個線程,首先START0()這個方法是在線程的靜態塊中來註冊的,代碼以下編程
public class Thread implements Runnable {
/* Make sure registerNatives is the first thing <clinit> does. */
private static native void registerNatives();
static {
registerNatives();
}
複製代碼
這個registerNatives的做用是註冊一些本地方法提供給Thread類來使用,好比start0(),isAlive(),currentThread(),sleep();這些都是你們很熟悉的方法.registerNatives
的本地方法的定義在文件Thread.c,
Thread.c定義了各個操做系統平臺要用的關於線程的公共數據和操做,如下是Thread.c的所有內容設計模式
static JNINativeMethod methods[] = {
{"start0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_StartThread},
{"stop0", "(" OBJ ")V", (void *)&JVM_StopThread},
{"isAlive", "()Z", (void *)&JVM_IsThreadAlive},
{"suspend0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_SuspendThread},
{"resume0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_ResumeThread},
{"setPriority0", "(I)V", (void *)&JVM_SetThreadPriority},
{"yield", "()V", (void *)&JVM_Yield},
{"sleep", "(J)V", (void *)&JVM_Sleep},
{"currentThread", "()" THD, (void *)&JVM_CurrentThread},
{"countStackFrames", "()I", (void *)&JVM_CountStackFrames},
{"interrupt0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_Interrupt},
{"isInterrupted", "(Z)Z", (void *)&JVM_IsInterrupted},
{"holdsLock", "(" OBJ ")Z", (void *)&JVM_HoldsLock},
{"getThreads", "()[" THD, (void *)&JVM_GetAllThreads},
{"dumpThreads", "([" THD ")[[" STE, (void *)&JVM_DumpThreads},
{"setNativeName", "(" STR ")V", (void *)&JVM_SetNativeThreadName},
};
#undef THD
#undef OBJ
#undef STE
#undef STR
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
Java_java_lang_Thread_registerNatives(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls)
{
(*env)->RegisterNatives(env, cls, methods, ARRAY_LENGTH(methods));
}
複製代碼
從這段代碼能夠看出,start0(),實際會執行JVM_StartThread方法,這個方法是幹嗎的呢?從名字上來看,彷佛是在JVM層面去啓動一個線程,若是真的是這樣,那麼在JVM層面,必定會調用Java中定義的運行方法。那接下來繼續去找找答案。咱們找到jvm.cpp這個文件;這個文件須要下載hotspot的源碼才能找到。安全
JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_StartThread(JNIEnv* env, jobject jthread))
JVMWrapper("JVM_StartThread");
...
native_thread = new JavaThread(&thread_entry, sz);
...
複製代碼
JVM_ENTRY是用來定義JVM_StartThread函數的,在這個函數裏面建立了一個真正和平臺有關的本地線程。本着打破砂鍋查到底的原則,繼續看看newJavaThread作了什麼事情,繼續尋找JavaThread的定義
在hotspot的源碼中thread.cpp文件中1558行的位置能夠找到以下代碼性能優化
JavaThread::JavaThread(ThreadFunction entry_point, size_t stack_sz) :
Thread()
#if INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
, _satb_mark_queue(&_satb_mark_queue_set),
_dirty_card_queue(&_dirty_card_queue_set)
#endif // INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
{
if (TraceThreadEvents) {
tty->print_cr("creating thread %p", this);
}
initialize();
_jni_attach_state = _not_attaching_via_jni;
set_entry_point(entry_point);
// Create the native thread itself.
// %note runtime_23
os::ThreadType thr_type = os::java_thread;
thr_type = entry_point == &compiler_thread_entry ? os::compiler_thread :
os::java_thread;
os::create_thread(this, thr_type, stack_sz);
_safepoint_visible = false;
// The _osthread may be NULL here because we ran out of memory (too many threads active).
// We need to throw and OutOfMemoryError - however we cannot do this here because the caller
// may hold a lock and all locks must be unlocked before throwing the exception (throwing
// the exception consists of creating the exception object & initializing it, initialization
// will leave the VM via a JavaCall and then all locks must be unlocked).
//
// The thread is still suspended when we reach here. Thread must be explicit started
// by creator! Furthermore, the thread must also explicitly be added to the Threads list
// by calling Threads:add. The reason why this is not done here, is because the thread
// object must be fully initialized (take a look at JVM_Start)
}
複製代碼
這個方法有兩個參數,第一個是函數名稱,線程建立成功以後會根據這個函數名稱調用對應的函數;第二個是當前進程內已經有的線程數量。最後咱們重點關注與一下os :: create_thread,實際就是調用平臺建立線程的方法來建立線程。
接下來就是線程的啓動,會調用Thread.cpp文件中的Thread :: start(Thread * thread)方法,代碼以下bash
void Thread::start(Thread* thread) {
trace("start", thread);
// Start is different from resume in that its safety is guaranteed by context or
// being called from a Java method synchronized on the Thread object.
if (!DisableStartThread) {
if (thread->is_Java_thread()) {
// Initialize the thread state to RUNNABLE before starting this thread.
// Can not set it after the thread started because we do not know the
// exact thread state at that time. It could be in MONITOR_WAIT or
// in SLEEPING or some other state.
java_lang_Thread::set_thread_status(((JavaThread*)thread)->threadObj(),
java_lang_Thread::RUNNABLE);
}
os::start_thread(thread);
}
}
複製代碼
啓動方法中有一個函數調用:os :: start_thread(thread);,調用平臺啓動線程的方法,最終會調用Thread.cpp文件中的JavaThread :: run()方法
// The first routine called by a new Java thread
void JavaThread::run() {
// initialize thread-local alloc buffer related fields
this->initialize_tlab();
// used to test validitity of stack trace backs
this->record_base_of_stack_pointer();
// Record real stack base and size.
this->record_stack_base_and_size();
// Initialize thread local storage; set before calling MutexLocker
this->initialize_thread_local_storage();
this->create_stack_guard_pages();
this->cache_global_variables();
// Thread is now sufficient initialized to be handled by the safepoint code as being
// in the VM. Change thread state from _thread_new to _thread_in_vm
ThreadStateTransition::transition_and_fence(this, _thread_new, _thread_in_vm);
assert(JavaThread::current() == this, "sanity check");
assert(!Thread::current()->owns_locks(), "sanity check");
DTRACE_THREAD_PROBE(start, this);
// This operation might block. We call that after all safepoint checks for a new thread has
// been completed.
this->set_active_handles(JNIHandleBlock::allocate_block());
if (JvmtiExport::should_post_thread_life()) {
JvmtiExport::post_thread_start(this);
}
EventThreadStart event;
if (event.should_commit()) {
event.set_javalangthread(java_lang_Thread::thread_id(this->threadObj()));
event.commit();
}
// We call another function to do the rest so we are sure that the stack addresses used
// from there will be lower than the stack base just computed
thread_main_inner();
// Note, thread is no longer valid at this point!
}
複製代碼
這個方法中主要是作一系列的初始化操做,最後有一個方法thread_main_inner,接下來看看這個方法的邏輯是什麼樣的
void JavaThread::thread_main_inner() {
assert(JavaThread::current() == this, "sanity check");
assert(this->threadObj() != NULL, "just checking");
// Execute thread entry point unless this thread has a pending exception
// or has been stopped before starting.
// Note: Due to JVM_StopThread we can have pending exceptions already!
if (!this->has_pending_exception() &&
!java_lang_Thread::is_stillborn(this->threadObj())) {
{
ResourceMark rm(this);
this->set_native_thread_name(this->get_thread_name());
}
HandleMark hm(this);
this->entry_point()(this, this);
}
DTRACE_THREAD_PROBE(stop, this);
this->exit(false);
delete this;
}
複製代碼
和主流程無關的代碼我們先不去看,直接找到最核心的代碼塊this-> entry_point()(this,this);,這個entrypoint應該比較熟悉了,由於咱們在前面提到了,在:: JavaThread這個方法中傳遞的第一個參數,表明函數名稱,線程啓動的時候會調用這個函數。
若是你們尚未暈車的話,應該記得咱們在jvm.cpp文件中看到的代碼,在建立native_thread = newJavaThread( &thread_entry,SZ); 的時候傳遞了一個threadentry函數,因此咱們在jvm.cpp中找到這個函數的定義以下
static void thread_entry(JavaThread* thread, TRAPS) {
{
HandleMark hm(THREAD);
Handle obj(THREAD, thread->threadObj());
JavaValue result(T_VOID);
JavaCalls::call_virtual(&result,
obj,
KlassHandle(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Thread_klass()),
vmSymbols::run_method_name(), //注意這裏
vmSymbols::void_method_signature(),
THREAD);
}
複製代碼
能夠看到vmSymbols :: run_method_name()這個調用,其實就是經過回調方法調用Java線程中定義的運行方法,run_method_name是一個宏定義,在vmSymbols.hpp文件中能夠找到以下代碼
#define VM_SYMBOLS_DO(template, do_alias)
...
template(run_method_name, "run")
...
複製代碼
因此結論就是,Java的裏面建立線程以後必需要調用啓動方法才能真正的建立一個線程,該方法會調用虛擬機啓動一個本地線程,本地線程的建立會調用當前系統建立線程的方法進行建立,而且線程被執行的時候會回調跑方法進行業務邏輯的處理
線程的終止有主動和被動之分,被動表示線程出現異常退出或者運行方法執行完畢,線程會自動終止。主動的方式是Thread.stop()來實現線程的終止,可是中止()方法是一個過時的方法,官方是不建議使用,理由很簡單,中止()方法在中介一個線程時不會保證線程的資源正常釋放,也就是不會給線程完成資源釋放工做的機會,至關於咱們在Linux的上經過kill -9強制結束一個進程。
那麼如何安全的終止一個線程呢?
咱們先看一下下面的代碼,代碼演示了一個正確終止線程的方法,至於它的實現原理,稍後咱們再分析
public class InterruptedDemo implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
long i=0l;
while(!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()){//notice here
i++;
}
System.out.println("result:"+i);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
InterruptedDemo interruptedDemo=new InterruptedDemo();
Thread thread=new Thread(interruptedDemo);
thread.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);//睡眠一秒
thread.interrupt();//notice here
}
}
複製代碼
代碼中有兩處須要注意,在主線程中,調用了線程的interrupt()方法,在運行方法中,而循環中經過Thread.currentThread()。isInterrupted()來判斷線程中斷的標識。因此咱們在這裏猜測一下,應該是在線程中維護了一箇中斷標識,經過thread.interrupt()方法去改變了中斷標識的值使得運行方法中而循環的判斷不成立而跳出循環,所以運行方法執行完畢之後線程就終止了。
咱們來看一下thread.interrupt()方法作了什麼事情
public class Thread implements Runnable {
...
public void interrupt() {
if (this != Thread.currentThread())
checkAccess();
synchronized (blockerLock) {
Interruptible b = blocker;
if (b != null) {
interrupt0(); // Just to set the interrupt flag
b.interrupt(this);
return;
}
}
interrupt0();
}
...
複製代碼
這個方法裏面,調用了中斷0(),這個方法在前面分析啓動方法的時候見過,是一個本機方法,這裏就再也不重複貼代碼了,一樣,咱們找到jvm.cpp文件,找到JVM_Interrupt的定義
JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_Interrupt(JNIEnv* env, jobject jthread))
JVMWrapper("JVM_Interrupt");
// Ensure that the C++ Thread and OSThread structures aren't freed before we operate oop java_thread = JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(jthread); MutexLockerEx ml(thread->threadObj() == java_thread ? NULL : Threads_lock); // We need to re-resolve the java_thread, since a GC might have happened during the // acquire of the lock JavaThread* thr = java_lang_Thread::thread(JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(jthread)); if (thr != NULL) { Thread::interrupt(thr); } JVM_END 複製代碼
這個方法比較簡單,直接調用了Thread :: interrupt(thr)這個方法,這個方法的定義在Thread.cpp文件中,代碼以下
void Thread::interrupt(Thread* thread) {
trace("interrupt", thread);
debug_only(check_for_dangling_thread_pointer(thread);)
os::interrupt(thread);
}
複製代碼
Thread :: interrupt方法調用了os :: interrupt方法,這個是調用平臺的中斷方法,這個方法的實現是在os _ * .cpp文件中,其中星號表明的是不一樣平臺,由於jvm是跨平臺的,因此對於不一樣的操做平臺,線程的調度方式都是不同的。咱們以os_linux.cpp文件爲例
void os::interrupt(Thread* thread) {
assert(Thread::current() == thread || Threads_lock->owned_by_self(),
"possibility of dangling Thread pointer");
//獲取本地線程對象
OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread();
if (!osthread->interrupted()) {//判斷本地線程對象是否爲中斷
osthread->set_interrupted(true);//設置中斷狀態爲true
// More than one thread can get here with the same value of osthread,
// resulting in multiple notifications. We do, however, want the store
// to interrupted() to be visible to other threads before we execute unpark().
//這裏是內存屏障,這塊在後續的文章中會剖析;內存屏障的目的是使得interrupted狀態對其餘線程當即可見
OrderAccess::fence();
//_SleepEvent至關於Thread.sleep,表示若是線程調用了sleep方法,則經過unpark喚醒
ParkEvent * const slp = thread->_SleepEvent ;
if (slp != NULL) slp->unpark() ;
}
// For JSR166. Unpark even if interrupt status already was set
if (thread->is_Java_thread())
((JavaThread*)thread)->parker()->unpark();
//_ParkEvent用於synchronized同步塊和Object.wait(),這裏至關於也是經過unpark進行喚醒
ParkEvent * ev = thread->_ParkEvent ;
if (ev != NULL) ev->unpark() ;
}
複製代碼
經過上面的代碼分析能夠知道,了Thread.interrupt()方法實際就是設置一箇中斷狀態標識爲真,而且經過ParkEvent的取消駐留方法來喚醒線程。
這裏給你們普及一個知識點,爲何的Object.wait,的Thread.sleep和的Thread.join都會拋出InterruptedException的?首先,這個異常的意思是表示一個阻塞被其餘線程中斷了。而後,因爲線程調用了中斷()中斷方法,那麼的Object.wait,的Thread.sleep等被阻塞的線程被喚醒之後會經過is_interrupted方法判斷中斷標識的狀態變化,若是發現中斷標識爲真,則先清除中斷標識,而後拋出InterruptedException的
須要注意的是,InterruptedException的異常的拋出並不意味着線程必須終止,而是提醒當前線程有中斷的操做發生,至於接下來怎麼處理取決於線程自己,好比
爲了讓你們可以更好的理解上面這段話,咱們以了Thread.sleep爲例直接從JDK的源碼中找到中斷標識的清除以及異常拋出的方法代碼
找到is_interrupted()方法,linux平臺中的實如今os_linux.cpp文件中,代碼以下
bool os::is_interrupted(Thread* thread, bool clear_interrupted) {
assert(Thread::current() == thread || Threads_lock->owned_by_self(),
"possibility of dangling Thread pointer");
OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread();
bool interrupted = osthread->interrupted(); //獲取線程的中斷標識
if (interrupted && clear_interrupted) {//若是中斷標識爲true
osthread->set_interrupted(false);//設置中斷標識爲false
// consider thread->_SleepEvent->reset() ... optional optimization
}
return interrupted;
}
複製代碼
找到了Thread.sleep這個操做在JDK中的源碼體現,怎麼找?相信若是前面你們有認真看的話,應該能很快找到,代碼在jvm.cpp文件中
JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_Sleep(JNIEnv* env, jclass threadClass, jlong millis))
JVMWrapper("JVM_Sleep");
if (millis < 0) {
THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_IllegalArgumentException(), "timeout value is negative");
}
//判斷並清除線程中斷狀態,若是中斷狀態爲true,拋出中斷異常
if (Thread::is_interrupted (THREAD, true) && !HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) {
THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_InterruptedException(), "sleep interrupted");
}
// Save current thread state and restore it at the end of this block.
// And set new thread state to SLEEPING.
JavaThreadSleepState jtss(thread);
...
複製代碼
注意上面加了中文註釋的地方的代碼,先判斷is_interrupted的狀態,而後拋出一個InterruptedException的異常。到此爲止,咱們就已經分析清楚了中斷的整個流程。
瞭解了線程。中斷方法的做用之後,再回過頭來看Java中Thread.currentThread()。isInterrupted()這段代碼,就很好理解了。因爲前者先設置了一箇中斷標識爲真,因此isInterrupted( )這個方法的返回值爲真,故而不知足而循環的判斷條件致使退出循環。這裏有必要再提一句,就是這個線程中斷標識有兩種方式復位,第一種是前面提到過的InterruptedException的;另外一種是經過Thread.interrupted()對當前線程的中斷標識進行復位。