日誌分析平臺ELK之搜索引擎Elasticsearch集羣

  1、簡介html

  什麼是ELK?ELK是Elasticsearch、Logstash、Kibana這三個軟件的首字母縮寫;其中elasticsearch是用來作數據的存儲和搜索的搜索引擎;logstash是數據收集處理平臺,它可以對特定的數據作分析、切詞、收集、過濾等等處理,一般用於對日誌的處理;kibana是用於把處理後的數據作可視化展現,提供一個web界面,方便咱們去elasticsearch中檢索想要的數據;elasticsearch是一個高度可擴展的開源全文搜索和分析引擎,它可實現數據的實時全文搜索,支持分佈式實現高可用,提供RUSTfull風格的API接口,能夠處理大規模日誌數據;java

  elasticsearch是基於java語言在lucene的框架上進行開發實現;lucene是java中的一個成熟免費的開源搜索類庫,本質上lucene只是提供編程API接口,要想使用lucene框架作搜索引擎,須要用戶自行開發lucene的外殼,實現調用lucene的API接口實現全文檢索和搜尋;elasticsearch就是以lucene爲信息檢索庫的搜索引擎;node

  elasticsearch的基本組件web

  索引(index):文檔容器,具備相似屬性的文檔的集合。相似關係型數據庫中的表的概念;在elasticsearch中索引名稱必須使用小寫字母;數據庫

  類型(type):類型是索引內部的邏輯分區,其意義徹底取決於用戶需求。一個索引內部可定義一個或多個類型。一搬來講,類型就是擁有相同的域的文檔的預約義;express

  文檔(document):文檔是lucene索引和搜索的原子單位,它包含了一個或多個域。是域的容器,基於JSON格式表示。一個域由一個名字,一個或多個值組成;擁有多個值得域,一般咱們稱爲多值域;編程

  映射(mapping):原始內容存儲爲文檔以前須要事先進行分析,例如切詞、過濾掉某些詞等;映射用於定義此分析機制該如何實現;除此以外,ES(elasticsearch)還爲映射提供了諸如將域中的內容排序等功能。json

  elasticsearch集羣組件bootstrap

  cluster:ES的集羣標識爲集羣名稱;默認爲"elasticsearch"。節點就是靠此名字來決定加入到哪一個集羣中。一個節點只能屬於於一個集羣。bash

  Node:運行了單個ES實例的主機即爲節點。用於存儲數據、參與集羣索引及搜索操做。節點的標識靠節點名。

  Shard:將索引切割成爲的物理存儲組件;但每個shard都是一個獨立且完整的索引;建立索引時,ES默認將其分割爲5個shard,用戶也能夠按需自定義,建立完成以後不可修改。shard有兩種類型primary shard和replica。Replica用於數據冗餘及查詢時的負載均衡。每一個主shard的副本數量可自定義,且可動態修改。

  ES Cluster工做過程

  啓動時,經過多播(默認)或單播方式在9300/tcp查找同一集羣中的其它節點,並與之創建通訊。集羣中的全部節點會選舉出一個主節點負責管理整個集羣狀態,以及在集羣範圍內決定各shards的分佈方式。站在用戶角度而言,每一個node都可接收並響應用戶的各種請求。

  集羣有狀態:green, red, yellow;green表示集羣狀態健康,各節點上的shard和咱們定義的同樣;yellow表示集羣狀態亞健康,可能存在shard和咱們定義的不一致,好比某個節點宕機了,它上面的shard也隨着消失,此時集羣的狀態就是亞健康狀態;通常yellow狀態是很容易轉變爲green狀態的;red表示集羣狀態不健康,好比3個節點有2個節點都宕機了,那麼也就意味着這兩個節點上的shard丟失,固然shard丟失,對應的數據也會隨之丟失;因此red狀態表示集羣有丟失數據的風險;

  2、elasticsearch集羣部署

  環境說明

  某個服務若是以分佈式或集羣的模式工做,首先咱們要把各節點的時間進行同步,這是集羣的基本原則;其次,一個集羣的名稱解析不能也不該該依賴外部的dns服務來解析,由於一旦dns服務掛掉,它會影響整個集羣的通訊,因此若是須要用到名稱解析,咱們應該首先考慮hosts文件來解析各節點名稱;若是集羣各節點間須要互相拷貝數據,咱們應該還要作ssh 互信;以上三個條件是大多數集羣的最基本條件;

名稱 ip地址 端口
es1 192.168.0.41 9200/9300
es2 192.168.0.42 9200/9300

 

 

 

 

 

  各節點安裝jdk

yum install -y java-1.8.0-openjdk-devel

  提示:不一樣的es版本對jdk的版本要求也不同,這個能夠去官方文檔中看,對應es版本須要用到的jdk版本;

  導出JAVA_HOME

  驗證java版本和JAVA_HOME環境變量

  下載elasticsearch rpm包

[root@node01 ~]# wget https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm
--2020-10-01 20:44:29--  https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm
Resolving artifacts.elastic.co (artifacts.elastic.co)... 151.101.110.222, 2a04:4e42:36::734
Connecting to artifacts.elastic.co (artifacts.elastic.co)|151.101.110.222|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 148681336 (142M) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm’
100%[==========================================================================>] 148,681,336  133MB/s   in 1.1s   

2020-10-01 20:45:07 (133 MB/s) - ‘elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm’ saved [148681336/148681336]

  安裝elasticsearch rpm包

[root@node01 ~]# ll
total 145200
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148681336 Aug 18 19:38 elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm
[root@node01 ~]# yum install ./elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm 
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Examining ./elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm: elasticsearch-6.8.12-1.noarch
Marking ./elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm to be installed
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package elasticsearch.noarch 0:6.8.12-1 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===================================================================================================================================
 Package                         Arch                     Version                    Repository                               Size
===================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 elasticsearch                   noarch                   6.8.12-1                   /elasticsearch-6.8.12                   229 M

Transaction Summary
===================================================================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total size: 229 M
Installed size: 229 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Creating elasticsearch group... OK
Creating elasticsearch user... OK
  Installing : elasticsearch-6.8.12-1.noarch                                                                                   1/1 
### NOT starting on installation, please execute the following statements to configure elasticsearch service to start automatically using systemd
 sudo systemctl daemon-reload
 sudo systemctl enable elasticsearch.service
### You can start elasticsearch service by executing
 sudo systemctl start elasticsearch.service
Created elasticsearch keystore in /etc/elasticsearch
  Verifying  : elasticsearch-6.8.12-1.noarch                                                                                   1/1 

Installed:
  elasticsearch.noarch 0:6.8.12-1                                                                                                  

Complete!
[root@node01 ~]# 

  編輯配置文件

  提示:es的主配置文件是/etc/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.yml;其中咱們須要配置cluster.name,node.name,path.data,path.log,這四項是很是重要的,cluster.name是配置的集羣名稱,同一集羣各主機就是依賴這個配置判斷是不是同一集羣,因此在同一集羣的其餘節點的配置,這個名稱必須一致;node.name是用於標識節點名稱,這個名稱在集羣中是惟一的,也就說這個名稱在同一集羣的其餘節點必須惟一,不能重複;path.data用於指定es存放數據的目錄,建議各節點都配置同一個目錄方便管理;其次這個目錄還建議掛載一個存儲;path.logs用於指定es的日誌存放目錄;

  提示:bootstrap.memory_lock: true這項配置表示啓動es時,當即分配jvm.options這個文件中定義的內存大小;默認沒有啓用,若是要啓用,咱們須要主機節點內存是否夠用,以及在啓動腳本中指定es啓動對內存無限制,同時咱們也應該把elasticsearch用戶的資源限制調大一些;network.host用於指定es監聽的ip地址,0.0.0.0表示監聽本機全部可用地址;http.port用於指定對用戶提供服務的端口地址;discovery.zen.ping.unicast.hosts指定對那些主機作單播通訊來發現節點;discovery.zen.minimum_master_nodes指定master節點的的最小數量;不指定默認就是1;

  完整的配置

[root@node01 ~]# cat /etc/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.yml
# ======================== Elasticsearch Configuration =========================
#
# NOTE: Elasticsearch comes with reasonable defaults for most settings.
#       Before you set out to tweak and tune the configuration, make sure you
#       understand what are you trying to accomplish and the consequences.
#
# The primary way of configuring a node is via this file. This template lists
# the most important settings you may want to configure for a production cluster.
#
# Please consult the documentation for further information on configuration options:
# https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/index.html
#
# ---------------------------------- Cluster -----------------------------------
#
# Use a descriptive name for your cluster:
#
cluster.name: test-els-cluster
#
# ------------------------------------ Node ------------------------------------
#
# Use a descriptive name for the node:
#
node.name: node01
#
# Add custom attributes to the node:
#
#node.attr.rack: r1
#
# ----------------------------------- Paths ------------------------------------
#
# Path to directory where to store the data (separate multiple locations by comma):
#
path.data: /els/data
#
# Path to log files:
#
path.logs: /els/logs
#
# ----------------------------------- Memory -----------------------------------
#
# Lock the memory on startup:
#
#bootstrap.memory_lock: true
#
# Make sure that the heap size is set to about half the memory available
# on the system and that the owner of the process is allowed to use this
# limit.
#
# Elasticsearch performs poorly when the system is swapping the memory.
#
# ---------------------------------- Network -----------------------------------
#
# Set the bind address to a specific IP (IPv4 or IPv6):
#
network.host: 0.0.0.0
#
# Set a custom port for HTTP:
#
http.port: 9200
#
# For more information, consult the network module documentation.
#
# --------------------------------- Discovery ----------------------------------
#
# Pass an initial list of hosts to perform discovery when new node is started:
# The default list of hosts is ["127.0.0.1", "[::1]"]
#
discovery.zen.ping.unicast.hosts: ["node01", "node02"]
#
# Prevent the "split brain" by configuring the majority of nodes (total number of master-eligible nodes / 2 + 1):
#
discovery.zen.minimum_master_nodes: 1
#
# For more information, consult the zen discovery module documentation.
#
# ---------------------------------- Gateway -----------------------------------
#
# Block initial recovery after a full cluster restart until N nodes are started:
#
#gateway.recover_after_nodes: 3
#
# For more information, consult the gateway module documentation.
#
# ---------------------------------- Various -----------------------------------
#
# Require explicit names when deleting indices:
#
#action.destructive_requires_name: true
[root@node01 ~]# 
View Code

  建立數據目錄和日誌目錄,並把對應目錄修改爲elasticsearch屬主和屬組

  複製配置文件到其餘節點對應位置,並修改node.name爲對應節點名稱,並在對應節點上建立數據目錄和日誌目錄並把其屬主和屬組修改爲elasticsearch

  提示:對於node02上的es配置和node01上的配置,惟一不一樣的就是節點名稱,其他都是同樣的;

  啓動node0一、node02上的es,並把es設置爲開機啓動

  提示:能夠看到node01和node02上的9200和9300都處於監聽狀態了;9200是用戶對外提供服務的端口,9300是用於集羣各節點通訊端口;到此2節點的es集羣就搭建好了;

  驗證:訪問node01和node02的9200端口,看看響應內容cluster_name和cluster_uuid是不是同樣?

  提示:能夠看到訪問node01和node02的9200端口,響應內容都響應了相同cluster_name和cluster_uuid;說明node01和node02屬於同一個集羣;

  查看es接口提供的cat接口

[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/_cat
=^.^=
/_cat/allocation
/_cat/shards
/_cat/shards/{index}
/_cat/master
/_cat/nodes
/_cat/tasks
/_cat/indices
/_cat/indices/{index}
/_cat/segments
/_cat/segments/{index}
/_cat/count
/_cat/count/{index}
/_cat/recovery
/_cat/recovery/{index}
/_cat/health
/_cat/pending_tasks
/_cat/aliases
/_cat/aliases/{alias}
/_cat/thread_pool
/_cat/thread_pool/{thread_pools}
/_cat/plugins
/_cat/fielddata
/_cat/fielddata/{fields}
/_cat/nodeattrs
/_cat/repositories
/_cat/snapshots/{repository}
/_cat/templates
[root@node01 ~]# 

  查看集羣node信息

[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/_cat/nodes
192.168.0.42 19 96 1 0.00 0.05 0.05 mdi - node02
192.168.0.41 15 96 1 0.03 0.04 0.05 mdi * node01
[root@node01 ~]#

  提示:後面帶*號的表示master節點;

  查看集羣健康狀態

[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/_cat/health
1601559464 13:37:44 test-els-cluster green 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 100.0%
[root@node01 ~]# 

  查看集羣索引信息

[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/_cat/indices
[root@node01 ~]#

  提示:這裏顯示空,是由於集羣裏沒有任何數據;

  查看集羣分片信息

[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/_cat/shards
[root@node01 ~]#

  獲取myindex索引下的test類型的1號文檔信息

[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/myindex/test/1
{"error":{"root_cause":[{"type":"index_not_found_exception","reason":"no such index","resource.type":"index_expression","resource.id":"myindex","index_uuid":"_na_","index":"myindex"}],"type":"index_not_found_exception","reason":"no such index","resource.type":"index_expression","resource.id":"myindex","index_uuid":"_na_","index":"myindex"},"status":404}[root@node01 ~]# 
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/myindex/test/1?pretty
{
  "error" : {
    "root_cause" : [
      {
        "type" : "index_not_found_exception",
        "reason" : "no such index",
        "resource.type" : "index_expression",
        "resource.id" : "myindex",
        "index_uuid" : "_na_",
        "index" : "myindex"
      }
    ],
    "type" : "index_not_found_exception",
    "reason" : "no such index",
    "resource.type" : "index_expression",
    "resource.id" : "myindex",
    "index_uuid" : "_na_",
    "index" : "myindex"
  },
  "status" : 404
}
[root@node01 ~]# 

  提示:?pretty表示用易讀的JSON格式輸出;從上面的反饋內容,它告訴咱們沒有找到指定的索引;

  添加一個文檔到es集羣的指定索引

[root@node01 ~]# curl -XPUT http://node01:9200/myindex/test/1 -d ' 
{"name":"zhangsan","age":18,"gender":"nan"}'
{"error":"Content-Type header [application/x-www-form-urlencoded] is not supported","status":406}[root@node01 ~]#

  提示:這裏向es寫指定文檔到指定索引下,返回不支持header頭部;解決辦法,手動指定頭部類型;

[root@node01 ~]# curl -XPUT http://node01:9200/myindex/test/1  -H 'content-Type:application/json'  -d '
{"name":"zhangsan","age":18,"gender":"nan"}'
{"_index":"myindex","_type":"test","_id":"1","_version":1,"result":"created","_shards":{"total":2,"successful":2,"failed":0},"_seq_no":0,"_primary_term":1}[root@node01 ~]# 

  驗證:查看myindex索引下的test類型的1號文檔,看看是否可以查到咱們剛纔寫的數據?

[root@node01 ~]# curl  http://node01:9200/myindex/test/1?pretty
{
  "_index" : "myindex",
  "_type" : "test",
  "_id" : "1",
  "_version" : 1,
  "_seq_no" : 0,
  "_primary_term" : 1,
  "found" : true,
  "_source" : {
    "name" : "zhangsan",
    "age" : 18,
    "gender" : "nan"
  }
}
[root@node01 ~]# 

  提示:能夠看到返回了咱們剛纔寫的文檔內容;

  如今再次查看集羣的索引信息和分片信息

  提示:能夠看到如今es集羣中有一個myindex的索引,其狀態爲green;分片信息中也能夠看到有5各主分片和5個replica分片;而且每一個分片都的master和replica都沒有在同一個節點;

  搜索全部的索引和類型

  提示:jq是用於以美觀方式顯示json數據,做用同pretty的同樣;以上命令表示從全部類型所用索引中搜索,name字段爲zhangsan的信息;若是命中了,就會把對應文檔打印出來;未命中就告訴咱們未命中;以下

[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node01:9200/_search?q=age:19|jq       
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100   135  100   135    0     0   2906      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  2934
{
  "took": 37,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 0,
    "max_score": null,
    "hits": []
  }
}
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node01:9200/_search?q=age:18|jq 
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100   247  100   247    0     0  10795      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 11227
{
  "took": 12,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 1,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "myindex",
        "_type": "test",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 1,
        "_source": {
          "name": "zhangsan",
          "age": 18,
          "gender": "nan"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
[root@node01 ~]# 

  提示:若是要在指定索引中搜索在前面的url加上指定的索引名稱便可;

  提示:若是有多個索引咱們也能夠根據多個索引名稱的特色來使用*來匹配;以下

[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node01:9200/*/_search?q=age:18|jq
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100   247  100   247    0     0   8253      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  8517
{
  "took": 20,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 1,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "myindex",
        "_type": "test",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 1,
        "_source": {
          "name": "zhangsan",
          "age": 18,
          "gender": "nan"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node01:9200/my*/_search?q=age:18|jq
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100   247  100   247    0     0   7843      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  7967
{
  "took": 19,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "skipped": 0,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 1,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "myindex",
        "_type": "test",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 1,
        "_source": {
          "name": "zhangsan",
          "age": 18,
          "gender": "nan"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
[root@node01 ~]# 

  搜索指定的單個索引的指定類型

  提示:以上就是在es集羣的命令行接口經常使用操做,一般咱們用es集羣,不會在命令行中作搜索,咱們會利用web界面來作;命令行只是用於測試;好了到此es集羣就搭建好了;後續咱們就能夠用logstash收集指定地方的數據,傳給es,而後再利用kibana的web界面來展現es中的數據;

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