軟件的安裝方式:html
1、編譯安裝java
1.下載一個源碼安裝包:tengine-2.3.0.tar.gz。這是淘寶二次開發過的nginx。將其解壓。linux
tar xf tengine-2.3.0.tar.gz
2.查看解壓後的目錄:nginx
[root@centos-clone1 tengine-2.3.0]# ll total 820 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 889 Mar 25 2019 AUTHORS.te drwxrwxr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 25 2019 auto -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 295057 Mar 25 2019 CHANGES -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 23830 Mar 25 2019 CHANGES.cn -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 450114 Mar 25 2019 CHANGES.ru -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 30541 Mar 25 2019 CHANGES.te drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 25 2019 conf -rwxrwxr-x 1 root root 2502 Mar 25 2019 configure drwxrwxr-x 4 root root 103 Mar 25 2019 contrib drwxrwxr-x 3 root root 51 Mar 25 2019 docs drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 38 Mar 25 2019 html -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 1715 Mar 25 2019 LICENSE drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 20 Mar 25 2019 man drwxrwxr-x 22 root root 4096 Mar 25 2019 modules drwxrwxr-x 3 root root 19 Mar 25 2019 packages -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 3421 Mar 25 2019 README.markdown drwxrwxr-x 10 root root 95 Mar 25 2019 src drwxrwxr-x 4 root root 41 Mar 25 2019 tests -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 43 Mar 25 2019 THANKS.te
3.咱們能夠看到其中有READNME文本,閱讀內容,其中有一個Installation章節,裏面告訴咱們若是對源碼進行編譯安裝:git
Installation ============ Tengine can be downloaded at [http://tengine.taobao.org/download/tengine.tar.gz](http://tengine.taobao.org/download/tengine.tar.gz). You can also checkout the latest source code from GitHub at [https://github.com/alibaba/tengine](https: //github.com/alibaba/tengine) To install Tengine, just follow these three steps: $ ./configure $ make # make install
4../configure操做:github
咱們要使用make命令進行編譯,必須有一個MakeFile,而configure腳本就是用來檢查依賴和生成Makefile文件的。express
查看configure腳本的參數:windows
[root@centos-clone1 tengine-2.3.0]# ./configure --help --help print this message --prefix=PATH set installation prefix --sbin-path=PATH set nginx binary pathname --modules-path=PATH set modules path --conf-path=PATH set nginx.conf pathname --error-log-path=PATH set error log pathname --pid-path=PATH set nginx.pid pathname --lock-path=PATH set nginx.lock pathname --user=USER set non-privileged user for worker processes --group=GROUP set non-privileged group for worker processes --build=NAME set build name --builddir=DIR set build directory --with-select_module enable select module --without-select_module disable select module --with-poll_module enable poll module --without-poll_module disable poll module --without-procs disable procs module --with-threads enable thread pool support --with-file-aio enable file AIO support --with-http_ssl_module enable ngx_http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module enable ngx_http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module enable ngx_http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module enable ngx_http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module enable ngx_http_xslt_module --with-http_xslt_module=dynamic enable dynamic ngx_http_xslt_module --with-http_image_filter_module enable ngx_http_image_filter_module --with-http_image_filter_module=dynamic enable dynamic ngx_http_image_filter_module --with-http_geoip_module enable ngx_http_geoip_module --with-http_geoip_module=dynamic enable dynamic ngx_http_geoip_module --with-http_sub_module enable ngx_http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module enable ngx_http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module enable ngx_http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module enable ngx_http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module enable ngx_http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module enable ngx_http_gzip_static_module --with-http_auth_request_module enable ngx_http_auth_request_module --with-http_random_index_module enable ngx_http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module enable ngx_http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module enable ngx_http_degradation_module --with-http_slice_module enable ngx_http_slice_module --with-http_stub_status_module enable ngx_http_stub_status_module --without-http_charset_module disable ngx_http_charset_module --without-http_gzip_module disable ngx_http_gzip_module --without-http_ssi_module disable ngx_http_ssi_module --without-http_ssl_module disable ngx_http_ssl_module --without-http_userid_module disable ngx_http_userid_module --without-http_access_module disable ngx_http_access_module --without-http_auth_basic_module disable ngx_http_auth_basic_module --without-http_mirror_module disable ngx_http_mirror_module --without-http_autoindex_module disable ngx_http_autoindex_module --without-http_geo_module disable ngx_http_geo_module --without-http_map_module disable ngx_http_map_module --without-http_split_clients_module disable ngx_http_split_clients_module --without-http_referer_module disable ngx_http_referer_module --without-http_rewrite_module disable ngx_http_rewrite_module --without-http_proxy_module disable ngx_http_proxy_module --without-http_fastcgi_module disable ngx_http_fastcgi_module --without-http_uwsgi_module disable ngx_http_uwsgi_module --without-http_scgi_module disable ngx_http_scgi_module --without-http_grpc_module disable ngx_http_grpc_module --without-http_memcached_module disable ngx_http_memcached_module --without-http_limit_conn_module disable ngx_http_limit_conn_module --without-http_limit_req_module disable ngx_http_limit_req_module --without-http_empty_gif_module disable ngx_http_empty_gif_module --without-http_browser_module disable ngx_http_browser_module --without-http_stub_status_module disable ngx_http_stub_status_module --without-http_upstream_hash_module disable ngx_http_upstream_hash_module --without-http_upstream_ip_hash_module disable ngx_http_upstream_ip_hash_module --without-http_upstream_least_conn_module disable ngx_http_upstream_least_conn_module --without-http_upstream_random_module disable ngx_http_upstream_random_module --without-http_upstream_keepalive_module disable ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module --without-http_upstream_zone_module disable ngx_http_upstream_zone_module --with-http_perl_module enable ngx_http_perl_module --with-http_perl_module=dynamic enable dynamic ngx_http_perl_module --with-perl_modules_path=PATH set Perl modules path --with-perl=PATH set perl binary pathname --without-http-upstream-rbtree disable using rbtree for upstream lookup --with-http_lua_module enable ngx_http_lua_module (will also enable --with-md5 and --with-sha1) --with-luajit-inc=PATH set LuaJIT headers path (where lua.h/lauxlib.h/... are located) --with-luajit-lib=PATH set LuaJIT library path (where libluajit-5.1.{a,so} are located) --with-lua-inc=PATH set Lua headers path (where lua.h/lauxlib.h/... are located) --with-lua-lib=PATH set Lua library path (where liblua.{a,so} are located, only support Lua-5.1.x) --http-log-path=PATH set http access log pathname --http-client-body-temp-path=PATH set path to store http client request body temporary files --http-proxy-temp-path=PATH set path to store http proxy temporary files --http-fastcgi-temp-path=PATH set path to store http fastcgi temporary files --http-uwsgi-temp-path=PATH set path to store http uwsgi temporary files --http-scgi-temp-path=PATH set path to store http scgi temporary files --without-http disable HTTP server --without-http-cache disable HTTP cache --with-mail enable POP3/IMAP4/SMTP proxy module --with-mail=dynamic enable dynamic POP3/IMAP4/SMTP proxy module --with-mail_ssl_module enable ngx_mail_ssl_module --without-mail_pop3_module disable ngx_mail_pop3_module --without-mail_imap_module disable ngx_mail_imap_module --without-mail_smtp_module disable ngx_mail_smtp_module --with-stream enable TCP/UDP proxy module --with-stream=dynamic enable dynamic TCP/UDP proxy module --with-stream_ssl_module enable ngx_stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module enable ngx_stream_realip_module --with-stream_geoip_module enable ngx_stream_geoip_module --with-stream_geoip_module=dynamic enable dynamic ngx_stream_geoip_module --with-stream_ssl_preread_module enable ngx_stream_ssl_preread_module --with-stream_sni enable dynamic server block --without-stream_limit_conn_module disable ngx_stream_limit_conn_module --without-stream_access_module disable ngx_stream_access_module --without-stream_geo_module disable ngx_stream_geo_module --without-stream_map_module disable ngx_stream_map_module --without-stream_split_clients_module disable ngx_stream_split_clients_module --without-stream_return_module disable ngx_stream_return_module --without-stream_upstream_hash_module disable ngx_stream_upstream_hash_module --without-stream_upstream_least_conn_module disable ngx_stream_upstream_least_conn_module --without-stream_upstream_random_module disable ngx_stream_upstream_random_module --without-stream_upstream_zone_module disable ngx_stream_upstream_zone_module --with-google_perftools_module enable ngx_google_perftools_module --with-cpp_test_module enable ngx_cpp_test_module --add-module=PATH enable external module --add-dynamic-module=PATH enable dynamic external module --with-compat dynamic modules compatibility --with-cc=PATH set C compiler pathname --with-cpp=PATH set C preprocessor pathname --with-cc-opt=OPTIONS set additional C compiler options --with-ld-opt=OPTIONS set additional linker options --with-cpu-opt=CPU build for the specified CPU, valid values: pentium, pentiumpro, pentium3, pentium4, athlon, opteron, sparc32, sparc64, ppc64 --without-pcre disable PCRE library usage --with-pcre force PCRE library usage --with-pcre=DIR set path to PCRE library sources --with-pcre-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for PCRE --with-pcre-jit build PCRE with JIT compilation support --with-zlib=DIR set path to zlib library sources --with-zlib-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for zlib --with-zlib-asm=CPU use zlib assembler sources optimized for the specified CPU, valid values: pentium, pentiumpro --with-libatomic force libatomic_ops library usage --with-libatomic=DIR set path to libatomic_ops library sources --with-jemalloc force jemalloc library usage --with-jemalloc=DIR set path to jemalloc library files --with-openssl=DIR set path to OpenSSL library sources --with-openssl-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for OpenSSL --with-debug enable debug logging
咱們能夠從幫助中看出,能夠指定安裝的位置,甚至各個不一樣文件有不一樣的安裝位置。後端
後面的with和without控制編譯的模塊(軟件是模塊化開發的)。centos
咱們通常採用默認安裝,或者指定 --prefix:
[root@centos-clone1 tengine-2.3.0]# ./configure checking for OS + Linux 3.10.0-1062.1.2.el7.x86_64 x86_64 checking for C compiler ... not found ./configure: error: C compiler cc is not found
在運行configure腳本的時候,報錯,說缺乏C compiler,即系統沒有安裝gcc編譯器,從這裏咱們能夠看出該軟件是由C語言編寫的。
使用yum安裝gcc:
yum install gcc -y
再次運行configure,提示缺乏pcre和openssl。
咱們使用如下命令在yum倉庫中查找相應的安裝包:
yum search pcre
[root@centos-clone1 tengine-2.3.0]# yum search pcre Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * epel: hkg.mirror.rackspace.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com ============================================================================================================ N/S matched: pcre ============================================================================================================= ghc-pcre-light-devel.x86_64 : Haskell pcre-light library development files mingw32-pcre.noarch : MinGW Windows pcre library mingw32-pcre-static.noarch : Static version of the mingw32-pcre library mingw64-pcre.noarch : MinGW Windows pcre library mingw64-pcre-static.noarch : Static version of the mingw64-pcre library ocaml-pcre.x86_64 : Perl compatibility regular expressions (PCRE) for OCaml ocaml-pcre-devel.x86_64 : Development files for ocaml-pcre pcre-devel.i686 : Development files for pcre pcre-devel.x86_64 : Development files for pcre pcre-static.i686 : Static library for pcre pcre-static.x86_64 : Static library for pcre pcre-tools.x86_64 : Auxiliary utilities for pcre pcre2-devel.i686 : Development files for pcre2 pcre2-devel.x86_64 : Development files for pcre2 pcre2-static.i686 : Static library for pcre2 pcre2-static.x86_64 : Static library for pcre2 pcre2-tools.x86_64 : Auxiliary utilities for pcre2 pcre2-utf16.i686 : UTF-16 variant of PCRE2 pcre2-utf16.x86_64 : UTF-16 variant of PCRE2 pcre2-utf32.i686 : UTF-32 variant of PCRE2 pcre2-utf32.x86_64 : UTF-32 variant of PCRE2 ghc-pcre-light.x86_64 : Perl5 compatible regular expression library opensips-regex.x86_64 : RegExp via PCRE library pcre.i686 : Perl-compatible regular expression library pcre.x86_64 : Perl-compatible regular expression library pcre2.i686 : Perl-compatible regular expression library pcre2.x86_64 : Perl-compatible regular expression library
咱們看到有許多版本的pcre可供安裝,因爲缺乏pcre依賴庫,咱們選擇安裝pcre-devel開發包,32位仍是64位無需咱們本身選擇,yum會根據硬件信息自動選擇:
yum install pcre-devel -y
同理咱們安裝openssl-devel:
yum install openssl-devel -y
而後再執行./configure就能夠成功生成MakeFile了:
Configuration summary + using system PCRE library + using system OpenSSL library + using system zlib library + jemalloc library is disabled nginx path prefix: "/usr/local/nginx" nginx binary file: "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx" nginx modules path: "/usr/local/nginx/modules" nginx configuration prefix: "/usr/local/nginx/conf" nginx configuration file: "/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf" nginx pid file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid" nginx error log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log" nginx http access log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log" nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp" nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp" nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp" nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp" nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"
5.查看MakeFile的內容:
[root@centos-clone1 tengine-2.3.0]# more Makefile default: build clean: rm -rf Makefile objs build: $(MAKE) -f objs/Makefile install: $(MAKE) -f objs/Makefile install modules: $(MAKE) -f objs/Makefile modules upgrade: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t kill -USR2 `cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid` sleep 1 test -f /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid.oldbin kill -QUIT `cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid.oldbin`
解釋:
1) default、clean、build、install、modules、upgrade這些都是make後面能夠帶的命令。
2) 在這裏,default 指向build,因此直接使用make命令,至關於make build。
3) 在build中,咱們看到實際上調用的是objs目錄中的Makefile。
4) install中,調用的是make -f objs/Makefile install,因此咱們調用make install時,install這個參數是傳遞到objs/Makefile的。
5) 因此,configure所生成的MakeFile其實是一個導航文件。
6.查看objs/Makefile文件:
install: build test -d '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx' || mkdir -p '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx' test -d '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/sbin' \ || mkdir -p '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/sbin' test ! -f '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' \ || mv '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' \ '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.old' cp objs/nginx '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' test -d '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/conf' \ || mkdir -p '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/koi-win '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/koi-utf '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/win-utf '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/conf' test -f '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types' \ || cp conf/mime.types '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/mime.types '$(DESTDIR)/usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types.default'
上述內容是objs/Makefile中的一小部分,install章節,解釋以下:
1) 首先判斷是否存在/usr/local/nginx 目錄,若是不存在則建立該目錄,因此咱們指定一個目錄安裝的話,會自動建立目錄。
2) install大部分都是文件釋放的過程,也就是將編譯好的文件拷貝到指定的安裝目錄下。因此install是很快的,而編譯是比較緩慢的。
7.使用make編譯
8.使用make install安裝
9.進入安裝好的目錄/usr/local/sbin,運行nginx
cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin
./nginx
10.打開瀏覽器,訪問192.168.1.121:80
看上以上內容,說明nginx編譯安裝完成,並正確運行。
2、RPM包安裝
1.下載一個JDK 的RPM安裝包:
jdk-7u80-linux-x64.rpm
2.使用命令安裝JDK:
rpm -i jdk-7u80-linux-x64.rpm
在這裏,咱們通常可能會使用-ivh選項。-v表示提供更多的詳細輸出,-h表示打印hash marks,通常vh搭配只用。可是使用-v的話會額外開銷IO等。
[root@centos-clone1 ~]# rpm -i jdk-7u80-linux-x64.rpm
Unpacking JAR files...
rt.jar...
jsse.jar...
charsets.jar...
tools.jar...
localedata.jar...
jfxrt.jar...
安裝完畢。
3.查詢安裝的位置
# 查詢機器中全部安裝的軟件(編譯安裝的不在其列)
rpm -qa
查詢是否安裝了JDK:
[root@centos-clone1 ~]# rpm -qa | grep jdk jdk-1.7.0_80-fcs.x86_64
經過軟件的名稱來查詢安裝在什麼位置:
[root@centos-clone1 ~]# rpm -ql jdk-1.7.0_80-fcs | more /etc /etc/.java /etc/.java/.systemPrefs /etc/.java/.systemPrefs/.system.lock /etc/.java/.systemPrefs/.systemRootModFile /etc/init.d/jexec /usr /usr/java /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80 /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/COPYRIGHT /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/LICENSE /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/README.html /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/THIRDPARTYLICENSEREADME-JAVAFX.txt /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/THIRDPARTYLICENSEREADME.txt /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/bin /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/bin/ControlPanel /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/bin/appletviewer
...
...
咱們重點關注JDK的JAVA_HOME在 /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80 這個目錄。JDK帶的一系列命令在 /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/bin 下。
4.設置環境變量
在windows中咱們安裝JDK後,須要配置一些環境變量,而在linux中經過rpm安裝後,運行java:
[root@centos-clone1 ~]# java -version java version "1.7.0_80" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_80-b15) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.80-b11, mixed mode)
咱們發現,java命令能夠直接運行。
咱們再嘗試運行JDK帶的其餘命令,例如jps:
[root@centos-clone1 ~]# jps
-bash: jps: command not found
發現jps沒法運行,而jps和java命令同樣,存在於/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/bin下的,是爲何呢?
先查看java命令在哪裏:
[root@centos-clone1 ~]# whereis java java: /usr/bin/java
再去/usr/bin中:
[root@centos-clone1 bin]# ll java lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 26 Oct 22 14:56 java -> /usr/java/default/bin/java
咱們發現,java是一個軟連接,他指向咱們安裝的目錄/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/bin中的java命令。
這裏的目錄是/usr/java/default/bin/java,其中的default咱們能夠經過在/usr/java中看到:
[root@centos-clone1 java]# ll total 4 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Oct 22 14:56 default -> /usr/java/latest drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Oct 22 14:55 jdk1.7.0_80 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Oct 22 14:56 latest -> /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80
default指向latest,latest指向JAVA_HOME,因此default就是JAVA_HOME,因此/usr/java/default/bin/java就是JAVA_HOME/bin/java。
在這種狀況下java命令確定能夠執行,可是jps在bin下,bin目錄還沒有加入PATH環境變量,因此係統沒法找到jps命令。
咱們建立JAVA_HOME並在PATH中添加JAVA_HOME/bin:
vi /etc/profile
在最後添加如下內容:
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80 export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin
運行source命令使其從新加載配置文件:
source /etc/profile
此時咱們再次運行jps:
[root@centos-clone1 java]# jps 28430 Jps
發現jps成功運行。
5.rpm命令
# 查詢已經安裝的全部包 rpm -qa # 查詢指定的包是否安裝 rpm -q PACKAGE_NAME # 查詢指定包的說明信息 rpm -qi PACKAGE_NAME # 查詢指定包安裝後釋放的文件列表 rpm -ql PACKAGE_NAME # 查詢指定包安裝的配置文件 rpm -qc PACKAGE_NAME # 查詢指定包安裝的幫助文件 rpm -qd PACKAGE_NAME # 查詢指定包包含的腳本 rpm -q --scripts PACKAGE_NAME # 查詢文件由哪一個rpm包安裝生成的 rpm -qf /path/to/somefile # 在rpm包還沒有安裝時,查詢其說明信息,以及安裝之後會生成的文件 rpm -qpi /PATH/TO/PACKAGE_FILE
特別注意rpm -qf命令,該命令能夠用來經過某個文件反向查詢來自哪一個rpm包,很是好的功能。
例如某個命令被誤刪除了,例如ifconfig:
[root@centos-clone1 java]# type ifconfig ifconfig is hashed (/usr/sbin/ifconfig)
# 將/sbin/ifconfig移動到tmp mv /sbin/ifconfig /tmp
# 查看hash緩存 [root@centos-clone1 java]# hash hits command 2 /usr/sbin/ifconfig 1 /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_80/bin/jps 1 /usr/bin/mv # 清除hash緩存 [root@centos-clone1 java]# hash -r
# 再次執行ifconfig發如今/sbin中找不到ifconfig [root@centos-clone1 java]# ifconfig -bash: ifconfig: command not found
經過rpm -qf來反向查詢安裝什麼包能夠安裝ifconfig命令:
[root@centos-clone1 java]# rpm -qf /sbin/ifconfig net-tools-2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7.x86_64
咱們能夠看到安裝net-tools包就能夠恢復ifconfig,咱們卸載舊的net-tools,並從新安裝:
yum remove net-tools -y yum install net-tools -y
安裝完成後則可正常運行ifconfig:
[root@centos-clone1 tmp]# ifconfig eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 192.168.1.121 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255 inet6 240e:398:c4:3b50:20c:29ff:fe27:d31d prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global> inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe27:d31d prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link> ether 00:0c:29:27:d3:1d txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 852771 bytes 302673365 (288.6 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 611215 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 61176 bytes 7202303 (6.8 MiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host> loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback) RX packets 4 bytes 336 (336.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 4 bytes 336 (336.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
3、從光盤中安裝RPM包
1.將光盤放入光驅(虛擬機直接替換CD光盤)
2.掛載光驅
[root@centos-clone1 dev]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
3.查看/mnt
[root@centos-clone1 ~]# ll /mnt total 92 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 14 Dec 10 2015 CentOS_BuildTag dr-xr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 Dec 10 2015 EFI -r--r--r-- 1 root root 215 Dec 10 2015 EULA -r--r--r-- 1 root root 18009 Dec 10 2015 GPL dr-xr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 Dec 10 2015 images dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 10 2015 isolinux dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 10 2015 LiveOS dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 55296 Dec 10 2015 Packages dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 10 2015 repodata -r--r--r-- 1 root root 1690 Dec 10 2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 1690 Dec 10 2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 2883 Dec 10 2015 TRANS.TBL
咱們看到有一個文件夾叫Packages,其中所有都是光盤提供的rpm安裝包:
[root@centos-clone1 Packages]# ll | wc -l 337
因爲這裏是一個mini版的CentOS7的安裝鏡像,因此其中只包含了337個rpm包,若是DVD版,則有3000多個rpm包。
咱們找到須要的rpm包,拷貝到本地就能夠進行安裝了。
4.rpm包安裝的缺點
咱們在安裝JDK的時候沒有發現任何問題。
可是咱們在安裝其餘某些軟件時,例如早期Apache提供的httpd安裝包,則會出現缺乏依賴的問題:
這些缺乏的依賴都須要咱們手工去進行查找和安裝,費時費力,因此催生了yum倉庫。
4、yum倉庫安裝軟件
1.yum介紹
yum工具相似C/S架構,可是他的計算部分設計在客戶端完成。
也就是說正常C/S架構,客戶端的主要功能交互和展示,而計算部分放在Server端進行。
可是yum爲了使後端倉庫可以多樣化,即搭建在不一樣的架構上,例如http、ftp以及文件系統:
http:// ftp:// file://
安裝所需的依賴關係又yum客戶端本身計算,而後從倉庫請求須要的包。
倉庫端存儲兩類文件:
1.全部rpm安裝包 2.rpm包的元數據描述文件
2.yum安裝軟件的簡要流程
1.yum獲取倉庫提供的元數據描述文件 2.計算安裝某個軟件所須要的全部包清單和版本信息 3.直接找倉庫要所需的包 4.按順序進行安裝
3.倉庫在哪?
查看yum配置:
[root@centos-clone1 Packages]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ [root@centos-clone1 yum.repos.d]# ll total 40 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2523 Jun 16 2018 CentOS-Base.repo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1309 Sep 5 21:05 CentOS-CR.repo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 649 Sep 5 21:05 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 314 Sep 5 21:05 CentOS-fasttrack.repo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 630 Sep 5 21:05 CentOS-Media.repo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1331 Sep 5 21:05 CentOS-Sources.repo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6639 Sep 5 21:05 CentOS-Vault.repo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 951 Oct 3 2017 epel.repo -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1050 Oct 3 2017 epel-testing.repo
全部的repo文件都是源。咱們打開CentOS-Base.repo看看:
[base] name=CentOS-$releasever - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com failovermethod=priority baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/ http://mirrors.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/ http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 #released updates [updates] name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates - mirrors.aliyun.com failovermethod=priority baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/ http://mirrors.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/ http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
以上是部份內容。
解釋:
1) 方括號中的[base]、[updates]是每個源的名稱,必須惟一,咱們能夠給其任意取名。
2) name表示描述,能夠任意寫。
3) baseurl是最關鍵的,他的值就是倉庫的地址,能夠是http、ftp、file等各類形式,只要倉庫能提供讀取功能就能夠。若是這些連接的地址都在國外,則可能下載緩慢或不穩定。
4) gpgcheck和gpgkey是安全認證之類的東西,暫時不關心。
4.修改成本地源
咱們搞明白repo文件之後,就能夠經過修改其中的baseurl來替換源地址。
也能夠經過163,阿里雲等企業直接提供的repo文件替換原始repo文件:
# 首先備份原始的CentOS-Base.repo mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
5.清理和更新元數據
清理本機上緩存的倉庫元數據:
yum clean all
從新下載更新後倉庫的元數據:
yum makecache
6.查看目前有哪些庫
[root@centos-clone1 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * epel: hkg.mirror.rackspace.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com repo id repo name status base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com 10,097 epel/x86_64 Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64 13,416 extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com 304 updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates - mirrors.aliyun.com 611 repolist: 24,428
在上述源中,只有epel是國外源,其餘都是國內aliyun的源。
7.將epel源也更新成國內源
刪除或備份本來的epel.repo以及epel-testing.repo:
mv /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo epel.repo.backup
mv /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-testing.repo epel-testing.repo.backup
下載aliyun提供的epel源:
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-7.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
清除緩存,並從新下載元數據:
yum clean all yum makecache
5、建立本地倉庫(光盤文件)
1.掛載DVD光盤
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
2.備份全部repo文件
cd /etc/yum.repos.d mkdir backup mv -f *.repo backup
3.新建或拷貝一份repo文件
cp backup/CentOS-Base.repo ./ mv CenOS-Base.repo local.repo
4.修改local.repo內容爲以下內容:
[localrepo] name=local repo baseurl=file:///mnt gpgcheck=0
重點就是baseurl=file:///mnt
關閉gpgcheck,設置爲0
其中file://是協議頭,/mnt表示倉庫位置
目錄只須要寫到能看到repodate文件夾的那一層:
[root@centos-clone1 mnt]# ll /mnt total 92 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 14 Dec 10 2015 CentOS_BuildTag dr-xr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 Dec 10 2015 EFI -r--r--r-- 1 root root 215 Dec 10 2015 EULA -r--r--r-- 1 root root 18009 Dec 10 2015 GPL dr-xr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 Dec 10 2015 images dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 10 2015 isolinux dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Dec 10 2015 LiveOS dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 55296 Dec 10 2015 Packages dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 10 2015 repodata -r--r--r-- 1 root root 1690 Dec 10 2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 1690 Dec 10 2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 2883 Dec 10 2015 TRANS.TBL
5.清除緩存,更新元數據:
[root@centos-clone1 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all dLoaded plugins: fastestmirror ^HCleaning repos: localrepo Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors Other repos take up 472 M of disk space (use --verbose for details)
[root@centos-clone1 yum.repos.d]# yum makecache Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Determining fastest mirrors localrepo | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 (1/4): localrepo/group_gz | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 (2/4): localrepo/filelists_db | 240 kB 00:00:00 (3/4): localrepo/primary_db | 617 kB 00:00:00 (4/4): localrepo/other_db | 167 kB 00:00:00 Metadata Cache Created
6.查看當前源信息
[root@centos-clone1 ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile repo id repo name status !localrepo local repo 335 repolist: 335
能夠看到當前本地源中一共有335個包。
若是不是使用的mini版光盤,而是使用DVD1光盤,則顯示有6000多個包,而DVD1中只有3000多個,剩餘的部分在DVD2中,因此將DVD1和DVD2都下載下來,而後合併Packages目錄。
6、yum命令
1.yum經常使用命令
# 查看源的信息 yum repolist # 清楚源數據緩存 yum clean all # 從新下載元數據 yum makecache # 查詢全部已安裝的包和可用包 yum list yum list | grep net-tools # 查找安裝包 yum search net-tools # 查看包信息 yum info net-tools # 安裝包 yum install net-tools # 刪除已安裝軟件,後者刪除更乾淨 yum remove | erase
2.yum組命令
# 查看已安裝組和可安裝組 yum grouplist # 查看組信息 yum groupinfo # 安裝組 yum groupinstall # 刪除組 yum groupremove # 升級組 yum groupupdate
3.例如安裝中文組件
安裝中文支持組件:
yum groupinstall "Chinese Support" -y
修改環境變量LANG:
# 臨時修改成中文 echo $LANG LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8
咱們能夠安裝中文版的man:
yum install man man-pages man-pages-zh-CN -y
方便咱們學習bash命令。