python、mysql三-3:完整性約束

時間 2019-11-10

原文原文鏈接

一介紹

約束條件與數據類型的寬度同樣，都是可選參數mysql

做用：用於保證數據的完整性和一致性
主要分爲：nginx

PRIMARY KEY (PK)    標識該字段爲該表的主鍵，能夠惟一的標識記錄
FOREIGN KEY (FK)    標識該字段爲該表的外鍵
NOT NULL    標識該字段不能爲空
UNIQUE KEY (UK)    標識該字段的值是惟一的
AUTO_INCREMENT    標識該字段的值自動增加（整數類型，並且爲主鍵）
DEFAULT    爲該字段設置默認值

UNSIGNED 無符號
ZEROFILL 使用0填充

說明：sql

1. 是否容許爲空，默認NULL，可設置NOT NULL，字段不容許爲空，必須賦值
2. 字段是否有默認值，缺省的默認值是NULL，若是插入記錄時不給字段賦值，此字段使用默認值
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必須爲正值（無符號） 不容許爲空 默認是20
3. 是不是key
主鍵 primary key
外鍵 foreign key
索引 (index,unique...)

二 not null與default

是否可空，null表示空，非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空session

默認值，建立列時能夠指定默認值，當插入數據時若是未主動設置，則自動添加默認值
create table tb1(
nid int not null defalut 2,
num int not null
)ide

==================not null====================
mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默承認以插入空
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t1 values(); #能夠插入空


mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #設置字段id不爲空
mysql> desc t2;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value



==================default====================
#設置id字段有默認值後，則不管id字段是null仍是not null，均可以插入空，插入空默認填入default指定的默認值
mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;



==================綜合練習====================
mysql> create table student(
    -> name varchar(20) not null,
    -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
    -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',
    -> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music'
    -> );
mysql> desc student;
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| Field | Type                               | Null | Key | Default    | Extra |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| name  | varchar(20)                        | NO   |     | NULL       |       |
| age   | int(3) unsigned                    | NO   |     | 18         |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female')              | YES  |     | male       |       |
| hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES  |     | play,music |       |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
mysql> select * from student;
+------+-----+------+------------+
| name | age | sex  | hobby      |
+------+-----+------+------------+
| egon |  18 | male | play,music |
+------+-----+------+------------+

驗證

三 unique

============設置惟一約束 UNIQUE===============
方法一：
create table department1(
id int,
name varchar(20) unique,
comment varchar(100)
);


方法二：
create table department2(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint uk_name unique(name)
);


mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技術');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技術');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'

View Code

mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

not null+unique的化學反應

create table service(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
host varchar(15) not null,
port int not null,
unique(host,port) #聯合惟一
);

mysql> insert into service values
    -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),
    -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),
    -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)
    -> ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'

聯合惟一

四 primary key

從約束角度看primary key字段的值不爲空且惟一，那咱們直接使用not null+unique不就能夠了嗎，要它幹什麼？sqlserver

主鍵primary key是innodb存儲引擎組織數據的依據，innodb稱之爲索引組織表，一張表中必須有且只有一個主鍵。url

一個表中能夠：spa

單列作主鍵
多列作主鍵（複合主鍵）翻譯

============單列作主鍵===============
#方法一：not null+unique
create table department1(
id int not null unique, #主鍵
name varchar(20) not null unique,
comment varchar(100)
);

mysql> desc department1;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

#方法二：在某一個字段後用primary key
create table department2(
id int primary key, #主鍵
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100)
);

mysql> desc department2;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#方法三：在全部字段後單獨定義primary key
create table department3(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint pk_name primary key(id); #建立主鍵併爲其命名pk_name

mysql> desc department3;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

單列主鍵

==================多列作主鍵================
create table service(
ip varchar(15),
port char(5),
service_name varchar(10) not null,
primary key(ip,port)
);


mysql> desc service;
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into service values
    -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),
    -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')
    -> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'

多列主鍵

五 auto_increment

約束字段爲自動增加，被約束的字段必須同時被key約束3d

#不指定id，則自動增加
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);

mysql> desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values
    -> ('egon'),
    -> ('alex')
    -> ;

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
|  2 | alex | male |
+----+------+------+


#也能夠指定id
mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | sex    |
+----+------+--------+
|  1 | egon | male   |
|  2 | alex | male   |
|  4 | asb  | female |
|  7 | wsb  | female |
+----+------+--------+


#對於自增的字段，在用delete刪除後，再插入值，該字段仍按照刪除前的位置繼續增加
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  8 | ysb  | male |
+----+------+------+

#應該用truncate清空表，比起delete一條一條地刪除記錄，truncate是直接清空表，在刪除大表時用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

View Code

瞭解知識

#在建立完表後，修改自增字段的起始值
mysql> create table student(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(20),
    -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    -> );

mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3;

mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  3 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8


#也能夠建立表時指定auto_increment的初始值，注意初始值的設置爲表選項，應該放到括號外
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
)auto_increment=3;




#設置步長
sqlserver：自增步長
    基於表級別
    create table t1（
        id int。。。
    ）engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步長=2 default charset=utf8

mysql自增的步長：
    show session variables like 'auto_inc%';
    
    #基於會話級別
    set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改會話級別的步長

    #基於全局級別的
    set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局級別的步長（全部會話都生效）


#！！！注意了注意了注意了！！！
If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 
翻譯：若是auto_increment_offset的值大於auto_increment_increment的值，則auto_increment_offset的值會被忽略 ，這至關於第一步步子就邁大了，扯着了蛋
好比：設置auto_increment_offset=3，auto_increment_increment=2




mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #須要退出從新登陸
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name            | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1     |
| auto_increment_offset    | 1     |
+--------------------------+-------+



create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);

mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon1'),('egon2'),('egon3');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | sex  |
+----+-------+------+
|  3 | egon1 | male |
|  8 | egon2 | male |
| 13 | egon3 | male |
+----+-------+------+

步長:auto_increment_increment,起始偏移量:auto_increment_offset

六 foreign key

一快速理解foreign key

員工信息表有三個字段：工號姓名部門

公司有3個部門，可是有1個億的員工，那意味着部門這個字段須要重複存儲，部門名字越長，越浪費

解決方法：

咱們徹底能夠定義一個部門表

而後讓員工信息表關聯該表，如何關聯，即foreign key

#表類型必須是innodb存儲引擎，且被關聯的字段，即references指定的另一個表的字段，必須保證惟一
create table department(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null
)engine=innodb;

#dpt_id外鍵，關聯父表（department主鍵id），同步更新，同步刪除
create table employee(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
dpt_id int,
constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id)
references department(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade 
)engine=innodb;


#先往父表department中插入記錄
insert into department values
(1,'歐德博愛技術有限事業部'),
(2,'艾利克斯人力資源部'),
(3,'銷售部');


#再往子表employee中插入記錄
insert into employee values
(1,'egon',1),
(2,'alex1',2),
(3,'alex2',2),
(4,'alex3',2),
(5,'李坦克',3),
(6,'劉飛機',3),
(7,'張火箭',3),
(8,'林子彈',3),
(9,'加特林',3)
;


#刪父表department，子表employee中對應的記錄跟着刪
mysql> delete from department where id=3;
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-------+--------+
| id | name  | dpt_id |
+----+-------+--------+
|  1 | egon  |      1 |
|  2 | alex1 |      2 |
|  3 | alex2 |      2 |
|  4 | alex3 |      2 |
+----+-------+--------+


#更新父表department，子表employee中對應的記錄跟着改
mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2;
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-------+--------+
| id | name  | dpt_id |
+----+-------+--------+
|  1 | egon  |      1 |
|  3 | alex2 |  22222 |
|  4 | alex3 |  22222 |
|  5 | alex1 |  22222 |
+----+-------+--------+

示範

二如何找出兩張表之間的關係

分析步驟：
#一、先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多條記錄能夠對應右表的一條記錄，若是是，則證實左表的一個字段foreign key 右表一個字段（一般是id）

#二、再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多條記錄能夠對應左表的一條記錄，若是是，則證實右表的一個字段foreign key 左表一個字段（一般是id）

#三、總結：
#多對一：
若是隻有步驟1成立，則是左表多對一右表
若是隻有步驟2成立，則是右表多對一左表

#多對多
若是步驟1和2同時成立，則證實這兩張表時一個雙向的多對一，即多對多,須要定義一個這兩張表的關係表來專門存放兩者的關係

#一對一:
若是1和2都不成立，而是左表的一條記錄惟一對應右表的一條記錄，反之亦然。這種狀況很簡單，就是在左表foreign key右表的基礎上，將左表的外鍵字段設置成unique便可

三創建表之間的關係

#一對多或稱爲多對一
三張表：出版社，做者信息，書

一對多（或多對一）：一個出版社能夠出版多本書

關聯方式：foreign key

=====================多對一=====================
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);

create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


insert into press(name) values
('北京工業地雷出版社'),
('人民音樂很差聽出版社'),
('知識產權沒有用出版社')
;

insert into book(name,press_id) values
('九陽神功',1),
('九陰真經',2),
('九陰白骨爪',2),
('獨孤九劍',3),
('降龍十巴掌',2),
('葵花寶典',3)
;

View Code

一夫多妻制

#妻子表的丈夫id外鍵到丈夫表的id

其餘例子

#多對多
三張表：出版社，做者信息，書

多對多：一個做者能夠寫多本書，一本書也能夠有多個做者，雙向的一對多，即多對多
　　
關聯方式：foreign key+一張新的表

=====================多對多=====================
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);


#這張表就存放做者表與書表的關係，即查詢兩者的關係查這表就能夠了
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
);


#插入四個做者，id依次排開
insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq');

#每一個做者與本身的表明做以下
egon: 
九陽神功
九陰真經
九陰白骨爪
獨孤九劍
降龍十巴掌
葵花寶典
alex: 
九陽神功
葵花寶典
yuanhao:
獨孤九劍
降龍十巴掌
葵花寶典
wpq:
九陽神功


insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;

View Code

單張表：用戶表+相親關係表，至關於：用戶表+相親關係表+用戶表
多張表：用戶表+用戶與主機關係表+主機表

中間那一張存放關係的表，對外關聯的字段能夠聯合惟一

其餘例子

#一對一
兩張表：學生表和客戶表

一對一：一個學生是一個客戶，一個客戶有可能變成一個學校，即一對一的關係

關聯方式：foreign key+unique

#必定是student來foreign key表customer，這樣就保證了：
#1 學生必定是一個客戶，
#2 客戶不必定是學生，但有可能成爲一個學生


create table customer(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
qq varchar(10) not null,
phone char(16) not null
);


create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
class_name varchar(20) not null,
customer_id int unique, #該字段必定要是惟一的
foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外鍵的字段必定要保證unique
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


#增長客戶
insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
('李飛機','31811231',13811341220),
('王大炮','123123123',15213146809),
('守榴彈','283818181',1867141331),
('吳坦克','283818181',1851143312),
('贏火箭','888818181',1861243314),
('戰地雷','112312312',18811431230)
;


#增長學生
insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
('脫產3班',3),
('週末19期',4),
('週末19期',5)
;

View Code

例一：一個用戶只有一個博客

    用戶表：
    id  name
   egon
   alex
   wupeiqi


    博客表   
           fk+unique
    id url name_id
 xxxx   1
 yyyy   3
 zzz    2



例二：一個管理員惟一對應一個用戶
    用戶表：
    id user  password
 egon    xxxx
 alex    yyyy

    管理員表：
       fk+unique
    id user_id password
  1      xxxxx
  2      yyyyy

其餘例子

七做業

練習：帳號信息表，用戶組，主機表，主機組

#用戶表
create table user(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
username varchar(20) not null,
password varchar(50) not null,
primary key(username,password)
);

insert into user(username,password) values
('root','123'),
('egon','456'),
('alex','alex3714')
;


#用戶組表
create table usergroup(
id int primary key auto_increment,
groupname varchar(20) not null unique
);

insert into usergroup(groupname) values
('IT'),
('Sale'),
('Finance'),
('boss')
;


#主機表
create table host(
id int primary key auto_increment,
ip char(15) not null unique default '127.0.0.1'
);

insert into host(ip) values
('172.16.45.2'),
('172.16.31.10'),
('172.16.45.3'),
('172.16.31.11'),
('172.10.45.3'),
('172.10.45.4'),
('172.10.45.5'),
('192.168.1.20'),
('192.168.1.21'),
('192.168.1.22'),
('192.168.2.23'),
('192.168.2.223'),
('192.168.2.24'),
('192.168.3.22'),
('192.168.3.23'),
('192.168.3.24')
;


#業務線表
create table business(
id int primary key auto_increment,
business varchar(20) not null unique
);
insert into business(business) values
('輕鬆貸'),
('隨便花'),
('大富翁'),
('窮一輩子')
;


#建關係：user與usergroup

create table user2usergroup(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
user_id int not null,
group_id int not null,
primary key(user_id,group_id),
foreign key(user_id) references user(id),
foreign key(group_id) references usergroup(id)
);

insert into user2usergroup(user_id,group_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(2,3),
(2,4),
(3,4)
;



#建關係：host與business

create table host2business(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
host_id int not null,
business_id int not null,
primary key(host_id,business_id),
foreign key(host_id) references host(id),
foreign key(business_id) references business(id)
);

insert into host2business(host_id,business_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(2,2),
(2,3),
(3,4)
;

#建關係：user與host

create table user2host(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
user_id int not null,
host_id int not null,
primary key(user_id,host_id),
foreign key(user_id) references user(id),
foreign key(host_id) references host(id)
);

insert into user2host(user_id,host_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(1,7),
(1,8),
(1,9),
(1,10),
(1,11),
(1,12),
(1,13),
(1,14),
(1,15),
(1,16),
(2,2),
(2,3),
(2,4),
(2,5),
(3,10),
(3,11),
(3,12)
;