數組的經常使用方法以下:javascript
concat: 連接兩個或者更多數據,並返回結果。java
every: 對數組中的每一項運行給定的函數,若是該函數對每一項都返回true,則返回true。node
filter: 對數組中的每一項運行給定函數,返回改函數會返回true的項組成的數組。git
forEach: 對數組中的每一項運行給定函數,這個方法沒有返回值。github
join: 將全部的數組元素連接成一個字符串。算法
indexOf: 返回第一個與給定參數相等的數組元素的索引,沒有找到則返回-1。數組
lastIndexOf: 返回在數組中搜索到的與給定參數相等的元素的索引裏最大的值。數據結構
map: 對數組中的每一項運行給定函數,返回每次函數調用的結果組成的數組。app
reverse: 顛倒數組中元素的順序,原先第一個元素如今變成最後一個,一樣原先的最後一個元素變成如今的第一個。ide
slice: 傳入索引值,將數組中對應索引範圍內的元素做爲新元素返回。
some: 對數組中的每一項運行給定函數,若是任一項返回true,則返回true。
sort: 按照字母順序對數組排序,支持傳入指定排序方法的函數做爲參數。
toString: 將數組做爲字符串返回。
valueOf: 和toString類似,將數組做爲字符串返回。
concat方法能夠向一個數組傳遞數組、對象或是元素。數組會按照該方法傳入的參數順序 鏈接指定數組。
var zero = 0; var positiveNumbers = [1,2,3]; var negativeNumbers = [-1,-2,-3]; var numbers = negativeNumbers.concat(zero,positiveNumbers); console.log(numbers);//輸出結果: [-1, -2, -3, 0, 1, 2, 3]
reduce方法接收一個函數做爲參數,這個函數有四個參數:previousValue、currentValue、index和array。這個函數會返回一個將被疊加到累加器的 值,reduce方法中止執行後會返回這個累加器。若是要對一個數組中的全部元素求和,這就頗有用了。
var isEven = function(x){ return (x%2 == 0)?true:false; } var numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]; //every方法會迭代數組中的每一個元素,直到返回false。 var result = numbers.every(isEven); console.log(result);//false //some方法會迭代數組的每一個元 素,直到函數返回true. result = numbers.some(isEven); console.log(result);//true //forEach對每一項運行給定的函數,沒有返回值 numbers.forEach(function(item,index){ console.log(item%2 == 0); }); //map會迭代數組中的每一個值,而且返回迭代結果 var myMap = numbers.map(isEven); console.log(myMap);// [false, true, false, true, false, true, false, true, false, true, false, true, false, true, false] //filter方法返回的新數組由使函數返回true的元素組成 var myFilter = numbers.filter(isEven); console.log(myFilter);// [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14] //reduct函數 var myReduce = numbers.reduce(function(previous,current,index){ return previous + "" + current; }); console.log(myReduce);//123456789101112131415
var numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]; numbers.reverse();//[15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1] function compare(a,b){ if(a > b){ return 1; } if(a < b){ return -1; } return 0; } //sort函數使用 [1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].sort(compare); var friends = [{ name:'huang', age:30 },{ name:'chengdu', age:27 },{ name:'du', age:31 }]; function comparePerson(a,b){ if(a.age > b.age){ return 1; } if(a.age < b.age){ return -1; } return 0; } console.log(friends.sort(comparePerson));// [Object { name="chengdu", age=27}, Object { name="huang", age=30}, Object { name="du", age=31}] //搜索 numbers.push(10); console.log(numbers.indexOf(10));//5 console.log(numbers.lastIndexOf(10));//15 var numbersString = numbers.join('-'); console.log(numbersString);//15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1-10
對於一個棧,咱們須要實現添加、刪除元素、獲取棧頂元素、已是否爲空,棧的長度、清除元素等幾個基本操做。下面是基本定義。
function Stack(){ this.items = []; } Stack.prototype = { constructor:Stack, push:function(element){ this.items.push(element); }, pop:function(){ return this.items.pop(); }, peek:function(){ return this.items[this.items.length - 1]; }, isEmpty:function(){ return this.items.length == 0; }, clear:function(){ this.items = []; }, size:function(){ return this.items.length; }, print:function(){ console.log(this.items.toString()); } }
棧的基本操做。
var stack = new Stack(); console.log(stack.isEmpty());//true stack.push(5); stack.push(8); console.log(stack.peek());//8 stack.push(11); console.log(stack.size());//3 console.log(stack.isEmpty()); stack.push(15); stack.pop(); stack.pop(); console.log(stack.size());//2 console.log(stack.print());//5,8
經過棧實現對正整數的二進制轉換。
function divideBy2(decNumber){ var decStack = new Stack(); var rem; var decString = ''; while(decNumber > 0){ rem = decNumber%2; decStack.push(rem); decNumber = Math.floor(decNumber/2); } while(!decStack.isEmpty()){ decString += decStack.pop().toString(); } return decString; } console.log(divideBy2(10));//1010
隊列是遵循FIFO(First In First Out,先進先出,也稱爲先來先服務)原則的一組有序的項。隊列在尾部添加新元素,並從頂部移除元素。最新添加的元素必須排在隊列的末尾。隊列要實現的操做基本和棧同樣,只不過棧是FILO(先進後出)。
function Queue(){ this.items = []; } Queue.prototype = { constructor:Queue, enqueue:function(elements){ this.items.push(elements); }, dequeue:function(){ return this.items.shift(); }, front:function(){ return this.items[0]; }, isEmpty:function(){ return this.items.length == 0; }, size:function(){ return this.items.length; }, clear:function(){ this.items = []; }, print:function(){ console.log(this.items.toString()); } }
隊列的基本使用
var queue = new Queue(); console.log(queue.isEmpty());//true queue.enqueue('huang'); queue.enqueue('cheng'); console.log(queue.print());//huang,cheng console.log(queue.size());//2 console.log(queue.isEmpty());//false queue.enqueue('du'); console.log(queue.dequeue());//huang console.log(queue.print());//cheng,du
元素的添加和移除是基於優先級的。實現一個優先隊列,有兩種選項:設置優先級,而後在正確的位置添加元素;或者用入列操 做添加元素,而後按照優先級移除它們。
咱們在這裏實現的優先隊列稱爲最小優先隊列,由於優先級的值較小的元素被放置在隊列最 前面(1表明更高的優先級)。最大優先隊列則與之相反,把優先級的值較大的元素放置在隊列最 前面。
咱們在這裏使用組合繼承的方式繼承自Queue隊列。
function PriorityQueue(){ Queue.call(this); }; PriorityQueue.prototype = new Queue(); PriorityQueue.prototype.constructer = PriorityQueue; PriorityQueue.prototype.enqueue = function(element,priority){ function QueueElement(tempelement,temppriority){ this.element = tempelement; this.priority = temppriority; } var queueElement = new QueueElement(element,priority); if(this.isEmpty()){ this.items.push(queueElement); }else{ var added = false; for(var i = 0; i < this.items.length;i++){ if(this.items[i].priority > queueElement.priority){ this.items.splice(i,0,queueElement); added = true; break; } } if(!added){ this.items.push(queueElement); } } } //這個方法能夠用Queue的默認實現 PriorityQueue.prototype.print = function(){ var result =''; for(var i = 0; i < this.items.length;i++){ result += JSON.stringify(this.items[i]); } return result; }
var priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue(); priorityQueue.enqueue("cheng", 2); priorityQueue.enqueue("du", 3); priorityQueue.enqueue("huang", 1); console.log(priorityQueue.print());//{"element":"huang","priority":1}{"element":"cheng","priority":2}{"element":"du","priority":3} console.log(priorityQueue.size());//3 console.log(priorityQueue.dequeue());//{ element="huang", priority=1} console.log(priorityQueue.size());//2
數組的大小是固定的,從數組的起點或中間插入 或移除項的成本很高,由於須要移動元素(儘管咱們已經學過的JavaScript的Array類方法能夠幫 咱們作這些事,但背後的狀況一樣是這樣)。鏈表存儲有序的元素集合,但不一樣於數組,鏈表中的元素在內存中並非連續放置的。每一個 元素由一個存儲元素自己的節點和一個指向下一個元素的引用(也稱指針或連接)組成。
相對於傳統的數組,鏈表的一個好處在於,添加或移除元素的時候不須要移動其餘元素。然 而,鏈表須要使用指針,所以實現鏈表時須要額外注意。數組的另外一個細節是能夠直接訪問任何 位置的任何元素,而要想訪問鏈表中間的一個元素,須要從起點(表頭)開始迭代列表直到找到 所需的元素
咱們使用動態原型模式來建立一個鏈表。列表最後一個節點的下一個元素始終是null。
function LinkedList(){ function Node(element){ this.element = element; this.next = null; } this.head = null; this.length = 0; //經過對一個方法append判斷就能夠知道是否設置了prototype if((typeof this.append !== 'function')&&(typeof this.append !== 'string')){ //添加元素 LinkedList.prototype.append = function(element){ var node = new Node(element); var current; if(this.head === null){ this.head = node; }else{ current = this.head; while(current.next !== null){ current = current.next; } current.next = node; } this.length++; }; //插入元素,成功true,失敗false LinkedList.prototype.insert = function(position,element){ if(position > -1 && position < this.length){ var current = this.head; var previous; var index = 0; var node = new Node(element); if(position == 0){ node.next = current; this.head = node; }else{ while(index++ < position){ previous = current; current = current.next; } node.next = current; previous.next = node; } this.length++; return true; }else{ return false; } }; //根據位置刪除指定元素,成功 返回元素, 失敗 返回null LinkedList.prototype.removeAt = function(position){ if(position > -1 && position < this.length){ var current = this.head; var previous = null; var index = 0; if(position == 0){ this.head = current.next; }else{ while(index++ < position){ previous = current; current = current.next; } previous.next = current.next; } this.length--; return current.element; }else{ return null; } }; //根據元素刪除指定元素,成功 返回元素, 失敗 返回null LinkedList.prototype.remove = function(element){ var index = this.indexOf(element); return this.removeAt(index); }; //返回給定元素的索引,若是沒有則返回-1 LinkedList.prototype.indexOf = function(element){ var current = this.head; var index = 0; while(current){ if(current.element === element){ return index; } index++; current = current.next; } return -1; }; LinkedList.prototype.isEmpty = function(){ return this.length === 0; }; LinkedList.prototype.size = function(){ return this.length; }; LinkedList.prototype.toString = function(){ var string = ''; var current = this.head; while(current){ string += current.element; current = current.next; } return string; }; LinkedList.prototype.getHead = function(){ return this.head; }; } }
var linkedList = new LinkedList(); console.log(linkedList.isEmpty());//true; linkedList.append('huang'); linkedList.append('du') linkedList.insert(1,'cheng'); console.log(linkedList.toString());//huangchengdu console.log(linkedList.indexOf('du'));//2 console.log(linkedList.size());//3 console.log(linkedList.removeAt(2));//du console.log(linkedList.toString());//huangcheng
鏈表有多種不一樣的類型,這一節介紹雙向鏈表。雙向鏈表和普通鏈表的區別在於,在鏈表中, 一個節點只有鏈向下一個節點的連接,而在雙向鏈表中,連接是雙向的:一個鏈向下一個元素, 另外一個鏈向前一個元素。
雙向鏈表和鏈表的區別就是有一個tail屬性,因此必須重寫insert、append、removeAt方法。每一個節點對應的Node也多了一個prev屬性。
//寄生組合式繼承實現,詳見javascript高級程序設計第七章 function inheritPrototype(subType, superType) { function object(o) { function F() {} F.prototype = o; return new F(); } var prototype = object(superType.prototype); prototype.constructor = subType; subType.prototype = prototype; } function DoublyLinkedList() { function Node(element) { this.element = element; this.next = null; this.prev = null; } this.tail = null; LinkedList.call(this); //與LinkedList不一樣的方法本身實現。 this.insert = function(position, element) { if (position > -1 && position <= this.length) { var node = new Node(element); var current = this.head; var previous; var index = 0; if (position === 0) { if (!this.head) { this.head = node; this.tail = node; } else { node.next = current; current.prev = node; this.head = node; } } else if (position == this.length) { current = this.tail; current.next = node; node.prev = current; this.tail = node; } else { while (index++ < position) { previous = current; current = current.next; } previous.next = node; node.next = current; current.prev = node; node.prev = previous; } this.length++; return true; } else { return false; } }; this.append = function(element) { var node = new Node(element); var current; if (this.head === null) { this.head = node; this.tail = node; } else { current = this.head; while (current.next !== null) { current = current.next; } current.next = node; node.prev = current; this.tail = node; } this.length++; }; this.removeAt = function(position) { if (position > -1 && position < this.length) { var current = this.head; var previous; var index = 0; if (position === 0) { this.head = current.next; if (this.length === 1) { this.tail = null; } else { this.head.prev = null; } } else if (position === (this.length - 1)) { current = this.tail; this.tail = current.prev; this.tail.next = null; } else { while (index++ < position) { previous = current; current = current.next; } previous.next = current.next; current.next.prev = previous; } this.length--; return current.element; } else { return false; } }; } inheritPrototype(DoublyLinkedList, LinkedList);
var doublyList = new DoublyLinkedList(); console.log(doublyList.isEmpty()); //true; doublyList.append('huang'); doublyList.append('du') doublyList.insert(1, 'cheng'); console.log(doublyList.toString()); //huangchengdu console.log(doublyList.indexOf('du')); //2 console.log(doublyList.size()); //3 console.log(doublyList.removeAt(2)); //du console.log(doublyList.toString()); //huangcheng
循環鏈表能夠像鏈表同樣只有單向引用,也能夠像雙向鏈表同樣有雙向引用。循環鏈表和鏈 表之間惟一的區別在於,最後一個元素指向下一個元素的指針(tail.next)不是引用null, 而是指向第一個元素(head)。雙向循環鏈表有指向head元素的tail.next,和指向tail元素的head.prev。