Android是在Android 3.0 (API level 11)開始引入Fragment的。html
能夠把Fragment想成Activity中的模塊,這個模塊有本身的佈局,有本身的生命週期,單獨處理本身的輸入,在Activity運行的時候能夠加載或者移除Fragment模塊。android
能夠把Fragment設計成能夠在多個Activity中複用的模塊。編程
當開發的應用程序同時適用於平板電腦和手機時,能夠利用Fragment實現靈活的佈局,改善用戶體驗。app
如圖:ide
由於Fragment必須嵌入在Acitivity中使用,因此Fragment的生命週期和它所在的Activity是密切相關的。函數
若是Activity是暫停狀態,其中全部的Fragment都是暫停狀態;若是Activity是stopped狀態,這個Activity中全部的Fragment都不能被啓動;若是Activity被銷燬,那麼它其中的全部Fragment都會被銷燬。佈局
可是,當Activity在活動狀態,能夠獨立控制Fragment的狀態,好比加上或者移除Fragment。ui
當這樣進行fragment transaction(轉換)的時候,能夠把fragment放入Activity的back stack中,這樣用戶就能夠進行返回操做。this
使用Fragment時,須要繼承Fragment或者Fragment的子類(DialogFragment, ListFragment, PreferenceFragment, WebViewFragment),因此Fragment的代碼看起來和Activity的相似。spa
使用Support Library
Support Library是一個提供了API庫函數的JAR文件,這樣就能夠在舊版本的Android上使用一些新版本的APIs。
好比android-support-v4.jar.它的完整路徑是:
<sdk>/extras/android/support/v4/android-support-v4.jar.
它就提供了Fragment的APIs,使得在Android 1.6 (API level 4)以上的系統均可以使用Fragment。
爲了肯定沒有在舊版本系統上使用新版本的APIs,須要以下導入語句:
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment; import android.support.v4.app.FragmentManager;
同時應該將上述的包拷入libs項目下的libs文件夾,而後在項目的Properties中添加:右鍵單擊項目,選Properties,左邊選Java Build Path,而後Add External JARs…,添加android-support-v4.jar.
當建立包含Fragment的Activity時,若是用的是Support Library,那麼繼承的就應該是FragmentActivity而不是Activity。
必須實現的三個回調函數
onCreate()
系統在建立Fragment的時候調用這個方法,這裏應該初始化相關的組件,一些即使是被暫停或者被中止時依然須要保留的東西。
onCreateView()
當第一次繪製Fragment的UI時系統調用這個方法,必須返回一個View,若是Fragment不提供UI也能夠返回null。
注意,若是繼承自ListFragment,onCreateView()默認的實現會返回一個ListView,因此不用本身實現。
onPause()
當用戶離開Fragment時第一個調用這個方法,須要提交一些變化,由於用戶極可能再也不返回來。
實現Fragment的UI
提供Fragment的UI,必須實現onCreateView()方法。
假設Fragment的佈局設置寫在example_fragment.xml資源文件中,那麼onCreateView()方法能夠以下寫:
public static class ExampleFragment extends Fragment { @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { // Inflate the layout for this fragment return inflater.inflate(R.layout.example_fragment, container, false); } }
onCreateView()中container參數表明該Fragment在Activity中的父控件;savedInstanceState提供了上一個實例的數據。
inflate()方法的三個參數:
第一個是resource ID,指明瞭當前的Fragment對應的資源文件;
第二個參數是父容器控件;
第三個布爾值參數代表是否鏈接該佈局和其父容器控件,在這裏的狀況設置爲false,由於系統已經插入了這個佈局到父控件,設置爲true將會產生多餘的一個View Group。
當Fragment被加入Activity中時,它會處在對應的View Group中。
Fragment有兩種加載方式:一種是在Activity的layout中使用標籤<fragment>聲明;另外一種方法是在代碼中把它加入到一個指定的ViewGroup中。
另外,Fragment它能夠並非Activity佈局中的任何一部分,它能夠是一個不可見的部分。這部份內容先略過。
加載方式1:經過Activity的佈局文件將Fragment加入Activity
在Activity的佈局文件中,將Fragment做爲一個子標籤加入便可。
如:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:orientation="horizontal" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"> <fragment android:name="com.example.news.ArticleListFragment" android:id="@+id/list" android:layout_weight="1" android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="match_parent" /> <fragment android:name="com.example.news.ArticleReaderFragment" android:id="@+id/viewer" android:layout_weight="2" android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="match_parent" /> </LinearLayout>
其中android:name屬性填上你本身建立的fragment的完整類名。
當系統建立這個Activity的佈局文件時,系統會實例化每個fragment,而且調用它們的onCreateView()方法,來得到相應fragment的佈局,並將返回值插入fragment標籤所在的地方。
有三種方法爲Fragment提供ID:
android:id屬性:惟一的id
android:tag屬性:惟一的字符串
若是上面兩個都沒提供,系統使用容器view的ID。
加載方式2:經過編程的方式將Fragment加入到一個ViewGroup中
當Activity處於Running狀態下的時候,能夠在Activity的佈局中動態地加入Fragment,只須要指定加入這個Fragment的父View Group便可。
首先,須要一個FragmentTransaction實例:
FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager()
FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
(注,若是import android.support.v4.app.FragmentManager;那麼使用的是:FragmentManager fragmentManager = getSupportFragmentManager();)
以後,用add()方法加上Fragment的對象:
ExampleFragment fragment = new ExampleFragment(); fragmentTransaction.add(R.id.fragment_container, fragment); fragmentTransaction.commit();
其中第一個參數是這個fragment的容器,即父控件組。
最後須要調用commit()方法使得FragmentTransaction實例的改變生效。
兩個Fragment類
package com.example.android.fragments; import android.support.v4.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.TextView; public class ArticleFragment extends Fragment { final static String ARG_POSITION = "position"; int mCurrentPosition = -1; @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { // If activity recreated (such as from screen rotate), restore // the previous article selection set by onSaveInstanceState(). // This is primarily necessary when in the two-pane layout. if (savedInstanceState != null) { mCurrentPosition = savedInstanceState.getInt(ARG_POSITION); } // Inflate the layout for this fragment return inflater.inflate(R.layout.article_view, container, false); } @Override public void onStart() { super.onStart(); // During startup, check if there are arguments passed to the fragment. // onStart is a good place to do this because the layout has already been // applied to the fragment at this point so we can safely call the method // below that sets the article text. Bundle args = getArguments(); if (args != null) { // Set article based on argument passed in updateArticleView(args.getInt(ARG_POSITION)); } else if (mCurrentPosition != -1) { // Set article based on saved instance state defined during onCreateView updateArticleView(mCurrentPosition); } } public void updateArticleView(int position) { TextView article = (TextView) getActivity().findViewById(R.id.article); article.setText(Ipsum.Articles[position]); mCurrentPosition = position; } @Override public void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) { super.onSaveInstanceState(outState); // Save the current article selection in case we need to recreate the fragment outState.putInt(ARG_POSITION, mCurrentPosition); } }
package com.example.android.fragments; import android.app.Activity; import android.os.Build; import android.os.Bundle; import android.support.v4.app.ListFragment; import android.view.View; import android.widget.ArrayAdapter; import android.widget.ListView; public class HeadlinesFragment extends ListFragment { OnHeadlineSelectedListener mCallback; // The container Activity must implement this interface so the frag can deliver messages public interface OnHeadlineSelectedListener { /** Called by HeadlinesFragment when a list item is selected */ public void onArticleSelected(int position); } @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); // We need to use a different list item layout for devices older than Honeycomb int layout = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.HONEYCOMB ? android.R.layout.simple_list_item_activated_1 : android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1; // Create an array adapter for the list view, using the Ipsum headlines array setListAdapter(new ArrayAdapter<String>(getActivity(), layout, Ipsum.Headlines)); } @Override public void onStart() { super.onStart(); // When in two-pane layout, set the listview to highlight the selected list item // (We do this during onStart because at the point the listview is available.) if (getFragmentManager().findFragmentById(R.id.article_fragment) != null) { getListView().setChoiceMode(ListView.CHOICE_MODE_SINGLE); } } @Override public void onAttach(Activity activity) { super.onAttach(activity); // This makes sure that the container activity has implemented // the callback interface. If not, it throws an exception. try { mCallback = (OnHeadlineSelectedListener) activity; } catch (ClassCastException e) { throw new ClassCastException(activity.toString() + " must implement OnHeadlineSelectedListener"); } } @Override public void onListItemClick(ListView l, View v, int position, long id) { // Notify the parent activity of selected item mCallback.onArticleSelected(position); // Set the item as checked to be highlighted when in two-pane layout getListView().setItemChecked(position, true); } }
主Activity
package com.example.android.fragments; import android.os.Bundle; import android.support.v4.app.FragmentActivity; import android.support.v4.app.FragmentTransaction; public class MainActivity extends FragmentActivity implements HeadlinesFragment.OnHeadlineSelectedListener { /** Called when the activity is first created. */ @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.news_articles); // Check whether the activity is using the layout version with // the fragment_container FrameLayout. If so, we must add the first fragment if (findViewById(R.id.fragment_container) != null) { // However, if we're being restored from a previous state, // then we don't need to do anything and should return or else // we could end up with overlapping fragments. if (savedInstanceState != null) { return; } // Create an instance of ExampleFragment HeadlinesFragment firstFragment = new HeadlinesFragment(); // In case this activity was started with special instructions from an Intent, // pass the Intent's extras to the fragment as arguments firstFragment.setArguments(getIntent().getExtras()); // Add the fragment to the 'fragment_container' FrameLayout getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction() .add(R.id.fragment_container, firstFragment).commit(); } } public void onArticleSelected(int position) { // The user selected the headline of an article from the HeadlinesFragment // Capture the article fragment from the activity layout ArticleFragment articleFrag = (ArticleFragment) getSupportFragmentManager().findFragmentById(R.id.article_fragment); if (articleFrag != null) { // If article frag is available, we're in two-pane layout... // Call a method in the ArticleFragment to update its content articleFrag.updateArticleView(position); } else { // If the frag is not available, we're in the one-pane layout and must swap frags... // Create fragment and give it an argument for the selected article ArticleFragment newFragment = new ArticleFragment(); Bundle args = new Bundle(); args.putInt(ArticleFragment.ARG_POSITION, position); newFragment.setArguments(args); FragmentTransaction transaction = getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction(); // Replace whatever is in the fragment_container view with this fragment, // and add the transaction to the back stack so the user can navigate back transaction.replace(R.id.fragment_container, newFragment); transaction.addToBackStack(null); // Commit the transaction transaction.commit(); } } }
首頁佈局文件,分是否large平板模式
<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:id="@+id/fragment_container" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" />
large平板
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:orientation="horizontal" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"> <fragment android:name="com.example.android.fragments.HeadlinesFragment" android:id="@+id/headlines_fragment" android:layout_weight="1" android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="match_parent" /> <fragment android:name="com.example.android.fragments.ArticleFragment" android:id="@+id/article_fragment" android:layout_weight="2" android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="match_parent" /> </LinearLayout>
運用的知識,fragment間通訊
一、使用接口
二、重載onAttach方法
public void onAttach(Activity activity)
獲取容器的Activity