SQL是(Structured Query Language)結構化查詢語言的簡稱,下面趙一鳴隨筆博客從基礎知識、判斷對象和應用技巧等方面,介紹了SQL的應用方法。html
基礎sql
建立數據庫數據庫
建立以前判斷該數據庫是否存在
if exists (select * from sysdatabases where name='databaseName')
drop database databaseName
go
Create DATABASE database-nameide
刪除數據庫函數
drop database dbnameoop
備份sql serverui
— 建立 備份數據的 device
USE master
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat'
— 開始 備份
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack日誌
建立新表orm
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)
根據已有的表建立新表:
A:go
use 原數據庫名
go
select * into 目的數據庫名.dbo.目的表名 from 原表名(使用舊錶建立新表)
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition onlyserver
建立序列
create sequence SIMON_SEQUENCE
minvalue 1 — 最小值
maxvalue 999999999999999999999999999 最大值
start with 1 開始值
increment by 1 每次加幾
cache 20;
刪除新表
drop table tabname
增長一個列
Alter table tabname add column col type
注:列增長後將不能刪除。DB2中列加上後數據類型也不能改變,惟一能改變的是增長varchar類型的長度。
添加主鍵
Alter table tabname add primary key(col)
說明:刪除主鍵: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)
建立索引
create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)
刪除索引:drop index idxname on tabname
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必須刪除從新建。
建立視圖
create view viewname as select statement
刪除視圖:drop view viewname
幾個簡單的基本的sql語句
選擇:select * from table1 where 範圍
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)
刪除:delete from table1 where 範圍
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 範圍
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ (全部包含‘value1’這個模式的字符串)—like的語法很精妙,查資料!
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]
總數:select count(*) as totalcount from table1
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1[separator]
幾個高級查詢運算詞
A: UNION 運算符
UNION 運算符經過組合其餘兩個結果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)並消去表中任何重複行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 UNION 一塊兒使用時(即 UNION ALL),不消除重複行。兩種狀況下,派生表的每一行不是來自 TABLE1 就是來自 TABLE2。
B: EXCEPT 運算符
EXCEPT 運算符經過包括全部在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行並消除全部重複行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 EXCEPT 一塊兒使用時 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重複行。
C: INTERSECT 運算符
INTERSECT 運算符經過只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行並消除全部重複行而派生出一個結果表。當 ALL 隨 INTERSECT 一塊兒使用時 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重複行。
注:使用運算詞的幾個查詢結果行必須是一致的。
使用外鏈接
A、left outer join:
左外鏈接(左鏈接):結果集既包括鏈接表的匹配行,也包括左鏈接表的全部行。
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
B:right outer join:
右外鏈接(右鏈接):結果集既包括鏈接表的匹配鏈接行,也包括右鏈接表的全部行。
C:full outer join:
全外鏈接:不只包括符號鏈接表的匹配行,還包括兩個鏈接表中的全部記錄。
判斷對象是否存在
判斷數據庫是否存在
if exists (select * from sys.databases where name = ‘數據庫名’)
drop database [數據庫名]
判斷表是否存在
if not exists (select * from sysobjects where [name] = ‘表名’ and xtype=’U’)
begin
–這裏建立表
end
判斷存儲過程是否存在
if exists (select * from sysobjects where id = object_id(N'[存儲過程名]’) and OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N’IsProcedure’) = 1)
drop procedure [存儲過程名]
判斷臨時表是否存在
if object_id(‘tempdb..#臨時表名’) is not null
drop table #臨時表名
判斷視圖是否存在
–SQL Server 2000
IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysviews WHERE object_id = ‘[dbo].[視圖名]’
–SQL Server 2005
IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.views WHERE object_id = ‘[dbo].[視圖名]’
判斷函數是否存在
if exists (select * from dbo.sysobjects where id = object_id(N'[dbo].[函數名]’) and xtype in (N’FN’, N’IF’, N’TF’))
drop function [dbo].[函數名]
獲取用戶建立的對象信息
SELECT [name],[id],crdate FROM sysobjects where xtype=’U’
/*
xtype 的表示參數類型,一般包括以下這些 C = CHECK 約束 D = 默認值或 DEFAULT 約束 F = FOREIGN KEY 約束 L = 日誌 FN = 標量函數 IF = 內嵌表函數 P = 存儲過程 PK = PRIMARY KEY 約束(類型是 K) RF = 複製篩選存儲過程 S = 系統表 TF = 表函數 TR = 觸發器 U = 用戶表 UQ = UNIQUE 約束(類型是 K) V = 視圖 X = 擴展存儲過程 */
判斷列是否存在
if exists(select * from syscolumns where id=object_id(‘表名’) and name=’列名’)
alter table 表名 drop column 列名
判斷列是否自增列
if columnproperty(object_id(‘table’),’col’,’IsIdentity’)=1
print ‘自增列’
else
print ‘不是自增列’
SELECT * FROM sys.columns WHERE object_id=OBJECT_ID(‘表名’)
AND is_identity=1
判斷表中是否存在索引
if exists(select * from sysindexes where id=object_id(‘表名’) and name=’索引名’)
print ‘存在’
else
print ‘不存在
查看數據庫中對象
SELECT * FROM sys.sysobjects WHERE name=’對象名’
提高
複製表
(只複製結構,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1
法二:select top 0 * into b from a
拷貝表
(拷貝數據,源表名:a 目標表名:b) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;
跨數據庫之間表的拷貝
(具體數據使用絕對路徑) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具體數據庫’ where 條件
例子:..from b in ‘」&Server.MapPath(「.」&」\data.mdb」 &」‘ where..
子查詢
(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)
顯示文章、提交人和最後回覆時間
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b
外鏈接查詢
(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
在線視圖查詢
(表名1:a
select * from (Select a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;
between的用法
between限制查詢數據範圍時包括了邊界值,not between不包括
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 數值1 and 數值2
in 的使用方法
select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)
刪除主表中已經在副表中沒有的信息
兩張關聯表delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1
四表聯查問題
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where …..
日程安排提早五分鐘提醒
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff(‘minute’,f開始時間,getdate())>5
一條sql 語句搞定數據庫分頁
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主鍵字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主鍵字段 = a.主鍵字段 order by a.排序字段
前10條記錄
select top 10 * form table1 where 範圍
選擇排名
選擇在每一組b值相同的數據中對應的a最大的記錄的全部信息(相似這樣的用法能夠用於論壇每個月排行榜,每個月熱銷產品分析,按科目成績排名,等等.)
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)
派生結果表
包括全部在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行並消除全部重複行而派生出一個結果表
(select a from tableA except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)
隨機取出10條數據
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()
隨機選擇記錄
select newid()
刪除重複記錄
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,…)
列出數據庫裏全部的表名
select name from sysobjects where type=’U’
列出表裏的全部的
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id(‘TableName’)
列示排列
列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case能夠方便地實現多重選擇,相似select 中的case。
select type,sum(case vender when ‘A’ then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when ‘C’ then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when ‘B’ then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type
顯示結果:
type vender pcs
電腦 A 1
電腦 A 1
光盤 B 2
光盤 A 2
手機 B 3
手機 C 3
初始化表table1
TRUNCATE TABLE table1
選擇從10到15的記錄
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_別名 order by id desc
數據類型轉換
declare @numid int
declare @id varchar(50)
set @numid=2005
set @id=convert(varchar,@numid)
經過上述語句完成數據類型Int轉換成varchar,其餘轉換相似,可參看convert函數
技巧
1=1,1=2的使用
在SQL語句組合時用的較多
「where 1=1」 是表示選擇所有 「where 1=2」所有不選,
如:
if @strWhere !=’
begin
set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘] where ‘ + @strWhere
end
else
begin
set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘]’
end
咱們能夠直接寫成
set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘] where 1=1 and ‘+ @strWhere
收縮數據庫
–重建索引
DBCC REINDEX
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG
–收縮數據和日誌
DBCC SHRINKDB
DBCC SHRINKFILE
壓縮數據庫
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)
轉移數據庫給新用戶以已存在用戶權限
exec sp_change_users_login ‘update_one’,’newname’,’oldname’
go
檢查備份集
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk=’E:\dvbbs.bak’
修復數據庫
Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER
GO
DBCC CHECKDB(‘dvbbs’,repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK
GO
Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER
GO
日誌清除
SET NOCOUNT ON
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,
@MaxMinutes INT,
@NewSize INT
USE tablename — 要操做的數據庫名
Select @LogicalFileName = ‘tablename_log’, — 日誌文件名
@MaxMinutes = 10, — Limit on time allowed to wrap log.
@NewSize = 1 — 你想設定的日誌文件的大小(M)
— Setup / initialize
DECLARE @OriginalSize int
Select @OriginalSize = size
FROM sysfiles
Where name = @LogicalFileName
Select ‘Original Size of ‘ + db_name() + ‘ LOG is ‘ +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ‘ 8K pages or ‘ +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + ‘MB’
FROM sysfiles
Where name = @LogicalFileName
Create TABLE DummyTrans
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null)
DECLARE @Counter INT,
@StartTime DATETIME,
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255)
Select @StartTime = GETDATE(),
@TruncLog = ‘BACKUP LOG ‘ + db_name() + ‘ WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY’
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)
EXEC (@TruncLog)
— Wrap the log if necessary.
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) — time has not expired
AND @OriginalSize = (Select size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName)
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize
BEGIN — Outer loop.
Select @Counter = 0
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))
BEGIN — update
Insert DummyTrans VALUES (‘Fill Log’)
Delete DummyTrans
Select @Counter = @Counter + 1
END
EXEC (@TruncLog)
END
Select ‘Final Size of ‘ + db_name() + ‘ LOG is ‘ +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ‘ 8K pages or ‘ +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + ‘MB’
FROM sysfiles
Where name = @LogicalFileName
Drop TABLE DummyTrans
SET NOCOUNT OFF
更改某個表
exec sp_changeobjectowner ‘tablename’,’dbo’
存儲更改所有表
Create PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)
AS
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR
select 'Name' = name,
'Owner' = user_name(uid)
from sysobjects
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner
order by name
OPEN curObject
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
BEGIN
if @Owner=@OldOwner
begin
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner
end– select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
END
close curObject
deallocate curObject
GO
SQL SERVER中直接循環寫入數據
declare @i int
set @i=1
while @i<30
begin
insert into test (userid) values(@i)
set @i=@i+1
end