class User(models.Model): SEX_CHOICES = [ [0, '男'], [1, '女'], ] name = models.CharField(max_length=64) pwd = models.CharField(max_length=32) phone = models.CharField(max_length=11, null=True, default=None) sex = models.IntegerField(choices=SEX_CHOICES, default=0) icon = models.ImageField(upload_to='icon', default='icon/default.jpg') class Meta: db_table = 'old_boy_user' verbose_name = '用戶' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return '%s' % self.name
from django.contrib import admin from . import models admin.site.register(models.User)
# 註冊rest_framework INSTALLED_APPS = [ # ... 'rest_framework', ] # 配置數據庫 DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', 'NAME': 'day70', 'USER': 'root', 'PASSWORD': '123' } } # media資源 MEDIA_URL = '/media/' # 後期高級序列化類與視圖類,會使用該配置 MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media') # media資源路徑 # 國際化配置 LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans' TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = False
urlpatterns = [ # ... url(r'^api/', include('api.urls')), url(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)', serve, {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT}), ]
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^users/$', views.User.as_view()), url(r'^users/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.User.as_view()), ]
""" 1)設置須要返回給前臺 那些model類有對應的 字段,不須要返回的就不用設置了 2)設置方法字段,字段名能夠隨意,字段值有 get_字段名 提供,來完成一些須要處理在返回的數據 """
# 序列化組件 - 爲每個model類經過一套序列化工具類 # 序列化組件的工做方式與django froms組件很是類似 from rest_framework import serializers, exceptions from django.conf import settings from . import models class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer): name = serializers.CharField() phone = serializers.CharField() # 序列化提供給前臺的字段個數由後臺決定,能夠少提供, # 可是提供的數據庫對應的字段,名字必定要與數據庫字段相同 # sex = serializers.IntegerField() # icon = serializers.ImageField() # 自定義序列化屬性 # 屬性名隨意,值由固定的命名規範方法提供: # get_屬性名(self, 參與序列化的model對象) # 返回值就是自定義序列化屬性的值 gender = serializers.SerializerMethodField() def get_gender(self, obj): # choice類型的解釋型值 get_字段_display() 來訪問 return obj.get_sex_display() icon = serializers.SerializerMethodField() def get_icon(self, obj): # settings.MEDIA_URL: 本身配置的 /media/,給後面高級序列化與視圖類準備的 # obj.icon不能直接做爲數據返回,由於內容雖然是字符串,可是類型是ImageFieldFile類型 return '%s%s%s' % (r'http://127.0.0.1:8000', settings.MEDIA_URL, str(obj.icon))
""" 1)從數據庫中將要序列化給前臺的model對象,或是對個model對象查詢出來 user_obj = models.User.objects.get(pk=pk) 或者 user_obj_list = models.User.objects.all() 2)將對象交給序列化處理,產生序列化對象,若是序列化的是多個數據,要設置many=True user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj) 或者 user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj_list, many=True) 3)序列化 對象.data 就是能夠返回給前臺的序列化數據 return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 0, 'results': user_ser.data }) """
class User(APIView): def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') if pk: try: # 用戶對象不能直接做爲數據返回給前臺 user_obj = models.User.objects.get(pk=pk) # 序列化一下用戶對象 user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj) # print(user_ser, type(user_ser)) return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 0, 'results': user_ser.data }) except: return Response({ 'status': 2, 'msg': '用戶不存在', }) else: # 用戶對象列表(queryset)不能直接做爲數據返回給前臺 user_obj_list = models.User.objects.all() # 序列化一下用戶對象 user_ser_data = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj_list, many=True).data return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 0, 'results': user_ser_data })
INSTALLED_APPS = [ # ... 'rest_framework', ] DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', 'NAME': 'dg_proj', 'USER': 'root', 'PASSWORD': '123', } } """ 任何__init__文件 import pymysql pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb() """ LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans' TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = False MEDIA_URL = '/media/' MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')
# 主 from django.conf.urls import url, include from django.contrib import admin from django.views.static import serve from django.conf import settings urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^api/', include('api.urls')), url(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)', serve, {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT}), ] # 子 from django.conf.urls import url from . import views urlpatterns = [ ]
""" Book表:name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time Publish表:name、address、is_delete、create_time Author表:name、age、is_delete、create_time AuthorDetail表:mobile, author、is_delete、create_time BaseModel基表 is_delete、create_time 上面四表繼承基表,能夠繼承兩個字段 """
class BaseModel(models.Model): is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False) create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) # 設置 abstract = True 來聲明基表,做爲基表的Model不能在數據庫中造成對應的表 class Meta: abstract = True
""" 一、外鍵位置: 一對多 - 外鍵放多的一方 一對一 - 從邏輯正反向考慮,如做者表與做者詳情表,做者刪除級聯刪除詳情,詳情刪除做者依舊存在,因此建議外鍵在詳情表中 多對多 - 外鍵在關係表中 二、ORM正向方向連表查找: 正向:經過外鍵字段 eg: author_detial_obj.author 反向:經過related_name的值 eg:author_obj.detail 注:依賴代碼見下方 三、連表操做關係: 1)做者刪除,詳情級聯 - on_delete=models.CASCADE 2)做者刪除,詳情置空 - null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL 3)做者刪除,詳情重置 - default=0, on_delete=models.SET_DEFAULT 4)做者刪除,詳情不動 - on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING 注:拿做者與做者詳情表舉例 四、外鍵關聯字段的參數 - 如何實現 斷關聯、目前表間操做關係、方向查詢字段 i)做者詳情表中的 author = models.OneToOneField( to='Author', related_name='detail', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.CASCADE ) ii)圖書表中的 publish = models.ForeignKey( to='Publish', related_name='books', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING, ) authors = models.ManyToManyField( to='Author' related_name='books', db_constraint=False, ) 注:ManyToManyField不能設置on_delete,OneToOneField、ForeignKey必須設置on_delete(django1.x系統默認級聯,可是django2.x必須手動明確) """
from django.db import models 圖書管理系統:Book、Author、AuthorDetail、Publish """ Book表: name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time Publish表: name、address、is_delete、create_time Author表: name、age、is_delete、create_time AuthorDetail表: mobile, author、is_delete、create_time """ class BaseModel(models.Model): is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False) create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) # 做爲基表的Model不能在數據庫中造成對應的表,設置 abstract = True class Meta: abstract = True class Book(BaseModel): """name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2) img = models.ImageField(upload_to='img', default='img/default.jpg') publish = models.ForeignKey( to='Publish', db_constraint=False, # 斷關聯 related_name='books', # 反向查詢字段:publish_obj.books 就能訪問全部出版的書 on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING, # 設置連表操做關係 ) authors = models.ManyToManyField( to='Author', db_constraint=False, related_name='books' ) # 序列化插拔式屬性 - 完成自定義字段名完成連表查詢 @property def publish_name(self): return self.publish.name @property def author_list(self): return self.authors.values('name', 'age', 'detail__mobile').all() class Meta: db_table = 'book' verbose_name = '書籍' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name class Publish(BaseModel): """name、address、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) address = models.CharField(max_length=64) class Meta: db_table = 'publish' verbose_name = '出版社' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name class Author(BaseModel): """name、age、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) age = models.IntegerField() class Meta: db_table = 'author' verbose_name = '做者' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name class AuthorDetail(BaseModel): """mobile, author、is_delete、create_time""" mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11) author = models.OneToOneField( to='Author', db_constraint=False, related_name='detail', on_delete=models.CASCADE, ) class Meta: db_table = 'author_detail' verbose_name = '做者詳情' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return '%s的詳情' % self.author.name
from rest_framework.serializers import ModelSerializer, SerializerMethodField from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError from . import models class PublishModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Publish fields = ('name', 'address') class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): # 瞭解: 該方式設置的序列化字段,必須在fields中聲明 # publish_address = SerializerMethodField() # def get_publish_address(self, obj): # return obj.publish.address # 自定義連表深度 - 子序列化方式 - 該方式不能參與反序列化,使用在序列化反序列化共存時,不能書寫 publish = PublishModelSerializer() class Meta: # 序列化類關聯的model類 model = models.Book # 參與序列化的字段 fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_list', 'publish') # 瞭解知識點 # 全部字段 # fields = '__all__' # 與fields不共存,exclude排除哪些字段 # exclude = ('id', 'is_delete', 'create_time') # 自動連表深度 # depth = 1
# 序列化 class Book(APIView): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') if pk: try: book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk,is_delete=False) book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data except: return Response({ 'status':1, 'msg':'書籍不存在' }) else: book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all() book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_query,many=True).data return Response({ 'status':0, 'msg':'ok', 'results':book_data })
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^books/$', views.Book.as_view()), url(r'^books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.Book.as_view()), ]
# 反序列化 class BookModelDeserializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: fields = ('name','price','publish','authors') # extra_kwargs 用來完成反序列化字段 系統檢測規則 extra_kwargs = { 'name':{ 'required':True, 'min_length':1, 'error_messages':{ 'required':'必填項', 'min_length':'過短', } } } # 局部鉤子 def validate_name(self,value): if 'g' in value.lower(): raise ValidationError('該書不能出版') return value # 全局鉤子 def validate(self,attrs): publish = attrs.get('publish') name = attrs.get('name') if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name,publish=publish): raise ValidationError({'book':'該書已存在'}) return attrs
# 反序列化 def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): request_data = request.data book_ser = serializers.BookModelDeserializer(data=request_data) # raise_exception=True 當校驗失敗,立刻終止當前視圖方法 book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_obj = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status':0, 'msg':'ok', 'results':serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data })
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^books/$', views.Book.as_view()), url(r'^books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.Book.as_view()), ]
""" 1) fields中設置全部序列化與反序列化字段 2) extra_kwargs劃分只序列化或只反序列化字段 write_only:只反序列化 read_only:只序列化 自定義字段默認只序列化(read_only) 3) 設置反序列化所需的 系統、局部鉤子、全局鉤子 等校驗規則 """
class V2BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Book fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_list', 'publish_name', 'publish', 'authors') extra_kwargs = { 'name': { 'required': True, 'min_length': 1, 'error_messages': { 'required': '必填項', 'min_length': '過短', } }, 'publish': { 'write_only': True }, 'authors': { 'write_only': True }, 'img': { 'read_only': True, }, 'author_list': { 'read_only': True, }, 'publish_name': { 'read_only': True, } } def validate_name(self, value): # 書名不能包含 g 字符 if 'g' in value.lower(): raise ValidationError('該g書不能出版') return value def validate(self, attrs): publish = attrs.get('publish') name = attrs.get('name') if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish): raise ValidationError({'book': '該書已存在'}) return attrs
# 單增:傳的數據是與model對應的字典 # 羣增:傳的數據是 裝多個 model對應字典 的列表 def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): request_data = request.data if isinstance(request_data,dict): many = False elif isinstance(request_data,list): many = True else: return Response({ 'status':1, 'msg':'數據有誤', }) book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(data=request_data,many=many) book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_result = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status':0, 'msg':'ok', 'results':serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_result,many=many).data }) # 單刪:有pk # 羣刪:有pks | {"pks": [1, 2, 3]} def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') if pk: pks = [pk] else: pks = request.data.get('pks') if models.Book.objects.filter(pk__in=pks,is_delete=False).update(is_delete=True): return Response({ 'status':0, 'msg':'刪除成功' }) return Response({ 'status':1, 'msg':'刪除失敗' })
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^v2/books/$', views.V2Book.as_view()), url(r'^v2/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.V2Book.as_view()), ]
""" 1) 單總體改,說明前臺要提供修改的數據,那麼數據就須要校驗,校驗的數據應該在實例化「序列化類對象」時,賦值給data 2)修改,就必須明確被修改的模型類對象,並在實例化「序列化類對象」時,賦值給instance 3)總體修改,全部校驗規則有required=True的字段,都必須提供,由於在實例化「序列化類對象」時,參數partial默認爲False 注:若是partial值設置爲True,就是能夠局部改
1)單總體修改,通常用put請求: V2BookModelSerializer( instance=要被更新的對象, data=用來更新的數據, partial=默認False,必須的字段所有參與校驗 )
2)單局部修改,通常用patch請求: V2BookModelSerializer( instance=要被更新的對象, data=用來更新的數據, partial=設置True,必須的字段都變爲選填字段 ) 注:partial設置True的本質就是使字段 required=True 校驗規則失效 """
class V2Book(APIView): # 單總體改: 對 v2/books/(pk)/ 傳的數據是與model對應的字典{name|price|publish|authors} def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs): request_data = request.data pk = kwargs.get('pk') old_book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first() # 目的:將衆多數據的校驗交給序列化類來處理 - 讓序列化類扮演反序列化角色,校驗成功後,序列化類來幫你入庫 book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(instance=old_book_obj, data=request_data, partial=False) book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) # 校驗經過,完成數據的更新:要更新的目標,用來更新的新數據 book_obj = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data })
# 重點:ListSerializer與ModelSerializer創建關聯的是: # ModelSerializer的Meta類的 - list_serializer_class class V2BookListSerializer(ListSerializer): def update(self, instance, validated_data): # print(instance) # 要更新的對象們 # print(validated_data) # 更新的對象對應的數據們 # print(self.child) # 服務的模型序列化類 - V2BookModelSerializer for index, obj in enumerate(instance): self.child.update(obj, validated_data[index]) return instance # 原模型序列化類變化 class V2BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: # ... # 羣改,須要設置 自定義ListSerializer,重寫羣改的 update 方法 list_serializer_class = V2BookListSerializer # ...
class V2Book(APIView): # 單局部改:對 v2/books/(pk)/ 傳的數據,數據字段key都是選填 # 羣局部改:對 v2/books/ # 請求數據 - [{pk:1, name:123}, {pk:3, price:7}, {pk:7, publish:2}] def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): request_data = request.data pk = kwargs.get('pk') # 將單改,羣改的數據都格式化成 pks=[要須要的對象主鍵標識] | request_data=[每一個要修改的對象對應的修改數據] if pk and isinstance(request_data, dict): # 單改 pks = [pk, ] request_data = [request_data, ] elif not pk and isinstance(request_data, list): # 羣改 pks = [] for dic in request_data: # 遍歷前臺數據[{pk:1, name:123}, {pk:3, price:7}, {pk:7, publish:2}],拿一個個字典 pk = dic.pop('pk', None) if pk: pks.append(pk) else: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '數據有誤', }) else: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '數據有誤', }) # pks與request_data數據篩選, # 1)將pks中的沒有對應數據的pk與數據已刪除的pk移除,request_data對應索引位上的數據也移除 # 2)將合理的pks轉換爲 objs objs = [] new_request_data = [] for index, pk in enumerate(pks): try: # pk對應的數據合理,將合理的對象存儲 obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk) objs.append(obj) # 對應索引的數據就須要保存下來 new_request_data.append(request_data[index]) except: # 重點:反面教程 - pk對應的數據有誤,將對應索引的data中request_data中移除 # index = pks.index(pk) # request_data.pop(index) continue book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(instance=objs, data=new_request_data, partial=True, many=True) book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_objs = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_objs, many=True).data })
1)在視圖類中實例化序列化對象時,能夠設置context內容 2)在序列化類中的局部鉤子、全局鉤子、create、update方法中,均可以用self.context訪問視圖類傳遞過來的內容 需求: 1) 在視圖類中,能夠經過request獲得登錄用戶request.user 2) 在序列化類中,要完成數據庫數據的校驗與入庫操做,可能會須要知道當前的登錄用戶,但序列化類沒法訪問request 3) 在視圖類中實例化序列化對象時,將request對象傳遞進去
class Book(APIView): def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(data=request_data,context={'request':request}) book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_result = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_result).data })
class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Book fields = ('name', 'price') def validate_name(self, value): print(self.context.get('request').method) return value