Spring5帶來了新的響應式web開發框架WebFlux,同時,也引入了新的HttpClient框架WebClient。WebClient是Spring5中引入的執行 HTTP 請求的非阻塞、反應式客戶端。它對同步和異步以及流方案都有很好的支持,WebClient發佈後,RestTemplate將在未來版本中棄用,而且不會向前添加主要新功能。css
WebClient是一個功能完善的Http請求客戶端,與RestTemplate相比,WebClient支持如下內容:html
Spring5的WebClient客戶端和WebFlux服務器都依賴於相同的非阻塞編解碼器來編碼和解碼請求和響應內容。默認底層使用Netty,內置支持Jetty反應性HttpClient實現。同時,也能夠經過編碼的方式實現ClientHttpConnector接口自定義新的底層庫;如切換Jetty實現:react
WebClient.builder()
.clientConnector(new JettyClientHttpConnector())
.build();
WebClient實例構造器能夠設置一些基礎的全局的web請求配置信息,好比默認的cookie、header、baseUrl等web
WebClient.builder()
.defaultCookie("test","t1")
.defaultUriVariables(ImmutableMap.of("name","kl"))
.defaultHeader("header","kl")
.defaultHeaders(httpHeaders -> {
httpHeaders.add("header1","kl");
httpHeaders.add("header2","kl");
})
.defaultCookies(cookie ->{
cookie.add("cookie1","kl");
cookie.add("cookie2","kl");
})
.baseUrl("http://www.kailing.pub")
.build();
經過定製Netty底層庫,能夠配置SSl安全鏈接,以及請求超時,讀寫超時等。這裏須要注意一個問題,默認的鏈接池最大鏈接500。獲取鏈接超時默認是45000ms,你能夠配置成動態的鏈接池,就能夠突破這些默認配置,也能夠根據業務本身制定。包括Netty的select線程和工做線程也均可以本身設置。spring
//配置動態鏈接池 //ConnectionProvider provider = ConnectionProvider.elastic("elastic pool"); //配置固定大小鏈接池,如最大鏈接數、鏈接獲取超時、空閒鏈接死亡時間等 ConnectionProvider provider = ConnectionProvider.fixed("fixed", 45, 4000, Duration.ofSeconds(6)); HttpClient httpClient = HttpClient.create(provider) .secure(sslContextSpec -> { SslContextBuilder sslContextBuilder = SslContextBuilder.forClient() .trustManager(new File("E://server.truststore")); sslContextSpec.sslContext(sslContextBuilder); }).tcpConfiguration(tcpClient -> { //指定Netty的select 和 work線程數量 LoopResources loop = LoopResources.create("kl-event-loop", 1, 4, true); return tcpClient.doOnConnected(connection -> { //讀寫超時設置 connection.addHandlerLast(new ReadTimeoutHandler(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) .addHandlerLast(new WriteTimeoutHandler(10)); }) //鏈接超時設置 .option(ChannelOption.CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MILLIS, 10000) .option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true) .runOn(loop); });
WebClient.builder() .clientConnector(new ReactorClientHttpConnector(httpClient)) .build();
針對特定的數據交互格式,能夠設置自定義編解碼的模式,以下:segmentfault
ExchangeStrategies strategies = ExchangeStrategies.builder() .codecs(configurer -> { configurer.customCodecs().decoder(new Jackson2JsonDecoder()); configurer.customCodecs().encoder(new Jackson2JsonEncoder()); }) .build(); WebClient.builder() .exchangeStrategies(strategies) .build();
uri構造時支持屬性佔位符,真實參數在入參時排序好就能夠。同時能夠經過accept設置媒體類型,以及編碼。最終的結果值是經過Mono和Flux來接收的,在subscribe方法中訂閱返回值。安全
WebClient client = WebClient.create("http://www.kailing.pub"); Mono<String> result = client.get() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 256) .acceptCharset(StandardCharsets.UTF_8) .accept(MediaType.TEXT_HTML) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class); result.subscribe(System.err::println);
若是須要攜帶複雜的查詢參數,能夠經過UriComponentsBuilder構造出uri請求地址,如:服務器
//定義query參數 MultiValueMap<String, String> params = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>(); params.add("name", "kl"); params.add("age", "19"); //定義url參數 Map<String, Object> uriVariables = new HashMap<>(); uriVariables.put("id", 200); String uri = UriComponentsBuilder.fromUriString("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html")
下載文件時,由於不清楚各類格式文件對應的MIME Type,能夠設置accept爲MediaType.ALL,而後使用Spring的Resource來接收數據便可,如:websocket
WebClient.create("https://kk-open-public.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/xxx.xlsx") .get() .accept(MediaType.ALL) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(Resource.class) .subscribe(resource -> { try { File file = new File("E://abcd.xlsx"); FileCopyUtils.copy(StreamUtils.copyToByteArray(resource.getInputStream()), file); }catch (IOException ex){} });
post請求示例演示了一個比較複雜的場景,同時包含表單參數和文件流數據。若是是普通post請求,直接經過bodyValue設置對象實例便可。不用FormInserter構造。cookie
WebClient client = WebClient.create("http://www.kailing.pub"); FormInserter formInserter = fromMultipartData("name","kl") .with("age",19) .with("map",ImmutableMap.of("xx","xx")) .with("file",new File("E://xxx.doc")); Mono<String> result = client.post() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 256) .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) .body(formInserter) //.bodyValue(ImmutableMap.of("name","kl")) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class); result.subscribe(System.err::println);
上面演示的都是異步的經過mono的subscribe訂閱響應值。固然,若是你想同步阻塞獲取結果,也能夠經過.block()阻塞當前線程獲取返回值。
WebClient client = WebClient.create("http://www.kailing.pub"); String result = client .get() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 256) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class) .block(); System.err.println(result);
可是,若是須要進行多個調用,則更高效地方式是避免單獨阻塞每一個響應,而是等待組合結果,如:
WebClient client = WebClient.create("http://www.kailing.pub"); Mono<String> result1Mono = client .get() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 255) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class); Mono<String> result2Mono = client .get() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 254) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class); Map<String,String> map = Mono.zip(result1Mono, result2Mono, (result1, result2) -> { Map<String, String> arrayList = new HashMap<>(); arrayList.put("result1", result1); arrayList.put("result2", result2); return arrayList; }).block(); System.err.println(map.toString());
能夠經過設置filter攔截器,統一修改攔截請求,好比認證的場景,以下示例,filter註冊單個攔截器,filters能夠註冊多個攔截器,basicAuthentication是系統內置的用於basicAuth的攔截器,limitResponseSize是系統內置用於限制響值byte大小的攔截器
WebClient.builder() .baseUrl("http://www.kailing.pub") .filter((request, next) -> { ClientRequest filtered = ClientRequest.from(request) .header("foo", "bar") .build(); return next.exchange(filtered); }) .filters(filters ->{ filters.add(ExchangeFilterFunctions.basicAuthentication("username","password")); filters.add(ExchangeFilterFunctions.limitResponseSize(800)); }) .build().get() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 254) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class) .subscribe(System.err::println);
WebClient不支持websocket請求,請求websocket接口時須要使用WebSocketClient,如:
WebSocketClient client = new ReactorNettyWebSocketClient(); URI url = new URI("ws://localhost:8080/path"); client.execute(url, session -> session.receive() .doOnNext(System.out::println) .then() );
原文連接:https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000021133071