Decentralized Autonomous Organization,簡稱DAO,以太坊中重要的概念。通常翻譯爲去中心化的自治組織。php
有時候,時間也能夠用做一種很好的安全機制。如下代碼基於DAO區塊鏈大會,但有不一樣的變化。不是每一個操做須要X個成員批准,而是任何交易均可以由單個成員發起,但它們在執行以前都須要最少的延遲,這取決於交易的支持。提案的批准越多,就越早執行。會員能夠對交易進行投票,這意味着它將取消其餘一個已批准的簽名。java
這意味着若是你沒有緊急程度,則執行任何交易可能只須要一個或兩個簽名。可是,若是單個密鑰被泄露,其餘密鑰能夠將該交易延遲數月或數年,甚至能夠阻止其執行。node
全部密鑰都已批准的交易能夠在十分鐘後執行(此金額是可配置的),而且每5%未投票的成員每次須要的時間加倍(若是他們主動投票,則爲四倍)反對)。若是它是一個簡單的ether交易,只要支持投票將其置於所需的時間內,就會執行交易,但更復雜的交易將要求使用正確的字節碼手動執行交易。這些是默認值,但在建立合約時能夠設置不一樣的值:python
批准交易的成員數量:近似時間延遲android
代碼:程序員
pragma solidity >=0.4.22 <0.6.0; contract owned { address public owner; constructor() public { owner = msg.sender; } modifier onlyOwner { require(msg.sender == owner); _; } function transferOwnership(address newOwner) onlyOwner public { owner = newOwner; } } contract tokenRecipient { event receivedEther(address sender, uint amount); event receivedTokens(address _from, uint256 _value, address _token, bytes _extraData); function receiveApproval(address _from, uint256 _value, address _token, bytes memory _extraData) public { Token t = Token(_token); require(t.transferFrom(_from, address(this), _value)); emit receivedTokens(_from, _value, _token, _extraData); } function () payable external { emit receivedEther(msg.sender, msg.value); } } interface Token { function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) external returns (bool success); } contract TimeLockMultisig is owned, tokenRecipient { Proposal[] public proposals; uint public numProposals; mapping (address => uint) public memberId; Member[] public members; uint minimumTime = 10; event ProposalAdded(uint proposalID, address recipient, uint amount, string description); event Voted(uint proposalID, bool position, address voter, string justification); event ProposalExecuted(uint proposalID, int result, uint deadline); event MembershipChanged(address member, bool isMember); struct Proposal { address recipient; uint amount; string description; bool executed; int currentResult; bytes32 proposalHash; uint creationDate; Vote[] votes; mapping (address => bool) voted; } struct Member { address member; string name; uint memberSince; } struct Vote { bool inSupport; address voter; string justification; } // Modifier that allows only shareholders to vote and create new proposals modifier onlyMembers { require(memberId[msg.sender] != 0); _; } /** * Constructor * * First time setup */ constructor( address founder, address[] memory initialMembers, uint minimumAmountOfMinutes ) payable public { if (founder != address(0)) owner = founder; if (minimumAmountOfMinutes !=0) minimumTime = minimumAmountOfMinutes; // It’s necessary to add an empty first member addMember(address(0), ''); // and let's add the founder, to save a step later addMember(owner, 'founder'); changeMembers(initialMembers, true); } /** * Add member * * @param targetMember address to add as a member * @param memberName label to give this member address */ function addMember(address targetMember, string memory memberName) onlyOwner public { uint id; if (memberId[targetMember] == 0) { memberId[targetMember] = members.length; id = members.length++; } else { id = memberId[targetMember]; } members[id] = Member({member: targetMember, memberSince: now, name: memberName}); emit MembershipChanged(targetMember, true); } /** * Remove member * * @param targetMember the member to remove */ function removeMember(address targetMember) onlyOwner public { require(memberId[targetMember] != 0); for (uint i = memberId[targetMember]; i<members.length-1; i++){ members[i] = members[i+1]; memberId[members[i].member] = i; } memberId[targetMember] = 0; delete members[members.length-1]; members.length--; } /** * Edit existing members * * @param newMembers array of addresses to update * @param canVote new voting value that all the values should be set to */ function changeMembers(address[] memory newMembers, bool canVote) public { for (uint i = 0; i < newMembers.length; i++) { if (canVote) addMember(newMembers[i], ''); else removeMember(newMembers[i]); } } /** * Add Proposal * * Propose to send `weiAmount / 1e18` ether to `beneficiary` for `jobDescription`. `transactionBytecode ? Contains : Does not contain` code. * * @param beneficiary who to send the ether to * @param weiAmount amount of ether to send, in wei * @param jobDescription Description of job * @param transactionBytecode bytecode of transaction */ function newProposal( address beneficiary, uint weiAmount, string memory jobDescription, bytes memory transactionBytecode ) onlyMembers public returns (uint proposalID) { proposalID = proposals.length++; Proposal storage p = proposals[proposalID]; p.recipient = beneficiary; p.amount = weiAmount; p.description = jobDescription; p.proposalHash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(beneficiary, weiAmount, transactionBytecode)); p.executed = false; p.creationDate = now; emit ProposalAdded(proposalID, beneficiary, weiAmount, jobDescription); numProposals = proposalID+1; vote(proposalID, true, ''); return proposalID; } /** * Add proposal in Ether * * Propose to send `etherAmount` ether to `beneficiary` for `jobDescription`. `transactionBytecode ? Contains : Does not contain` code. * This is a convenience function to use if the amount to be given is in round number of ether units. * * @param beneficiary who to send the ether to * @param etherAmount amount of ether to send * @param jobDescription Description of job * @param transactionBytecode bytecode of transaction */ function newProposalInEther( address beneficiary, uint etherAmount, string memory jobDescription, bytes memory transactionBytecode ) onlyMembers public returns (uint proposalID) { return newProposal(beneficiary, etherAmount * 1 ether, jobDescription, transactionBytecode); } /** * Check if a proposal code matches * * @param proposalNumber ID number of the proposal to query * @param beneficiary who to send the ether to * @param weiAmount amount of ether to send * @param transactionBytecode bytecode of transaction */ function checkProposalCode( uint proposalNumber, address beneficiary, uint weiAmount, bytes memory transactionBytecode ) view public returns (bool codeChecksOut) { Proposal storage p = proposals[proposalNumber]; return p.proposalHash == keccak256(abi.encodePacked(beneficiary, weiAmount, transactionBytecode)); } /** * Log a vote for a proposal * * Vote `supportsProposal? in support of : against` proposal #`proposalNumber` * * @param proposalNumber number of proposal * @param supportsProposal either in favor or against it * @param justificationText optional justification text */ function vote( uint proposalNumber, bool supportsProposal, string memory justificationText ) onlyMembers public { Proposal storage p = proposals[proposalNumber]; // Get the proposal require(p.voted[msg.sender] != true); // If has already voted, cancel p.voted[msg.sender] = true; // Set this voter as having voted if (supportsProposal) { // If they support the proposal p.currentResult++; // Increase score } else { // If they don't p.currentResult--; // Decrease the score } // Create a log of this event emit Voted(proposalNumber, supportsProposal, msg.sender, justificationText); // If you can execute it now, do it if ( now > proposalDeadline(proposalNumber) && p.currentResult > 0 && p.proposalHash == keccak256(abi.encodePacked(p.recipient, p.amount, '')) && supportsProposal) { executeProposal(proposalNumber, ''); } } function proposalDeadline(uint proposalNumber) public view returns(uint deadline) { Proposal storage p = proposals[proposalNumber]; uint factor = calculateFactor(uint(p.currentResult), (members.length - 1)); return p.creationDate + uint(factor * minimumTime * 1 minutes); } function calculateFactor(uint a, uint b) public pure returns (uint factor) { return 2**(20 - (20 * a)/b); } /** * Finish vote * * Count the votes proposal #`proposalNumber` and execute it if approved * * @param proposalNumber proposal number * @param transactionBytecode optional: if the transaction contained a bytecode, you need to send it */ function executeProposal(uint proposalNumber, bytes memory transactionBytecode) public { Proposal storage p = proposals[proposalNumber]; require(now >= proposalDeadline(proposalNumber) // If it is past the voting deadline && p.currentResult > 0 // and a minimum quorum has been reached && !p.executed // and it is not currently being executed && checkProposalCode(proposalNumber, p.recipient, p.amount, transactionBytecode)); // and the supplied code matches the proposal... p.executed = true; (bool success, ) = p.recipient.call.value(p.amount)(transactionBytecode); require(success); // Fire Events emit ProposalExecuted(proposalNumber, p.currentResult, proposalDeadline(proposalNumber)); } }
像之前同樣在這些教程上部署該代碼。在部署參數上,將最小時間留空將默認爲30分鐘,若是你想要更快的鎖定時間,則放1分鐘。上傳後,執行「添加成員」功能以添加組的新成員,他們能夠是你認識的其餘人,也能夠是不一樣計算機上的賬戶或離線存儲。web
設置爲全部者owner的賬戶很是強大,由於它能夠隨意添加或刪除成員。所以,在添加主成員後,咱們建議你經過執行Transfer Membership
功能將owner
設置爲另外一個賬戶。若是你但願對全部成員的添加或刪除進行投票,則將其設置爲multisig自己,就像任何其餘交易同樣。另外一種方法是將其設置爲另外一個受信任的multisig
錢包,若是你但願永久修復成員數,則能夠設置爲0x000。請記住,此合約上的資金僅與「全部者」賬戶同樣安全。mongodb
與上述任何DAO同樣,此合約能夠持有以太幣,任何基於以太坊的代幣並執行任何合約。爲此,請檢查如何在國會DAO上執行復雜的提案。編程
爲簡單起見,對提案的投票僅僅算得少一點支持。若是你願意,你能夠玩弄負面投票更重要的想法,但這意味着少數成員能夠對任何提議的交易擁有有效的否決權!安全
你怎麼能改善這個合約?
你已經到了本教程的末尾,但這只是一次偉大冒險的開始。回顧一下,看看你取得了多少成就:你創造了一個活生生的,有說服力的機器人,你本身的加密貨幣,經過無信息的衆籌籌集資金,並用它來啓動你本身的我的民主組織。
接下來會發生什麼?
這一切都意味着你創造的這個小社會能夠成長,從第三方得到資金,支付常常性工資,擁有任何類型的加密資產,甚至使用衆籌爲其活動提供資金。全部這些都具備徹底透明,徹底的問責制和徹底免受任何人爲干擾。當網絡存在時,合約將徹底執行它們被建立的代碼,而沒有任何例外,永遠執行。
那麼你的合約是什麼?它會是一個國家,一個公司,一個非營利組織嗎?你的代碼會作什麼?
隨你,由你決定。
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- tendermint區塊鏈開發詳解,本課程適合但願使用tendermint進行區塊鏈開發的工程師,課程內容即包括tendermint應用開發模型中的核心概念,例如ABCI接口、默克爾樹、多版本狀態庫等,也包括代幣發行等豐富的實操代碼,是go語言工程師快速入門區塊鏈開發的最佳選擇。
匯智網原創翻譯,轉載請標明出處。這裏是原文以太坊DAO之時間鎖定的Multisig