一:理論部分。java
1.泛型程序設計意味着編寫的代碼能夠被不少不一樣類型的對象所重用。編程
1)泛型(參數化類型):在定義類、接口和方法時,經過類型參數指示將要處理的對象類型。如ArrayList類是一個泛型程序設計的實例,能夠彙集任何類型的對象。數組
2)泛型類:就是具備一個或多個類型變量的類,即建立用類型做爲參數的類。在<>內定義形式類型參數,該形參表示類型而不表示值。安全
泛型類能夠有多個類型變量,例如:public class Pair<T, U>dom
類定義中的類型變量用於指定方法的返回類型以及域、局部變量的類型。性能
3)泛型方法:除了泛型類外,還能夠只單獨定義一個方法做爲泛型方法,用於指定方法參數或者返回值爲泛型類型,在方法調用時肯定具體須要。(泛型方法能夠聲明在泛型類中,也能夠聲明在普通類中)學習
4)泛型變量的限定:a.泛型變量的上界:如<T extends Number>(extends關鍵字所聲明的上界既能夠是一個類,也能夠是一個接口,extends並不表明繼承,它是類型範圍限制。)測試
b.泛型變量的上界:如<? super CashCard>(經過使用super關鍵字能夠固定泛型參數的類型爲某種類型或者其超類當程序但願爲一個方法的參數限定類型時,一般可使用下限通配符)this
2.泛型類的約束與侷限性。spa
1)不能用基本類型(如int型,float型等)實例化類型參數
2)運行時類型查詢只適用於原始類型
3)不能拋出也不能捕獲泛型類實例
4)參數化類型的數組不合法
5)不能實例化類型變量
6)泛型類的靜態上下文中類型變量無效
7)注意擦除後的衝突
3.泛型類型的繼承規則:Java中的數組是協變的,但這一原理不適用於泛型類型。
泛型類可擴展或實現其它的泛型類。
4.通配符:「?」符號代表參數的類型能夠是任何一種類型,而T表示一種未知類型。
通配符的通常用法:a.?:用於表示任何類型;
b.? extends type,表示帶有上界;
c.? super type,表示帶有下界。
二:實驗部分。
1、實驗目的與要求
(1) 理解泛型概念;
(2) 掌握泛型類的定義與使用;
(3) 掌握泛型方法的聲明與使用;
(4) 掌握泛型接口的定義與實現;
(5)瞭解泛型程序設計,理解其用途。
2、實驗內容和步驟
實驗1: 導入第8章示例程序,測試程序並進行代碼註釋。
測試程序1:
l 編輯、調試、運行教材3十一、312頁 代碼,結合程序運行結果理解程序;
l 在泛型類定義及使用代碼處添加註釋;
l 掌握泛型類的定義及使用。
程序以下:
/** * @version 1.01 2012-01-26 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class PairTest1 { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] words = { "Mary", "had", "a", "little", "lamb" };//初始化一個String對象數組 Pair<String> mm = ArrayAlg.minmax(words);//一對字符串:min,max System.out.println("min = " + mm.getFirst()); System.out.println("max = " + mm.getSecond()); } } class ArrayAlg { /** * Gets the minimum and maximum of an array of strings. * @param a an array of strings * @return a pair with the min and max value, or null if a is null or empty */ public static Pair<String> minmax(String[] a)//普通方法,定義minmax爲字符串類型 { if (a == null || a.length == 0) return null; String min = a[0]; String max = a[0]; //將元素的泛型具體聲明 for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++)//length:數組屬性值 { if (min.compareTo(a[i]) > 0) min = a[i]; if (max.compareTo(a[i]) < 0) max = a[i]; }//實現字符串比較大小 return new Pair<>(min, max); } }
/** * @version 1.00 2004-05-10 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Pair<T>//類型變量(放在類名後面) { private T first; private T second; public Pair() { first = null; second = null; } public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first; this.second = second; } public T getFirst() { return first; } public T getSecond() { return second; } public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; } public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; } }
程序運行結果以下:
測試程序2:
l 編輯、調試運行教材315頁 PairTest2,結合程序運行結果理解程序;
l 在泛型程序設計代碼處添加相關注釋;
l 掌握泛型方法、泛型變量限定的定義及用途。
程序以下:
import java.time.*; /** * @version 1.02 2015-06-21 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class PairTest2 { public static void main(String[] args) { LocalDate[] birthdays = { LocalDate.of(1906, 12, 9), // G. Hopper LocalDate.of(1815, 12, 10), // A. Lovelace LocalDate.of(1903, 12, 3), // J. von Neumann LocalDate.of(1910, 6, 22), // K. Zuse }; Pair<LocalDate> mm = ArrayAlg.minmax(birthdays); System.out.println("min = " + mm.getFirst()); System.out.println("max = " + mm.getSecond()); } } class ArrayAlg { /** Gets the minimum and maximum of an array of objects of type T. @param a an array of objects of type T @return a pair with the min and max value, or null if a is null or empty */ public static <T extends Comparable> Pair<T> minmax(T[] a) //泛型方法(comparable是T的上界約束) { if (a == null || a.length == 0) return null; T min = a[0]; T max = a[0];//min和max與T的類型一致 for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) { if (min.compareTo(a[i]) > 0) min = a[i]; if (max.compareTo(a[i]) < 0) max = a[i]; } return new Pair<>(min, max); } }
/** * @version 1.00 2004-05-10 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Pair<T> //類型變量 { private T first; private T second; public Pair() { first = null; second = null; } public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first; this.second = second; } public T getFirst() { return first; } public T getSecond() { return second; } public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; } public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; } }
程序運行結果以下:
測試程序3:
l 用調試運行教材335頁 PairTest3,結合程序運行結果理解程序;
l 瞭解通配符類型的定義及用途。
程序以下:
/** * @version 1.01 2012-01-26 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class PairTest3 { public static void main(String[] args) { Manager ceo = new Manager("Gus Greedy", 800000, 2003, 12, 15); Manager cfo = new Manager("Sid Sneaky", 600000, 2003, 12, 15); Pair<Manager> buddies = new Pair<>(ceo, cfo); printBuddies(buddies); ceo.setBonus(1000000); cfo.setBonus(500000); Manager[] managers = { ceo, cfo }; Pair<Employee> result = new Pair<>(); minmaxBonus(managers, result); System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName() + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName()); maxminBonus(managers, result); System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName() + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName()); } public static void printBuddies(Pair<? extends Employee> p)//通配符類型(帶有上界)extends關鍵字所聲明的上界既能夠是一個類,也能夠是一個接口。 { Employee first = p.getFirst(); Employee second = p.getSecond(); System.out.println(first.getName() + " and " + second.getName() + " are buddies."); } public static void minmaxBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result)//通配符類型(帶有下界)必須是Manager的子類 { if (a.length == 0) return; Manager min = a[0]; Manager max = a[0]; for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) { if (min.getBonus() > a[i].getBonus()) min = a[i]; if (max.getBonus() < a[i].getBonus()) max = a[i]; }//比較大小值 result.setFirst(min); result.setSecond(max); } public static void maxminBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result)//通配符類型(帶有下界) { minmaxBonus(a, result); PairAlg.swapHelper(result); //swapHelper捕獲通配符類型 } //沒法編寫公共靜態< T超級管理器> } class PairAlg { public static boolean hasNulls(Pair<?> p)//經過將hasNulls轉換成泛型方法,避免使用通配符類型 { return p.getFirst() == null || p.getSecond() == null; } public static void swap(Pair<?> p) { swapHelper(p); } public static <T> void swapHelper(Pair<T> p)//使用輔助方法swapHelper(泛型方法),以在交換時臨時保存第一個元素 { T t = p.getFirst(); p.setFirst(p.getSecond()); p.setSecond(t); } }
/** * @version 1.00 2004-05-10 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Pair<T> { private T first; private T second; //T是未知類型,不表明值 public Pair() { first = null; second = null; } public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first; this.second = second; } public T getFirst() { return first; } public T getSecond() { return second; } public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; } public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; } }
import java.time.*; public class Employee//用戶自定義類 { private String name; private double salary; private LocalDate hireDay; public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) { this.name = name; this.salary = salary; hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day); } public String getName() { return name; } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public LocalDate getHireDay() { return hireDay; } public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = salary * byPercent / 100; salary += raise; } }
public class Manager extends Employee//繼承類 { private double bonus; /** @param name the employee's name @param salary the salary @param year the hire year @param month the hire month @param day the hire day */ public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) { super(name, salary, year, month, day); bonus = 0; } public double getSalary() { double baseSalary = super.getSalary(); return baseSalary + bonus; } public void setBonus(double b) { bonus = b; } public double getBonus() { return bonus; } }
程序運行結果以下:
實驗2:編程練習:
編程練習1:實驗九編程題總結
l 實驗九編程練習1總結(從程序整體結構說明、模塊說明,目前程序設計存在的困難與問題三個方面闡述)。
程序整體結構:定義了一個主類Test,一個接口。
模塊:
import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Scanner; public class Test{ private static ArrayList<Person> Personlist1; public static void main(String[] args) { Personlist1 = new ArrayList<>(); Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); File file = new File("C:\\Users\\lenovo\\Documents\\身份證"); try { FileInputStream F = new FileInputStream(file); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(F)); String temp = null; while ((temp = in.readLine()) != null) { Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp); linescanner.useDelimiter(" "); String name = linescanner.next(); String id = linescanner.next(); String sex = linescanner.next(); String age = linescanner.next(); String place =linescanner.nextLine(); Person Person = new Person(); Person.setname(name); Person.setid(id); Person.setsex(sex); int a = Integer.parseInt(age); Person.setage(a); Person.setbirthplace(place); Personlist1.add(Person); } } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("查找不到信息"); e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("信息讀取有誤"); e.printStackTrace(); } boolean isTrue = true; while (isTrue) { System.out.println("1:按姓名字典序輸出人員信息;"); System.out.println("2:查詢最大年齡與最小年齡人員信息;"); System.out.println("3.輸入你的年齡,查詢身份證號.txt中年齡與你最近人的姓名、身份證號、年齡、性別和出生地"); System.out.println("4:按省份找你的同鄉;"); System.out.println("5:退出"); int type = scanner.nextInt(); switch (type) { case 1: Collections.sort(Personlist1); System.out.println(Personlist1.toString()); break; case 2: int max=0,min=100;int j,k1 = 0,k2=0; for(int i=1;i<Personlist1.size();i++) { j=Personlist1.get(i).getage(); if(j>max) { max=j; k1=i; } if(j<min) { min=j; k2=i; } } System.out.println("年齡最大:"+Personlist1.get(k1)); System.out.println("年齡最小:"+Personlist1.get(k2)); break; case 3: System.out.println("place?"); String find = scanner.next(); String place=find.substring(0,3); String place2=find.substring(0,3); for (int i = 0; i <Personlist1.size(); i++) { if(Personlist1.get(i).getbirthplace().substring(1,4).equals(place)) { System.out.println("你的同鄉:"+Personlist1.get(i)); } } break; case 4: System.out.println("年齡:"); int yourage = scanner.nextInt(); int close=ageclose(yourage); int d_value=yourage-Personlist1.get(close).getage(); System.out.println(""+Personlist1.get(close)); break; case 5: isTrue = false; System.out.println("再見!"); break; default: System.out.println("輸入有誤"); } } } public static int ageclose(int age) { int m=0; int max=53; int d_value=0; int k=0; for (int i = 0; i < Personlist1.size(); i++) { d_value=Personlist1.get(i).getage()-age; if(d_value<0) d_value=-d_value; if (d_value<max) { max=d_value; k=i; } } return k; } }
public class Person implements Comparable<Person> { private String name; private String id; private int age; private String sex; private String birthplace; public String getname() { return name; } public void setname(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getid() { return id; } public void setid(String id) { this.id= id; } public int getage() { return age; } public void setage(int age) { // int a = Integer.parseInt(age); this.age= age; } public String getsex() { return sex; } public void setsex(String sex) { this.sex= sex; } public String getbirthplace() { return birthplace; } public void setbirthplace(String birthplace) { this.birthplace= birthplace; } public int compareTo(Person o) { return this.name.compareTo(o.getname()); } public String toString() { return name+"\t"+sex+"\t"+age+"\t"+id+"\t"; } }
目前程序設計存在的困難與問題:
1)對一些知識理解不到位,不能很好地將理論知識應用到程序編寫中。
2)當程序中處出現異常時,處理方式最多隻能應用拋出異常這種消極方式。
3)分不清如何使用字符流和字節流。
l 實驗九編程練習2總結(從程序整體結構說明、模塊說明,目前程序設計存在的困難與問題三個方面闡述)。
程序整體結構:一個主類Demo,一個用戶自定義類Number
模塊:
import java.util.Scanner; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.util.Random; public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); Number counter = new Number(); PrintWriter out = null; try { out = new PrintWriter("text.txt"); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { int a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int m = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 3); Random n = new Random(); switch (m) { case 0: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "/" + b + "="); while (b == 0) { b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } int c = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "/" + b + "=" + c); if (c == counter.division(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("恭喜答案正確"); } else { System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤"); } break; case 1: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "*" + b + "="); int c1 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "*" + b + "=" + c1); if (c1 == counter.multiplication(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("恭喜答案正確"); } else { System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤"); } break; case 2: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "+" + b + "="); int c2 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "+" + b + "=" + c2); if (c2 == counter.add(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("恭喜答案正確"); } else { System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤"); } break; case 3: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "-" + b + "="); int c3 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "-" + b + "=" + c3); if (c3 == counter.reduce(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("恭喜答案正確"); } else { System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤"); } break; } } System.out.println("成績" + sum); out.println("成績:" + sum); out.close(); } }
public class Number { private int a; private int b; public int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } public int reduce(int a, int b) { return a - b; } public int multiplication(int a, int b) { return a * b; } public int division(int a, int b) { if (b != 0) return a / b; else return 0; } }
目前程序設計存在的困難與問題:
1)沒有考慮到除法運算中運算結果爲小數小數以及除數爲0的狀況。
2)找不到文件保存路徑,只能經過電腦搜索得到,對文件的理解還不到位。
3)對異常的調試還存在很大的問題。
編程練習2:採用泛型程序設計技術改進實驗九編程練習2,使之可處理實數四則運算,其餘要求不變。
程序以下:
package Demo; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.util.Random; import java.util.Scanner; public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); Number counter = new Number(); PrintWriter out = null; try { out = new PrintWriter("test.txt"); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("Error!"); e.printStackTrace(); } int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { int a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int m; Random rand = new Random(); m = (int) rand.nextInt(4) + 1; switch (m) { case 1: a = b + (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); while(b == 0){ b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } while(a % b != 0){ a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } //a大於b,a%b爲0(保證能整除) System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "/" + b + "="); int c0 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "/" + b + "=" + c0); if (c0 == counter.division(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("恭喜答案正確!"); } else { System.out.println("抱歉答案錯誤!"); } break; case 2: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "*" + b + "="); int c = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "*" + b + "=" + c); if (c == counter.multiplication(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("恭喜答案正確!"); } else { System.out.println("抱歉答案錯誤!"); } break; case 3: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "+" + b + "="); int c1 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "+" + b + "=" + c1); if (c1 == counter.add(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("恭喜答案正確!"); } else { System.out.println("抱歉答案錯誤!"); } break; case 4: while (a < b) { b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } //若a<b,則從新生成b(避免出現負數) System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "-" + b + "="); int c2 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "-" + b + "=" + c2); if (c2 == counter.reduce(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("恭喜答案正確!"); } else { System.out.println("抱歉答案錯誤!"); } break; } } System.out.println("成績" + sum); out.println("成績:" + sum); out.close(); } }
package Demo; public class Number<T> { private T a; private T b; public Number() { a = null; b = null; } public Number(T a, T b) { this.a = a; this.b = b; } public int add(int a,int b) { return a + b; } public int reduce(int a, int b) { return a - b; } public int multiplication(int a, int b) { return a * b; } public int division(int a, int b) { if (b != 0 && a%b==0) return a / b; else return 0; } }
程序運行結果以下:
三:實驗總結。
這周主要學習了泛型程序,泛型類和泛型方法同時具有可重用性、類型安全和效率,泛型類不會強行對值類型進行裝箱和拆箱,或對引用類型進行向下強制類型轉換,因此是編程性能獲得提升。在學習理論課時,聽老師講泛型類不算特別難,但在實驗課上運行程序時,並非太理解程序,通過老師和學長的講解,對程序有了必定程度的理解,可是也只是基本能讀懂程序,在本身編程時,仍是有很大問題。在以後的學習中,我會多練習程序去了解這些知識,爭取可以獨立完整的編寫程序。