上一節,咱們一塊兒回顧了常見的文件系統和磁盤 I/O 性能指標,梳理了核心的 I/O 性能觀測工具,最後還總結了快速分析 I/O 性能問題的思路。ios
雖然 I/O 的性能指標不少,相應的性能分析工具也有好幾個,但理解了各類指標的含義後,你就會發現它們其實都有必定的關聯。算法
順着這些關係往下理解,你就會發現,掌握這些經常使用的瓶頸分析思路,其實並不難。找出了 I/O 的性能瓶頸後,下一步要作的就是優化了,也就是如何以最快的速度完成 I/Oubuntu
操做,或者換個思路,減小甚至避免磁盤的 I/O 操做。今天,我就來講說,優化 I/O 性能問題的思路和注意事項。緩存
按照個人習慣,優化以前,我會先問本身, I/O 性能優化的目標是什麼?換句話說,咱們觀察的這些 I/O 性能指標(好比 IOPS、吞吐量、延遲等),要達到多少才合適呢?性能優化
事實上,I/O 性能指標的具體標準,每一個人估計會有不一樣的答案,由於咱們每一個人的應用場景、使用的文件系統和物理磁盤等,都有可能不同。bash
爲了更客觀合理地評估優化效果,咱們首先應該對磁盤和文件系統進行基準測試,獲得文件系統或者磁盤 I/O 的極限性能。網絡
fio(Flexible I/O Tester)正是最經常使用的文件系統和磁盤 I/O 性能基準測試工具。它提供了大量的可定製化選項,能夠用來測試,裸盤或者文件系統在各類場景下的 I/O 性能,包
括了不一樣塊大小、不一樣 I/O 引擎以及是否使用緩存等場景。fio 的安裝比較簡單,你能夠執行下面的命令來安裝它:異步
# Ubuntu apt-get install -y fio root@luoahong:~# apt-get --fix-broken install E: dpkg was interrupted, you must manually run 'dpkg --configure -a' to correct the problem. root@luoahong:~# dpkg --purge fio dpkg: warning: ignoring request to remove fio which isn't installed root@luoahong:~# apt-get install -y fio Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree ...... Setting up fio (3.1-1) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1) ... W: APT had planned for dpkg to do more than it reported back (45 vs 49). Affected packages: man-db:amd64
安裝完成後,就能夠執行 man fio 查詢它的使用方法。
fio 的選項很是多, 我會經過幾個常見場景的測試方法,介紹一些最經常使用的選項。這些常見場景包括隨機讀、隨機寫、順序讀以及順序寫等,你能夠執行下面這些命令來測試:ionic
[root@luoahong ~]# fio -name=randread -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -rw=randread -ioengine=libaio -bs=4k -size=1G -numjobs=1 -runtime=1000 -group_reporting -filename=/dev/sda randread: (g=0): rw=randread, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=64 fio-3.1 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [r(1)][100.0%][r=5088KiB/s,w=0KiB/s][r=1272,w=0 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] randread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10300: Wed Sep 4 10:38:44 2019 read: IOPS=267, BW=1071KiB/s (1096kB/s)(1024MiB/979315msec) slat (nsec): min=1031, max=203759k, avg=50478.54, stdev=1172919.69 clat (usec): min=269, max=3218.8k, avg=239027.70, stdev=215031.80 lat (usec): min=485, max=3218.8k, avg=239079.19, stdev=215027.75 clat percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 20], 5.00th=[ 43], 10.00th=[ 61], 20.00th=[ 93], | 30.00th=[ 123], 40.00th=[ 153], 50.00th=[ 184], 60.00th=[ 222], | 70.00th=[ 271], 80.00th=[ 347], 90.00th=[ 477], 95.00th=[ 600], | 99.00th=[ 978], 99.50th=[ 1418], 99.90th=[ 2198], 99.95th=[ 2366], | 99.99th=[ 2567] bw ( KiB/s): min= 280, max= 4311, per=99.75%, avg=1067.32, stdev=326.74, samples=1958 iops : min= 70, max= 1077, avg=266.61, stdev=81.72, samples=1958 lat (usec) : 500=0.01%, 1000=0.01% lat (msec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.03%, 10=0.17%, 20=0.83%, 50=6.00% lat (msec) : 100=15.48%, 250=43.58%, 500=25.27%, 750=6.38%, 1000=1.31% lat (msec) : 2000=0.71%, >=2000=0.24% cpu : usr=0.38%, sys=2.65%, ctx=240149, majf=0, minf=72 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0% issued rwt: total=262144,0,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64 Run status group 0 (all jobs): READ: bw=1071KiB/s (1096kB/s), 1071KiB/s-1071KiB/s (1096kB/s-1096kB/s), io=1024MiB (1074MB), run=979315-979315msec Disk stats (read/write): sda: ios=259355/10, merge=2705/0, ticks=62083410/1783, in_queue=61955109, util=31.08%
[root@luoahong ~]# fio -name=randwrite -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -rw=randwrite -ioengine=libaio -bs=4k -size=1G -numjobs=1 -runtime=1000 -group_reporting -filename=/dev/sda randwrite: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=64 fio-3.1 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][100.0%][r=0KiB/s,w=1297KiB/s][r=0,w=324 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] randwrite: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10321: Wed Sep 4 10:57:01 2019 write: IOPS=229, BW=919KiB/s (941kB/s)(898MiB/1000356msec) slat (nsec): min=1569, max=151439k, avg=86390.77, stdev=641299.23 clat (usec): min=139, max=1949.7k, avg=278515.95, stdev=184461.72 lat (usec): min=1589, max=1949.7k, avg=278603.35, stdev=184431.97 clat percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 6], 5.00th=[ 16], 10.00th=[ 115], 20.00th=[ 161], | 30.00th=[ 192], 40.00th=[ 222], 50.00th=[ 249], 60.00th=[ 279], | 70.00th=[ 313], 80.00th=[ 355], 90.00th=[ 443], 95.00th=[ 693], | 99.00th=[ 978], 99.50th=[ 1053], 99.90th=[ 1267], 99.95th=[ 1385], | 99.99th=[ 1603] bw ( KiB/s): min= 7, max= 2272, per=100.00%, avg=943.44, stdev=339.01, samples=1945 iops : min= 1, max= 568, avg=235.59, stdev=84.83, samples=1945 lat (usec) : 250=0.01%, 1000=0.01% lat (msec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.24%, 10=2.62%, 20=3.00%, 50=1.09% lat (msec) : 100=1.28%, 250=42.03%, 500=42.14%, 750=3.40%, 1000=3.38% lat (msec) : 2000=0.82% cpu : usr=0.15%, sys=2.95%, ctx=132790, majf=0, minf=10 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0% issued rwt: total=0,229790,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=919KiB/s (941kB/s), 919KiB/s-919KiB/s (941kB/s-941kB/s), io=898MiB (941MB), run=1000356-1000356msec Disk stats (read/write): sda: ios=40/229428, merge=0/336, ticks=64/63397222, in_queue=63282052, util=19.13%
root@luoahong:~# fio -name=read -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -rw=read -ioengine=libaio -bs=4k -size=1G -numjobs=1 -runtime=1000 -group_reporting -filename=/dev/sda read: (g=0): rw=read, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=64 fio-3.1 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][100.0%][r=8513KiB/s,w=0KiB/s][r=2128,w=0 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] read: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=18581: Wed Sep 4 11:52:49 2019 read: IOPS=2327, BW=9308KiB/s (9531kB/s)(1024MiB/112653msec) slat (nsec): min=936, max=139761k, avg=414996.94, stdev=453643.64 clat (usec): min=379, max=192111, avg=27075.92, stdev=5001.29 lat (usec): min=806, max=192113, avg=27492.07, stdev=5029.24 clat percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 14], 5.00th=[ 24], 10.00th=[ 25], 20.00th=[ 26], | 30.00th=[ 27], 40.00th=[ 27], 50.00th=[ 28], 60.00th=[ 28], | 70.00th=[ 28], 80.00th=[ 29], 90.00th=[ 30], 95.00th=[ 31], | 99.00th=[ 36], 99.50th=[ 41], 99.90th=[ 91], 99.95th=[ 117], | 99.99th=[ 182] bw ( KiB/s): min= 6568, max=10376, per=99.81%, avg=9290.73, stdev=550.37, samples=225 iops : min= 1642, max= 2594, avg=2322.52, stdev=137.64, samples=225 lat (usec) : 500=0.01%, 1000=0.01% lat (msec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.46%, 20=2.02%, 50=97.24% lat (msec) : 100=0.18%, 250=0.07% cpu : usr=0.17%, sys=95.02%, ctx=44147, majf=0, minf=75 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0% issued rwt: total=262144,0,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64 Run status group 0 (all jobs): READ: bw=9308KiB/s (9531kB/s), 9308KiB/s-9308KiB/s (9531kB/s-9531kB/s), io=1024MiB (1074MB), run=112653-112653msec Disk stats (read/write): sda: ios=256744/7, merge=5167/7, ticks=245516/60, in_queue=245476, util=99.13% root@luoahong:~# [root@luoahong ~]# fio -name=randwrite -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -rw=randwrite -ioengine=libaio -bs=4k -size=1G -numjobs=1 -runtime=1000 -group_reporting -filename=/dev/sda iB/1000356msec) slat (nsec): min=1569, max=151439k, avg=86390.77, stdev=641299.23 clat (usec): min=139, max=1949.7k, avg=278515.95, stdev=184461.72 lat (usec): min=1589, max=1949.7k, avg=278603.35, stdev=184431.97 clat percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 6], 5.00th=[ 16], 10.00th=[ 115], 20.00th=[ 161], | 30.00th=[ 192], 40.00th=[ 222], 50.00th=[ 249], 60.00th=[ 279], | 70.00th=[ 313], 80.00th=[ 355], 90.00th=[ 443], 95.00th=[ 693], | 99.00th=[ 978], 99.50th=[ 1053], 99.90th=[ 1267], 99.95th=[ 1385], | 99.99th=[ 1603] bw ( KiB/s): min= 7, max= 2272, per=100.00%, avg=943.44, stdev=339.01, samples=1945 iops : min= 1, max= 568, avg=235.59, stdev=84.83, samples=1945 lat (usec) : 250=0.01%, 1000=0.01% lat (msec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.24%, 10=2.62%, 20=3.00%, 50=1.09% lat (msec) : 100=1.28%, 250=42.03%, 500=42.14%, 750=3.40%, 1000=3.38% lat (msec) : 2000=0.82% cpu : usr=0.15%, sys=2.95%, ctx=132790, majf=0, minf=10 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0% issued rwt: total=0,229790,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=919KiB/s (941kB/s), 919KiB/s-919KiB/s (941kB/s-941kB/s), io=898MiB (941MB), run=1000356-1000356msec Disk stats (read/write): sda: ios=40/229428, merge=0/336, ticks=64/63397222, in_queue=63282052, util=19.13%
root@luoahong:~# fio -name=write -direct=1 -iodepth=64 -rw=write -ioengine=libaio -bs=4k -size=1G -numjobs=1 -runtime=1000 -group_reporting -filename=/dev/sda write: (g=0): rw=write, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=64 fio-3.1 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W(1)][100.0%][r=0KiB/s,w=9228KiB/s][r=0,w=2307 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] write: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=18719: Wed Sep 4 11:56:27 2019 write: IOPS=2123, BW=8492KiB/s (8696kB/s)(1024MiB/123478msec) slat (nsec): min=1087, max=170478k, avg=441588.53, stdev=1042972.32 clat (usec): min=394, max=370796, avg=29695.38, stdev=13215.53 lat (usec): min=1161, max=371439, avg=30138.96, stdev=13315.57 clat percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 11], 5.00th=[ 21], 10.00th=[ 25], 20.00th=[ 27], | 30.00th=[ 27], 40.00th=[ 28], 50.00th=[ 28], 60.00th=[ 29], | 70.00th=[ 30], 80.00th=[ 32], 90.00th=[ 35], 95.00th=[ 41], | 99.00th=[ 69], 99.50th=[ 107], 99.90th=[ 213], 99.95th=[ 292], | 99.99th=[ 326] bw ( KiB/s): min= 2431, max=11952, per=99.70%, avg=8466.10, stdev=1311.50, samples=246 iops : min= 607, max= 2988, avg=2116.33, stdev=327.89, samples=246 lat (usec) : 500=0.01% lat (msec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.06%, 10=0.90%, 20=3.49%, 50=93.49% lat (msec) : 100=1.51%, 250=0.46%, 500=0.07% cpu : usr=0.17%, sys=92.34%, ctx=42648, majf=0, minf=12 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0% issued rwt: total=0,262144,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=8492KiB/s (8696kB/s), 8492KiB/s-8492KiB/s (8696kB/s-8696kB/s), io=1024MiB (1074MB), run=123478-123478msec Disk stats (read/write): sda: ios=62/251952, merge=0/10003, ticks=76/452756, in_queue=452736, util=98.83%
read: (g=0): rw=read, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=64 fio-3.1 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][100.0%][r=16.7MiB/s,w=0KiB/s][r=4280,w=0 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] read: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=17966: Sun Dec 30 08:31:48 2018 read: IOPS=4257, BW=16.6MiB/s (17.4MB/s)(1024MiB/61568msec) slat (usec): min=2, max=2566, avg= 4.29, stdev=21.76 clat (usec): min=228, max=407360, avg=15024.30, stdev=20524.39 lat (usec): min=243, max=407363, avg=15029.12, stdev=20524.26 clat percentiles (usec): | 1.00th=[ 498], 5.00th=[ 1020], 10.00th=[ 1319], 20.00th=[ 1713], | 30.00th=[ 1991], 40.00th=[ 2212], 50.00th=[ 2540], 60.00th=[ 2933], | 70.00th=[ 5407], 80.00th=[ 44303], 90.00th=[ 45351], 95.00th=[ 45876], | 99.00th=[ 46924], 99.50th=[ 46924], 99.90th=[ 48497], 99.95th=[ 49021], | 99.99th=[404751] bw ( KiB/s): min= 8208, max=18832, per=99.85%, avg=17005.35, stdev=998.94, samples=123 iops : min= 2052, max= 4708, avg=4251.30, stdev=249.74, samples=123 lat (usec) : 250=0.01%, 500=1.03%, 750=1.69%, 1000=2.07% lat (msec) : 2=25.64%, 4=37.58%, 10=2.08%, 20=0.02%, 50=29.86% lat (msec) : 100=0.01%, 500=0.02% cpu : usr=1.02%, sys=2.97%, ctx=33312, majf=0, minf=75 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0% issued rwt: total=262144,0,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64 Run status group 0 (all jobs): READ: bw=16.6MiB/s (17.4MB/s), 16.6MiB/s-16.6MiB/s (17.4MB/s-17.4MB/s), io=1024MiB (1074MB), run=61568-61568msec Disk stats (read/write): sdb: ios=261897/0, merge=0/0, ticks=3912108/0, in_queue=3474336, util=90.09%
這個報告中,須要咱們重點關注的是, slat、clat、lat ,以及 bw 和 iops 這幾行。工具
先來看剛剛提到的前三個參數。事實上,slat、clat、lat 都是指 I/O 延遲(latency)。不一樣之處在於:
這裏須要注意的是:
bw
iops
一般狀況下,應用程序的 I/O 都是讀寫並行的,並且每次的 I/O 大小也不必定相同。因此,剛剛說的這幾種場景,並不能精確模擬應用程序的 I/O 模式。那怎麼才能精確模擬應用程序的 I/O 模式呢?
幸運的是,fio 支持 I/O 的重放。藉助前面提到過的 blktrace,再配合上 fio,就能夠實現對應用程序 I/O 模式的基準測試。你須要先用 blktrace ,記錄磁盤設備的 I/O 訪問狀況;而後使用 fio ,重放 blktrace 的記錄。
好比你能夠運行下面的命令來操做:
# 使用 blktrace 跟蹤磁盤 I/O,注意指定應用程序正在操做的磁盤 $ blktrace /dev/sdb # 查看 blktrace 記錄的結果 # ls sdb.blktrace.0 sdb.blktrace.1 # 將結果轉化爲二進制文件 $ blkparse sdb -d sdb.bin # 使用 fio 重放日誌 $ fio --name=replay --filename=/dev/sdb --direct=1 --read_iolog=sdb.bin
root@luoahong:/opt# blktrace /dev/sda ^C=== sda === CPU 0: 58750 events, 2754 KiB data CPU 1: 30543 events, 1432 KiB data Total: 89293 events (dropped 0), 4186 KiB data root@luoahong:/opt#ls sda.blktrace.0 sda.blktrace.1 root@luoahong:/opt#blkparse sda -d sdb.bin root@luoahong:/opt# ls sda.blktrace.0 sda.blktrace.1 sdb.bin root@luoahong:/opt# fio --name=replay --filename=/dev/sda --direct=1 --read_iolog=sda.bin ...... 8,0 0 0 760.074846448 0 m N cfq schedule dispatch 8,0 0 17700 760.075924831 442 A FWFS 80191616 + 8 <- (8,2) 80187520 8,0 0 17701 760.075997189 442 Q WS 80191616 + 8 [jbd2/sda2-8] 8,0 0 17702 760.076071782 442 G WS 80191616 + 8 [jbd2/sda2-8] 8,0 0 17703 760.076139949 442 I WS 80191616 + 8 [jbd2/sda2-8] 8,0 0 0 760.076208396 0 m N cfq442SN insert_request 8,0 0 0 760.076741162 0 m N cfq442SN Not idling. st->count:1 8,0 0 0 760.076807933 0 m N cfq442SN dispatch_insert 8,0 0 0 760.076875821 0 m N cfq442SN dispatched a request 8,0 0 0 760.076943150 0 m N cfq442SN activate rq, drv=1 8,0 0 17704 760.077009082 442 D WS 80191616 + 8 [jbd2/sda2-8] 8,0 0 17705 760.077959513 442 C WS 80191616 + 8 [0] 8,0 0 0 760.078169323 0 m N cfq442SN complete rqnoidle 1 8,0 0 0 760.078567431 0 m N cfq442SN Not idling. st->count:1 8,0 0 0 760.078638671 0 m N cfq schedule dispatch CPU0 (sda): Reads Queued: 49, 348KiB Writes Queued: 1630, 1862MiB Read Dispatches: 48, 344KiB Write Dispatches: 2265, 1889MiB Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0 Reads Completed: 49, 348KiB Writes Completed: 2245, 1863MiB Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 280, 5688KiB Read depth: 15 Write depth: 33 PC Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB PC Writes Queued: 0, 0KiB PC Read Disp.: 0, 0KiB PC Write Disp.: 0, 0KiB PC Reads Req.: 0 PC Writes Req.: 0 PC Reads Compl.: 1 PC Writes Compl.: 0 IO unplugs: 1972 Timer unplugs: 15 CPU1 (sda): Reads Queued: 3, 12KiB Writes Queued: 1757, 1871MiB Read Dispatches: 4, 16KiB Write Dispatches: 2096, 1844MiB Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0 Reads Completed: 3, 12KiB Writes Completed: 2116, 1870MiB Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 535, 7248KiB Read depth: 15 Write depth: 33 PC Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB PC Writes Queued: 0, 0KiB PC Read Disp.: 1, 0KiB PC Write Disp.: 0, 0KiB PC Reads Req.: 0 PC Writes Req.: 0 PC Reads Compl.: 0 PC Writes Compl.: 0 IO unplugs: 1907 Timer unplugs: 13 Total (sda): Reads Queued: 52, 360KiB Writes Queued: 3387, 3734MiB Read Dispatches: 52, 360KiB Write Dispatches: 4361, 3734MiB Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0 Reads Completed: 52, 360KiB Writes Completed: 4361, 3734MiB Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 815, 12936KiB PC Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB PC Writes Queued: 0, 0KiB PC Read Disp.: 1, 0KiB PC Write Disp.: 0, 0KiB PC Reads Req.: 0 PC Writes Req.: 0 PC Reads Compl.: 1 PC Writes Compl.: 0 IO unplugs: 3879 Timer unplugs: 28 Throughput (R/W): 0KiB/s / 4913KiB/s Events (sda): 68763 entries Skips: 0 forward (0 - 0.0%)
獲得 I/O 基準測試報告後,再用上咱們上一節總結的性能分析套路,找出 I/O 的性能瓶頸並優化,就是水到渠成的事情了。固然, 想要優化 I/O 性能,確定離不開 Linux 系統的
I/O 棧圖的思路輔助。你能夠結合下面的 I/O 棧圖再回顧一下。
下面,我就帶你從應用程序、文件系統以及磁盤角度,分別看看 I/O 性能優化的基本思路。
首先,咱們來看一下,從應用程序的角度有哪些優化 I/O 的思路。
應用程序處於整個 I/O 棧的最上端,它能夠經過系統調用,來調整 I/O 模式(如順序仍是隨機、同步仍是異步), 同時,它也是 I/O 數據的最終來源。在我看來,能夠有這麼幾種
方式來優化應用程序的 I/O 性能。
數據的持久化存儲,最終仍是要落到具體的物理磁盤中,同時,磁盤也是整個 I/O 棧的最底層。從磁盤角度出發,天然也有不少有效的性能優化方法
調整內核選項
使用 blockdev 工具設置
案例
今天,咱們一塊兒梳理了常見的文件系統和磁盤 I/O 的性能優化思路和方法。發現 I/O 性能問題後,不要急於動手優化,而要先找出最重要的、能夠最大程度提高性能的問題,而後
再從 I/O 棧的不一樣層入手,考慮具體的優化方法。
記住,磁盤和文件系統的 I/O ,一般是整個系統中最慢的一個模塊。因此,在優化 I/O 問題時,除了能夠優化 I/O 的執行流程,還能夠藉助更快的內存、網絡、CPU 等,減小 I/O調用。
好比,你能夠充分利用系統提供的 Buffer、Cache ,或是應用程序內部緩存, 再或者Redis 這類的外部緩存系統。