簡單地理解就是由於JavaScript同源策略的限制,a.com 域名下的js沒法操做b.com或是c.a.com域名下的對象。javascript
同源是指相同的協議、域名、端口。特別注意兩點:css
跨域解決方案有多種,大可能是利用JS Hack:html
以上方案見http://www.cnblogs.com/rainman/archive/2011/02/20/1959325.html#m5html5
CORS: 跨域資源共享(Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)http://www.w3.org/TR/cors/java
當前幾乎全部的瀏覽器(Internet Explorer 8+, Firefox 3.5+, Safari 4+和 Chrome 3+)均可經過名爲跨域資源共享(Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)的協議支持ajax跨域調用。(see: http://caniuse.com/#search=cors)nginx
Chrome, Firefox, Opera and Safari 都使用的是 XMLHttpRequest2 對象, IE使用XDomainRequest。XMLHttpRequest2的Request屬性:open()、setRequestHeader()、timeout、withCredentials、upload、send()、send()、abort()。git
XMLHttpRequest2的Response屬性:status、statusText、getResponseHeader()、getAllResponseHeaders()、entity、overrideMimeType()、responseType、response、responseText、responseXML。github
假設您的應用已經在 example.com 上了,而您想要從 www.example2.com 提取數據。通常狀況下,若是您嘗試進行這種類型的 AJAX 調用,請求將會失敗,而瀏覽器將會出現「源不匹配」的錯誤。利用 CORS,www.example2.com 服務端只需添加一個HTTP Response頭,就能夠容許來自 example.com 的請求:ajax
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: http://example.com Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true(可選)
可將 Access-Control-Allow-Origin 添加到某網站下或整個域中的單個資源。要容許任何域向您提交請求,請設置以下:json
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true(可選)
其實,該網站 (html5rocks.com) 已在其全部網頁上均啓用了 CORS。啓用開發人員工具後,您就會在咱們的響應中看到 Access-Control-Allow-Origin 了。
若是服務器端已啓用了 CORS,那麼提交跨域請求就和普通的 XMLHttpRequest 請求沒什麼區別。例如,如今 example.com 能夠向 www.example2.com 提交請求了:
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); // xhr.withCredentials = true; //若是須要Cookie等 xhr.open('GET', 'http://www.example2.com/hello.json'); xhr.onload = function(e) { var data = JSON.parse(this.response); ... } xhr.send();
要實現CORS跨域,服務端須要這個一個流程:http://www.html5rocks.com/static/images/cors_server_flowchart.png
對於簡單請求,如GET,只須要在HTTP Response後添加Access-Control-Allow-Origin。
對於非簡單請求,好比POST、PUT、DELETE等,瀏覽器會分兩次應答。第一次preflight(method: OPTIONS),主要驗證來源是否合法,並返回容許的Header等。第二次纔是真正的HTTP應答。因此服務器必須處理OPTIONS應答。
http://enable-cors.org/server_nginx.html這裏是一個nginx啓用COSR的參考配置。
流程以下:
用僞代碼表示:
location /pub/(.+) { if ($http_origin ~ <容許的域(正則匹配)>) { add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' "$http_origin"; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' "true"; if ($request_method = "OPTIONS") { add_header 'Access-Control-Max-Age' 86400; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET, POST, OPTIONS, DELETE'; add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'reqid, nid, host, x-real-ip, x-forwarded-ip, event-type, event-id, accept, content-type'; add_header 'Content-Length' 0; add_header 'Content-Type' 'text/plain, charset=utf-8'; return 204; } } # 正常nginx配置 ...... }
可是因爲Nginx 的 if 是邪惡的,因此配置就至關地讓人不爽(是個人配置不夠簡潔嗎?)。下面nginx-spdy-push裏/pub接口啓用CORS的配置:
# push publish # broadcast channel name must start with '_' # (i.e., normal channel must not start with '_') # GET /pub/channel_id -> get statistics about a channel # POST /pub/channel_id -> publish a message to the channel # DELETE /pub_admin?id=channel_id -> delete the channel #rewrite_log on; # server_name test.gw.com.cn # listen 2443 ssl spdy location ~ ^/pub/([-_.A-Za-z0-9]+)$ { set $cors "local"; # configure CORS based on https://gist.github.com/alexjs/4165271 # (See: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-cors-20130129/#access-control-allow-origin-response-header ) if ( $http_origin ~* "https://.+\.gw\.com\.cn(?=:[0-9]+)?" ) { set $cors "allow"; } if ($request_method = "OPTIONS") { set $cors "${cors}options"; } # if CORS request is not a simple method if ($cors = "allowoptions") { # Tells the browser this origin may make cross-origin requests add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' "$http_origin"; # in a preflight response, tells browser the subsequent actual request can include user credentials (e.g., cookies) add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' "true"; # === Return special preflight info === # Tell browser to cache this pre-flight info for 1 day add_header 'Access-Control-Max-Age' 86400; # Tell browser we respond to GET,POST,OPTIONS in normal CORS requests. # Not officially needed but still included to help non-conforming browsers. # OPTIONS should not be needed here, since the field is used # to indicate methods allowed for 'actual request' not the preflight request. # GET,POST also should not be needed, since the 'simple methods' GET,POST,HEAD are included by default. # We should only need this header for non-simple requests methods (e.g., DELETE), or custom request methods (e.g., XMODIFY) add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET, POST, OPTIONS, DELETE'; # Tell browser we accept these headers in the actual request add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'reqid, nid, host, x-real-ip, x-forwarded-ip, event-type, event-id, accept, content-type'; # === response for OPTIONS method === # no body in this response add_header 'Content-Length' 0; # (should not be necessary, but included for non-conforming browsers) add_header 'Content-Type' 'text/plain, charset=utf-8'; # indicate successful return with no content return 204; } if ($cors = "allow") { rewrite /pub/(.*) /pub_cors/$1 last; } if ($cors = "local") { rewrite /pub/(.*) /pub_int/$1 last; } } location ~ /pub_cors/(.*) { internal; # Tells the browser this origin may make cross-origin requests add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' "$http_origin"; # in a preflight response, tells browser the subsequent actual request can include user credentials (e.g., cookies) add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' "true"; push_stream_publisher admin; # enable delete channel set $push_stream_channel_id $1; push_stream_store_messages on; # enable /sub/ch.b3 push_stream_channel_info_on_publish on; } location ~ /pub_int/(.*) { # internal; push_stream_publisher admin; # enable delete channel set $push_stream_channel_id $1; push_stream_store_messages on; # enable /sub/ch.b3 push_stream_channel_info_on_publish on; }
下面是https://spdy.gw.com.cn/sse.html裏的代碼
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); //xhr.withCredentials = true; xhr.open("POST", "https://test.gw.com.cn:2443/pub/ch1", true); // xhr.setRequestHeader("accept", "application/json"); xhr.onload = function() { $('back').innerHTML = xhr.responseText; $('ch1').value = + $('ch1').value + 1; } xhr.onerror = function() { alert('Woops, there was an error making the request.'); }; xhr.send($('ch1').value);
頁面的域是https://spdy.gw.com.cn
, XMLHttpRequest的域是https://test.gw.com.cn:2443
,不一樣的域,而且Post方式。
用Chrome測試,能夠發現有一次OPTIONS應答。如過沒有OPTIONS應答,多是以前已經應答過,被瀏覽器緩存了'Access-Control-Max-Age' 86400;
,清除緩存,再試驗。
http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2012/09/xmlhttprequest_level_2.html
http://www.html5rocks.com/static/images/cors_server_flowchart.png
http://www.cnblogs.com/rainman/archive/2011/02/20/1959325.html#m5
http://www.cnblogs.com/chopper/archive/2012/03/24/2403945.html