首先介紹一下什麼是Compare And Swap(CAS)?簡單的說就是比較並交換。 CAS 操做包含三個操做數 —— 內存位置(V)、預期原值(A)和新值(B)。若是內存位置的值與預期原值相匹配,那麼處理器會自動將該位置值更新爲新值。不然,處理器不作任何操做。不管哪一種狀況,它都會在 CAS 指令以前返回該位置的值。CAS 有效地說明了「我認爲位置 V 應該包含值 A;若是包含該值,則將 B 放到這個位置;不然,不要更改該位置,只告訴我這個位置如今的值便可。」 Java併發包(java.util.concurrent)中大量使用了CAS操做,涉及到併發的地方都調用了sun.misc.Unsafe類方法進行CAS操做。 在看一下volatile,Volatile修飾的成員變量在每次被線程訪問時,都強迫從共享內存中重讀該成員變量的值。並且,當成員變量發生變化時,強迫線程將變化值回寫到共享內存。這樣在任什麼時候刻,兩個不一樣的線程老是看到某個成員變量的值是相同的,更簡單一點理解就是volatile修飾的變量值發生變化時對於另外的線程是可見的。 如何正確使用volatile能夠參考下面這篇文章: Java 理論與實踐: 正確使用 Volatile 變量 下面來看看java中具體的CAS操做類sun.misc.Unsafe。Unsafe類提供了硬件級別的原子操做,Java沒法直接訪問到操做系統底層(如系統硬件等),爲此Java使用native方法來擴展Java程序的功能。具體實現使用c++,詳見文件su();sun.misc包的源代碼能夠在這裏找到:java
//下面是sun.misc.Unsafe.java類源碼 package sun.misc; import java.lang.reflect.Field; /*** * This class should provide access to low-level operations and its * use should be limited to trusted code. Fields can be accessed using * memory addresses, with undefined behaviour occurring if invalid memory * addresses are given. * 這個類提供了一個更底層的操做而且應該在受信任的代碼中使用。能夠經過內存地址 * 存取fields,若是給出的內存地址是無效的那麼會有一個不肯定的運行表現。 * * @author Tom Tromey () * @author Andrew John Hughes (gnu_andrew@membe) */ public class Unsafe { // Singleton class. private static Unsafe unsafe = new Unsafe(); /*** * Private default constructor to prevent creation of an arbitrary * number of instances. * 使用私有默認構造器防止建立多個實例 */ private Unsafe() { } /*** * Retrieve the singleton instance of <code>Unsafe</code>. The calling * method should guard this instance from untrusted code, as it provides * access to low-level operations such as direct memory access. * 獲取<code>Unsafe</code>的單例,這個方法調用應該防止在不可信的代碼中實例, * 由於unsafe類提供了一個低級別的操做,例如直接內存存取。 * * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and prevents * access to the system properties. * 若是安全管理器不存在或者禁止訪問系統屬性 */ public static Unsafe getUnsafe() { SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager(); if (sm != null) sm.checkPropertiesAccess(); return unsafe; } /*** * Returns the memory address offset of the given static field. * The offset is merely used as a means to access a particular field * in the other methods of this class. The value is unique to the given * field and the same value should be returned on each subsequent call. * 返回指定靜態field的內存地址偏移量,在這個類的其餘方法中這個值只是被用做一個訪問 * 特定field的一個方式。這個值對於 給定的field是惟一的,而且後續對該方法的調用都應該 * 返回相同的值。 * * @param field the field whose offset should be returned. * 須要返回偏移量的field * @return the offset of the given field. * 指定field的偏移量 */ public native long objectFieldOffset(Field field); /*** * Compares the value of the integer field at the specified offset * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic, * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an integer field. * 在obj的offset位置比較integer field和指望的值,若是相同則更新。這個方法 * 的操做應該是原子的,所以提供了一種不可中斷的方式更新integer field。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含要修改field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 * @param expect the expected value of the field. * 但願field中存在的值 * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>. * 若是指望值expect與field的當前值相同,設置filed的值爲這個新值 * @return true if the field was changed. * 若是field的值被更改 */ public native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object obj, long offset, int expect, int update); /*** * Compares the value of the long field at the specified offset * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic, * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating a long field. * 在obj的offset位置比較long field和指望的值,若是相同則更新。這個方法 * 的操做應該是原子的,所以提供了一種不可中斷的方式更新long field。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含要修改field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param expect the expected value of the field. * 但願field中存在的值 * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>. * 若是指望值expect與field的當前值相同,設置filed的值爲這個新值 * @return true if the field was changed. * 若是field的值被更改 */ public native boolean compareAndSwapLong(Object obj, long offset, long expect, long update); /*** * Compares the value of the object field at the specified offset * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic, * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an object field. * 在obj的offset位置比較object field和指望的值,若是相同則更新。這個方法 * 的操做應該是原子的,所以提供了一種不可中斷的方式更新object field。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含要修改field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 * @param expect the expected value of the field. * 但願field中存在的值 * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>. * 若是指望值expect與field的當前值相同,設置filed的值爲這個新值 * @return true if the field was changed. * 若是field的值被更改 */ public native boolean compareAndSwapObject(Object obj, long offset, Object expect, Object update); /*** * Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy * version of <code>putIntVolatile(Object,long,int)</code>, which * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other * threads. It is only really useful where the integer field is * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly. * 設置obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的整型field的值爲指定值。這是一個有序或者 * 有延遲的<code>putIntVolatile</cdoe>方法,而且不保證值的改變被其餘線程立 * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修飾而且指望被意外修改的時候 * 使用纔有用。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含須要修改field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field將被設置的新值 * @see #putIntVolatile(Object,long,int) */ public native void putOrderedInt(Object obj, long offset, int value); /*** * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy * version of <code>putLongVolatile(Object,long,long)</code>, which * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other * threads. It is only really useful where the long field is * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly. * 設置obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的long型field的值爲指定值。這是一個有序或者 * 有延遲的<code>putLongVolatile</cdoe>方法,而且不保證值的改變被其餘線程立 * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修飾而且指望被意外修改的時候 * 使用纔有用。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含須要修改field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field將被設置的新值 * @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long) */ public native void putOrderedLong(Object obj, long offset, long value); /*** * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy * version of <code>putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object)</code>, which * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other * threads. It is only really useful where the object field is * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly. * 設置obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的object型field的值爲指定值。這是一個有序或者 * 有延遲的<code>putObjectVolatile</cdoe>方法,而且不保證值的改變被其餘線程立 * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修飾而且指望被意外修改的時候 * 使用纔有用。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含須要修改field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field將被設置的新值 */ public native void putOrderedObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value); /*** * Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics. * 設置obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的整型field的值爲指定值。支持volatile store語義 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含須要修改field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field將被設置的新值 */ public native void putIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset, int value); /*** * Retrieves the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the * supplied object with volatile load semantics. * 獲取obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的整型field的值,支持volatile load語義。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含須要去讀取的field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 */ public native int getIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics. * 設置obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的long型field的值爲指定值。支持volatile store語義 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含須要修改field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field將被設置的新值 * @see #putLong(Object,long,long) */ public native void putLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset, long value); /*** * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. * 設置obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的long型field的值爲指定值。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含須要修改field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field將被設置的新值 * @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long) */ public native void putLong(Object obj, long offset, long value); /*** * Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object with volatile load semantics. * 獲取obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的long型field的值,支持volatile load語義。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含須要去讀取的field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @see #getLong(Object,long) */ public native long getLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object. * 獲取obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的long型field的值 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含須要去讀取的field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @see #getLongVolatile(Object,long) */ public native long getLong(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics. * 設置obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的object型field的值爲指定值。支持volatile store語義 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含須要修改field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field將被設置的新值 * @see #putObject(Object,long,Object) */ public native void putObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset, Object value); /*** * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. * 設置obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的object型field的值爲指定值。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含須要修改field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field將被設置的新值 * @see #putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object) */ public native void putObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value); /*** * Retrieves the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object with volatile load semantics. * 獲取obj對象中offset偏移地址對應的object型field的值,支持volatile load語義。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含須要去讀取的field的對象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 */ public native Object getObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Returns the offset of the first element for a given array class. * To access elements of the array class, this value may be used along with * with that returned by * <a #arrayIndexScale"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayIndexScale</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>, * if non-zero. * 獲取給定數組中第一個元素的偏移地址。 * 爲了存取數組中的元素,這個偏移地址與<a #arrayIndexScale"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayIndexScale * </code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>方法的非0返回值一塊兒被使用。 * @param arrayClass the class for which the first element's address should * be obtained. * 第一個元素地址被獲取的class * @return the offset of the first element of the array class. * 數組第一個元素 的偏移地址 * @see arrayIndexScale(Class) */ public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class arrayClass); /*** * Returns the scale factor used for addressing elements of the supplied * array class. Where a suitable scale factor can not be returned (e.g. * for primitive types), zero should be returned. The returned value * can be used with * <a #arrayBaseOffset"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayBaseOffset</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a> * to access elements of the class. * 獲取用戶給定數組尋址的換算因子.一個合適的換算因子不能返回的時候(例如:基本類型), * 返回0.這個返回值可以與<a #arrayBaseOffset"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>arrayBaseOffset</code> * </a>一塊兒使用去存取這個數組class中的元素 * * @param arrayClass the class whose scale factor should be returned. * @return the scale factor, or zero if not supported for this array class. */ public native int arrayIndexScale(Class arrayClass); /*** * Releases the block on a thread created by * <a #park"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>park</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>. This method can also be used * to terminate a blockage caused by a prior call to <code>park</code>. * This operation is unsafe, as the thread must be guaranteed to be * live. This is true of Java, but not native code. * 釋放被<a #park"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>park</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>建立的在一個線程上的阻塞.這個 * 方法也能夠被使用來終止一個先前調用<code>park</code>致使的阻塞. * 這個操做操做時不安全的,所以線程必須保證是活的.這是java代碼不是native代碼。 * @param thread the thread to unblock. * 要解除阻塞的線程 */ public native void unpark(Thread thread); /*** * Blocks the thread until a matching * <a #unpark"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>unpark</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a> occurs, the thread is * interrupted or the optional timeout expires. If an <code>unpark</code> * call has already occurred, this also counts. A timeout value of zero * is defined as no timeout. When <code>isAbsolute</code> is * <code>true</code>, the timeout is in milliseconds relative to the * epoch. Otherwise, the value is the number of nanoseconds which must * occur before timeout. This call may also return spuriously (i.e. * for no apparent reason). * 阻塞一個線程直到<a #unpark"$amp;>amp;$lt;code>unpark</code$amp;>amp;$lt;/a>出現、線程 * 被中斷或者timeout時間到期。若是一個<code>unpark</code>調用已經出現了, * 這裏只計數。timeout爲0表示永不過時.當<code>isAbsolute</code>爲true時, * timeout是相對於新紀元以後的毫秒。不然這個值就是超時前的納秒數。這個方法執行時 * 也可能不合理地返回(沒有具體緣由) * * @param isAbsolute true if the timeout is specified in milliseconds from * the epoch. * 若是爲true timeout的值是一個相對於新紀元以後的毫秒數 * @param time either the number of nanoseconds to wait, or a time in * milliseconds from the epoch to wait for. * 能夠是一個要等待的納秒數,或者是一個相對於新紀元以後的毫秒數直到 * 到達這個時間點 */ public native void park(boolean isAbsolute, long time); }
//下面是su源碼 #include <gcj/cni.h> #include <gcj/field.h> #include <gcj/javaprims.h> #include <jvm.h> #include <sun/misc/Unsafe.h> #include <java/lang/System.h> #include <java/lang/InterruptedException.h> #include <java/lang/Thread.h> #include <java/lang/Long.h> #include "sysdep/locks.h" // Use a spinlock for multi-word accesses class spinlock { static volatile obj_addr_t lock; public: spinlock () { while (! compare_and_swap (&lock, 0, 1)) _Jv_ThreadYield (); } ~spinlock () { release_set (&lock, 0); } }; // This is a single lock that is used for all synchronized accesses if // the compiler can't generate inline compare-and-swap operations. In // most cases it'll never be used, but the i386 needs it for 64-bit // locked accesses and so does PPC32. It's worth building libgcj with // target=i486 (or above) to get the inlines. volatile obj_addr_t spinlock::lock; static inline bool compareAndSwap (volatile jint *addr, jint old, jint new_val) { jboolean result = false; spinlock lock; if ((result = (*addr == old))) *addr = new_val; return result; } static inline bool compareAndSwap (volatile jlong *addr, jlong old, jlong new_val) { jboolean result = false; spinlock lock; if ((result = (*addr == old))) *addr = new_val; return result; } static inline bool compareAndSwap (volatile jobject *addr, jobject old, jobject new_val) { jboolean result = false; spinlock lock; if ((result = (*addr == old))) *addr = new_val; return result; } jlong sun::misc::Unsafe::objectFieldOffset (::java::lang::reflect::Field *field) { _Jv_Field *fld = _Jv_FromReflectedField (field); // FIXME: what if it is not an instance field return fld->getOffset(); } jint sun::misc::Unsafe::arrayBaseOffset (jclass arrayClass) { // FIXME: assert that arrayClass is array. jclass eltClass = arrayClass->getComponentType(); return (jint)(jlong) _Jv_GetArrayElementFromElementType (NULL, eltClass); } jint sun::misc::Unsafe::arrayIndexScale (jclass arrayClass) { // FIXME: assert that arrayClass is array. jclass eltClass = arrayClass->getComponentType(); if (eltClass->isPrimitive()) return eltClass->size(); return sizeof (void *); } // These methods are used when the compiler fails to generate inline // versions of the compare-and-swap primitives. jboolean sun::misc::Unsafe::compareAndSwapInt (jobject obj, jlong offset, jint expect, jint update) { jint *addr = (jint *)((char *)obj + offset); return compareAndSwap (addr, expect, update); } jboolean sun::misc::Unsafe::compareAndSwapLong (jobject obj, jlong offset, jlong expect, jlong update) { volatile jlong *addr = (jlong*)((char *) obj + offset); return compareAndSwap (addr, expect, update); } jboolean sun::misc::Unsafe::compareAndSwapObject (jobject obj, jlong offset, jobject expect, jobject update) { jobject *addr = (jobject*)((char *) obj + offset); return compareAndSwap (addr, expect, update); } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putOrderedInt (jobject obj, jlong offset, jint value) { volatile jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putOrderedLong (jobject obj, jlong offset, jlong value) { volatile jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset); spinlock lock; *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putOrderedObject (jobject obj, jlong offset, jobject value) { volatile jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putIntVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset, jint value) { write_barrier (); volatile jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putLongVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset, jlong value) { volatile jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset); spinlock lock; *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putObjectVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset, jobject value) { write_barrier (); volatile jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } #if 0 // FIXME void sun::misc::Unsafe::putInt (jobject obj, jlong offset, jint value) { jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } #endif void sun::misc::Unsafe::putLong (jobject obj, jlong offset, jlong value) { jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset); spinlock lock; *addr = value; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::putObject (jobject obj, jlong offset, jobject value) { jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset); *addr = value; } jint sun::misc::Unsafe::getIntVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset) { volatile jint *addr = (jint *) ((char *) obj + offset); jint result = *addr; read_barrier (); return result; } jobject sun::misc::Unsafe::getObjectVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset) { volatile jobject *addr = (jobject *) ((char *) obj + offset); jobject result = *addr; read_barrier (); return result; } jlong sun::misc::Unsafe::getLong (jobject obj, jlong offset) { jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset); spinlock lock; return *addr; } jlong sun::misc::Unsafe::getLongVolatile (jobject obj, jlong offset) { volatile jlong *addr = (jlong *) ((char *) obj + offset); spinlock lock; return *addr; } void sun::misc::Unsafe::unpark (::java::lang::Thread *thread) { natThread *nt = (natThread *) thread->data; nt->park_helper.unpark (); } void sun::misc::Unsafe::park (jboolean isAbsolute, jlong time) { using namespace ::java::lang; Thread *thread = Thread::currentThread(); natThread *nt = (natThread *) thread->data; nt->park_helper.park (isAbsolute, time); }
* 若是您有不一樣看法或發現錯誤,歡迎討論或指出。qq:294016299c++