Python經過yield提供了對協程的基本支持,可是不徹底。而第三方的gevent爲Python提供了比較完善的協程支持。python
gevent是第三方庫,經過greenlet實現協程,其基本思想是: 當一個greenlet遇到IO操做時,好比訪問網絡,就自動切換到其餘的greenlet,等到IO操做完成,再在適當的時候切換回來繼續執行。因爲IO操做很是耗時,常常使程序處於等待狀態,有了gevent爲咱們自動切換協程,就保證總有greenlet在運行,而不是等待IO。 因爲切換是在IO操做時自動完成,因此gevent須要修改Python自帶的一些標準庫,這一過程在啓動時經過monkey patch完成:git
from gevent import monkey; monkey.patch_socket() import gevent def f(n): for i in range(n): print gevent.getcurrent(), i g1 = gevent.spawn(f, 5) g2 = gevent.spawn(f, 5) g3 = gevent.spawn(f, 5) g1.join() g2.join() g3.join()
運行結果:github
<Greenlet at 0x10e49f550: f(5)> 0 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f550: f(5)> 1 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f550: f(5)> 2 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f550: f(5)> 3 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f550: f(5)> 4 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f910: f(5)> 0 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f910: f(5)> 1 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f910: f(5)> 2 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f910: f(5)> 3 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f910: f(5)> 4 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f4b0: f(5)> 0 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f4b0: f(5)> 1 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f4b0: f(5)> 2 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f4b0: f(5)> 3 <Greenlet at 0x10e49f4b0: f(5)> 4
能夠看到,3個greenlet是依次運行而不是交替運行。要讓greenlet交替運行,能夠經過gevent.sleep()交出控制權:服務器
def f(n): for i in range(n): print gevent.getcurrent(), i gevent.sleep(0)
執行結果:網絡
<Greenlet at 0x10cd58550: f(5)> 0 <Greenlet at 0x10cd58910: f(5)> 0 <Greenlet at 0x10cd584b0: f(5)> 0 <Greenlet at 0x10cd58550: f(5)> 1 <Greenlet at 0x10cd584b0: f(5)> 1 <Greenlet at 0x10cd58910: f(5)> 1 <Greenlet at 0x10cd58550: f(5)> 2 <Greenlet at 0x10cd58910: f(5)> 2 <Greenlet at 0x10cd584b0: f(5)> 2 <Greenlet at 0x10cd58550: f(5)> 3 <Greenlet at 0x10cd584b0: f(5)> 3 <Greenlet at 0x10cd58910: f(5)> 3 <Greenlet at 0x10cd58550: f(5)> 4 <Greenlet at 0x10cd58910: f(5)> 4 <Greenlet at 0x10cd584b0: f(5)> 4
3個greenlet交替運行, 把循環次數改成500000,讓它們的運行時間長一點,而後在操做系統的進程管理器中看,線程數只有1個。 固然,實際代碼裏,咱們不會用gevent.sleep()去切換協程,而是在執行到IO操做時,gevent自動切換,代碼以下:併發
from gevent import monkey; monkey.patch_all() import gevent import urllib2 def f(url): print("GET: %s" % url) resp = urllib2.urlopen(url) data = resp.read() print("%d bytes received from %s." % (len(data), url)) gevent.joinall([ gevent.spawn(f, 'https://www.python.org/'), gevent.spawn(f, 'https://www.yahoo.com/'), gevent.spawn(f, 'https://github.com/'), ])
運行結果:socket
GET: https://www.python.org/ GET: https://www.yahoo.com/ GET: https://github.com/ 45661 bytes received from https://www.python.org/. 14823 bytes received from https://github.com/. 304034 bytes received from https://www.yahoo.com/.
從結果看,3個網絡操做是併發執行的,並且結束順序不一樣,但只有一個線程。性能
小結 使用gevent,能夠得到極高的併發性能,但gevent只能在Unix/Linux下運行,在Windows下不保證正常安裝和運行。 因爲gevent是基於IO切換的協程,因此最神奇的是,咱們編寫的Web App代碼,不須要引入gevent的包,也不須要改任何代碼,僅僅在部署的時候,用一個支持gevent的WSGI服務器,馬上就得到了數倍的性能提高url