git入門 多人協做

 

當你從遠程倉庫克隆時,實際上Git自動把本地的master分支和遠程的master分支對應起來了,而且,遠程倉庫的默認名稱是origin。git

要查看遠程庫的信息,用git remote:github

$ git remote
origin

或者,用git remote -v顯示更詳細的信息:fetch

$ git remote -v
origin git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git (fetch)
origin git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git (push)

上面顯示了能夠抓取和推送的origin的地址。若是沒有推送權限,就看不到push的地址。this

推送分支

推送分支,就是把該分支上的全部本地提交推送到遠程庫。推送時,要指定本地分支,這樣,Git就會把該分支推送到遠程庫對應的遠程分支上:spa

$ git push origin master

若是要推送其餘分支,好比dev,就改爲:code

$ git push origin dev

可是,並非必定要把本地分支往遠程推送,那麼,哪些分支須要推送,哪些不須要呢?orm

  • master分支是主分支,所以要時刻與遠程同步;ip

  • dev分支是開發分支,團隊全部成員都須要在上面工做,因此也須要與遠程同步;ci

  • bug分支只用於在本地修復bug,就不必推到遠程了,除非老闆要看看你每週到底修復了幾個bug;開發

  • feature分支是否推到遠程,取決於你是否和你的小夥伴合做在上面開發。

總之,就是在Git中,分支徹底能夠在本地本身藏着玩,是否推送,視你的心情而定!

 

抓取分支

多人協做時,你們都會往master和dev分支上推送各自的修改。

如今,模擬一個你的小夥伴,能夠在另外一臺電腦(注意要把SSH Key添加到GitHub)或者同一臺電腦的另外一個目錄下克隆:

$ git clone git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
Cloning into 'learngit'...
remote: Counting objects: 40, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (21/21), done.
remote: Total 40 (delta 14), reused 40 (delta 14), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (40/40), done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (14/14), done.

當你的小夥伴從遠程庫clone時,默認狀況下,你的小夥伴只能看到本地的master分支。不信能夠用git branch命令看看:

$ git branch
* master

如今,你的小夥伴要在dev分支上開發,就必須建立遠程origin的dev分支到本地,因而他用這個命令建立本地dev分支:

$ git checkout -b dev origin/dev

如今,他就能夠在dev上繼續修改,而後,時不時地把dev分支push到遠程:

$ git add env.txt

$ git commit -m "add env"
[dev 7a5e5dd] add env
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 env.txt

$ git push origin dev
Counting objects: 3, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 308 bytes | 308.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
  f52c633..7a5e5dd dev -> dev

 

你的小夥伴已經向origin/dev分支推送了他的提交,而碰巧你也對一樣的文件做了修改,並試圖推送:

$ cat env.txt
env

$ git add env.txt

$ git commit -m "add new env"
[dev 7bd91f1] add new env
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 env.txt

$ git push origin dev
To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
 ! [rejected]        dev -> dev (non-fast-forward)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind
hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g.
hint: 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

推送失敗,由於你的小夥伴的最新提交和你試圖推送的提交有衝突,解決辦法也很簡單,Git已經提示咱們,先用git pull把最新的提交從origin/dev抓下來,而後,在本地合併,解決衝突,再推送:

$ git pull
There is no tracking information for the current branch.
Please specify which branch you want to merge with.
See git-pull(1) for details.

    git pull <remote> <branch>

If you wish to set tracking information for this branch you can do so with:

    git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/<branch> dev

git pull也失敗了,緣由是沒有指定本地dev分支與遠程origin/dev分支的連接,根據提示,設置dev和origin/dev的連接:

$ git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/dev dev
Branch 'dev' set up to track remote branch 'dev' from 'origin'.

再pull:

$ git pull
Auto-merging env.txt
CONFLICT (add/add): Merge conflict in env.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

這回git pull成功,可是合併有衝突,須要手動解決,解決的方法和分支管理中的解決衝突徹底同樣。解決後,提交,再push:

$ git commit -m "fix env conflict"
[dev 57c53ab] fix env conflict

$ git push origin dev
Counting objects: 6, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 621 bytes | 621.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 6 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
   7a5e5dd..57c53ab  dev -> dev

 

所以,多人協做的工做模式一般是這樣:

  1. 首先,能夠試圖用git push origin <branch-name>推送本身的修改;

  2. 若是推送失敗,則由於遠程分支比你的本地更新,須要先用git pull試圖合併;

  3. 若是合併有衝突,則解決衝突,並在本地提交;

  4. 沒有衝突或者解決掉衝突後,再用git push origin <branch-name>推送就能成功!

若是git pull提示no tracking information,則說明本地分支和遠程分支的連接關係沒有建立,用命令git branch --set-upstream-to <branch-name> origin/<branch-name>

這就是多人協做的工做模式,一旦熟悉了,就很是簡單。

 

小結

  • 查看遠程庫信息,使用git remote -v;

  • 本地新建的分支若是不推送到遠程,對其餘人就是不可見的;

  • 從本地推送分支,使用git push origin branch-name,若是推送失敗,先用git pull抓取遠程的新提交;

  • 在本地建立和遠程分支對應的分支,使用git checkout -b branch-name origin/branch-name,本地和遠程分支的名稱最好一致;

  • 創建本地分支和遠程分支的關聯,使用git branch --set-upstream branch-name origin/branch-name

  • 從遠程抓取分支,使用git pull,若是有衝突,要先處理衝突。

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