shelve -- 用來持久化任意的Python對象

shelve模塊是一個簡單的k,v將內存數據經過文件持久化的模塊,能夠持久化任何pickle可支持的python數據格式html

建立一個新的shelfpython

直接使用shelve.open()就能夠建立了
複製代碼web

import shelve

 s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')
 try:
     s['key1'] = { 'int': 10, 'float':9.5, 'string':'Sample data' }
 finally:
     s.close()

若是想要再次訪問這個shelf,只須要再次shelve.open()就能夠了,而後咱們能夠像使用字典同樣來使用這個shelf
複製代碼緩存

import shelve

 s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')
 try:
     existing = s['key1']
 finally:
     s.close()

print existing

當咱們運行以上兩個py,咱們將獲得以下輸出:ruby

$ python shelve_create.py
$ python shelve_existing.py
{'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

dbm這個模塊有個限制,它不支持多個應用同一時間往同一個DB進行寫操做。因此當咱們知道咱們的應用若是隻進行讀操做,咱們可讓shelve經過只讀方式打開DB:svg

import shelve

 s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', flag='r')
 try:
     existing = s['key1']
 finally:
     s.close()

 print existing

當咱們的程序試圖去修改一個以只讀方式打開的DB時,將會拋一個訪問錯誤的異常。異常的具體類型取決於anydbm這個模塊在建立DB時所選用的DB。ui

寫回(Write-back)this

因爲shelve在默認狀況下是不會記錄待持久化對象的任何修改的,因此咱們在shelve.open()時候須要修改默認參數,不然對象的修改不會保存。
複製代碼spa

import shelve

  s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')
  try:
      print s['key1']
      s['key1']['new_value'] = 'this was not here before'
  finally:
      s.close()

 s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)
 try:
     print s['key1']
 finally:
     s.close()

上面這個例子中,因爲一開始咱們使用了缺省參數shelve.open()了,所以第6行修改的值即便咱們s.close()也不會被保存。code

執行結果以下:

$ python shelve_create.py
$ python shelve_withoutwriteback.py
{'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}
{'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

因此當咱們試圖讓shelve去自動捕獲對象的變化,咱們應該在打開shelf的時候將writeback設置爲True。當咱們將writeback這個flag設置爲True之後,shelf將會將全部從DB中讀取的對象存放到一個內存緩存。當咱們close()打開的shelf的時候,緩存中全部的對象會被從新寫入DB。
複製代碼

import shelve

  s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)
  try:
      print s['key1']
      s['key1']['new_value'] = 'this was not here before'
      print s['key1']
  finally:
      s.close()

 s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)
 try:
     print s['key1']
 finally:
     s.close()

writeback方式有優勢也有缺點。優勢是減小了咱們出錯的機率,而且讓對象的持久化對用戶更加的透明瞭;但這種方式並非全部的狀況下都須要,首先,使用writeback之後,shelf在open()的時候會增長額外的內存消耗,而且當DB在close()的時候會將緩存中的每個對象都寫入到DB,這也會帶來額外的等待時間。由於shelve沒有辦法知道緩存中哪些對象修改了,哪些對象沒有修改,所以全部的對象都會被寫入。
複製代碼

$ python shelve_create.py
 $ python shelve_writeback.py
 {'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}
 {'int': 10, 'new_value': 'this was not here before', 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}
 {'int': 10, 'new_value': 'this was not here before', 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

最後再來個複雜一點的例子:
複製代碼

#!/bin/env python

 import time
 import datetime
 import md5
 import shelve

 LOGIN_TIME_OUT = 60
 db = shelve.open('user_shelve.db', writeback=True)

 def newuser():
     global db
     prompt = "login desired: "
     while True:
         name = raw_input(prompt)
         if name in db:
             prompt = "name taken, try another: "
             continue
         elif len(name) == 0:
             prompt = "name should not be empty, try another: "
             continue
         else:
             break
     pwd = raw_input("password: ")
     db[name] = {"password": md5_digest(pwd), "last_login_time": time.time()}
     #print '-->', db

 def olduser():
     global db
     name = raw_input("login: ")
     pwd = raw_input("password: ")
     try:
         password = db.get(name).get('password')
     except AttributeError, e:
         print "\033[1;31;40mUsername '%s' doesn't existed\033[0m" % name
         return
     if md5_digest(pwd) == password:
         login_time = time.time()
         last_login_time = db.get(name).get('last_login_time')
         if login_time - last_login_time < LOGIN_TIME_OUT:
             print "\033[1;31;40mYou already logged in at: <%s>\033[0m" % datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(last_login_time).isoformat()

         db[name]['last_login_time'] = login_time
         print "\033[1;32;40mwelcome back\033[0m", name
     else:
         print "\033[1;31;40mlogin incorrect\033[0m"

 def md5_digest(plain_pass):
    return md5.new(plain_pass).hexdigest()

 def showmenu():
     #print '>>>', db
     global db
     prompt = """ (N)ew User Login (E)xisting User Login (Q)uit Enter choice: """
     done = False
     while not done:
         chosen = False
         while not chosen:
             try:
                 choice = raw_input(prompt).strip()[0].lower()
             except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt):
                 choice = "q"
             print "\nYou picked: [%s]" % choice
             if choice not in "neq":
                 print "invalid option, try again"
             else:
                 chosen = True

         if choice == "q": done = True
         if choice == "n": newuser()
         if choice == "e": olduser()
     db.close()

 if __name__ == "__main__":
     showmenu()
轉自:https://www.cnblogs.com/frankzs/p/5949645.html
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