Linux筆記03（經常使用命令）
本次主要仍是弄一些基礎命令……node
一、系統狀態檢測命令
一、ifconifg
查看網卡信息linux
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# ifconfig
ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.0.15 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.0.255
inet6 fe80::3928:f622:d292:1173 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:ba:95:53 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 61 bytes 8494 (8.2 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 58 bytes 8801 (8.5 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 48 bytes 5616 (5.4 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 48 bytes 5616 (5.4 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:a0:0a:88 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
| 參數 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| ens160 | 網卡名稱 |
| inet 192.168.0.15 | IP地址 |
| netmask 255.255.255.0 | 子網掩碼 |
| ether 00:0c:29:ba:95:53 | 物理地址 |
二、uname
查看系統信息redis
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# uname Linux [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# uname -a Linux mingmingxingforcomputer 4.18.0-80.el8.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Mar 13 12:02:46 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
三、uptime
查看系統的負載信息 shell
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# uptime 15:03:53 up 9 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.11, 0.12
負載值越低越好指的是對運維人員來說的，越低越安全省心。可是公司購置的硬件設備若是長期處於空閒狀態，明顯是種資源浪費，老闆也不會開心。因此咱們建議是負載值保持在1左右，不要超過5就好。 數據庫
四、free
用於顯示當前系統中內存的使用量信息 安全
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# free
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7977588 767364 6767808 9880 442416 6939484
Swap: 2097148 0 2097148
// -h 參數能夠更加直觀的看到內存使用狀況
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7.6Gi 749Mi 6.5Gi 9.0Mi 432Mi 6.6Gi
Swap: 2.0Gi 0B 2.0Gi
五、who
查看當前登入主機的用戶終端信息 bash
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# who root pts/0 2021-06-26 14:55 (192.168.0.9)
六、last
用於調取主機的被訪記錄 markdown
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# last root pts/0 192.168.0.9 Sat Jun 26 14:55 still logged in reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Fri Jun 25 01:16 still running root pts/1 192.168.0.9 Sat Jun 26 21:25 - 14:53 (-6:32) root tty2 tty2 Sat Jun 26 18:33 - down (-3:40) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Sat Jun 26 18:20 - 14:53 (-3:26) root tty2 tty2 Sat Jun 26 05:30 - 07:01 (01:30) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Sat Jun 26 04:51 - 07:01 (02:10) root pts/2 192.168.0.2 Thu Jan 21 21:24 - 21:39 (00:15) root pts/2 192.168.0.2 Wed Jan 20 05:28 - 05:29 (00:00) root pts/1 192.168.0.2 Wed Jan 20 05:25 - 21:39 (1+16:14) root pts/1 192.168.0.2 Wed Jan 20 05:24 - 05:25 (00:00) root tty2 tty2 Wed Jan 20 05:20 - 21:39 (1+16:19) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Wed Jan 20 05:20 - 21:40 (1+16:19) root tty2 tty2 Wed Jan 20 05:00 - 05:17 (00:17) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Wed Jan 20 05:00 - 05:17 (00:17) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Wed Jan 20 04:59 - 05:17 (00:17) root tty2 tty2 Wed Jan 20 04:44 - down (00:14) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Wed Jan 20 04:44 - 04:59 (00:15) root tty2 tty2 Mon Jan 4 03:40 - 04:52 (01:11) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Mon Jan 4 03:37 - 04:52 (01:14) wtmp begins Mon Jan 4 03:37:53 2021
七、ping
控制ping次數【-c】網絡
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# ping -c 3 192.168.0.1 PING 192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.601 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=6.33 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.15 ms --- 192.168.0.1 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 28ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.601/2.693/6.332/2.582 ms
| 參數 | 做用 |
|---|---|
| -c | 總共發送次數 |
| -l | 指定網卡名稱 |
| -i | 每次間隔時間（秒） |
| -W | 最長等待時間（秒） |
八、tracepath
顯示數據包達到目的主機途中所通過的路由信息 架構
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tracepath www.baidu.com
1?: [LOCALHOST] pmtu 1500
1: _gateway 0.952ms
1: _gateway 0.664ms
2: _gateway 0.567ms pmtu 1492
2: 115.32.24.1 3.276ms
3: no reply
4: no reply
查看自家路由：
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tracepath 192.168.0.1
1?: [LOCALHOST] pmtu 1500
1: _gateway 0.666ms reached
1: _gateway 0.646ms reached
Resume: pmtu 1500 hops 1 back 1
九、netstat
顯示如網絡鏈接、路由表、接口狀態等的網絡相關信息
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# netstat -a Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 mingmingxingforc:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhos:x11-ssh-offset 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 208 mingmingxingforcomp:ssh 192.168.0.9:vrtl-vmf-sa ESTABLISHED
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# netstat -i Kernel Interface table Iface MTU RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg ens160 1500 6837 0 0 0 2504 0 0 0 BMRU lo 65536 190 0 0 0 190 0 0 0 LRU virbr0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMU
十、history
顯示執行過的命令歷史
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# history | head -n 5
1 history
2 sosreport
3 cd /home/
4 pwd
5 cd /root
十一、sosreport
收集系統配置及架構信息並輸出診斷文檔
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# sosreport sosreport (version 3.6) This command will collect diagnostic and configuration information from this Red Hat Enterprise Linux system and installed applications. An archive containing the collected information will be generated in /var/tmp/sos.r6jscjcn and may be provided to a Red Hat support representative. Any information provided to Red Hat will be treated in accordance with the published support policies at: https://access.redhat.com/support/ The generated archive may contain data considered sensitive and its content should be reviewed by the originating organization before being passed to any third party. No changes will be made to system configuration. Press ENTER to continue, or CTRL-C to quit. Please enter the case id that you are generating this report for []: y Setting up archive ... Setting up plugins ... Running plugins. Please wait ... Finishing plugins [Running: processor] anager] Finished running plugins Creating compressed archive... Your sosreport has been generated and saved in: /var/tmp/sosreport-mingmingxingforcomputer-y-2021-06-26-udermtc.tar.xz The checksum is: 8f5dcd82d59eeb0772bcf32d0688bc78 Please send this file to your support representative.
二、定位文件命令
一、pwd
顯示用戶當前所處的工做目錄
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cd .. [root@mingmingxingforcomputer /]# pwd / [root@mingmingxingforcomputer /]# cd /etc [root@mingmingxingforcomputer etc]# pwd /etc
二、cd
切換當前的工做路徑
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cd .. [root@mingmingxingforcomputer /]# pwd /
三、ls
顯示目錄中的文件信息
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer etc]# ls adjtime dracut.conf.d krb5.conf.d papersize sgml aliases egl ksmtuned.conf passwd shadow alsa enscript.cfg ld.so.cache passwd- shadow- alternatives environment ld.so.conf pbm2ppa.conf shells
| 參數 | 做用 |
|---|---|
| -a | 看到所有文件 |
| -l | 查看文件的屬性 |
四、tree
用於以樹狀圖的形式列出目錄內容及結構
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tree . ├── anaconda-ks.cfg ├── a.txt ├── Desktop ├── Documents ├── Downloads ├── initial-setup-ks.cfg ├── linuxprobe ├── Music ├── Pictures ├── Public ├── Templates └── Videos
五、find
按照指定條件來查找文件所對應的位置
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# find / -name passwd /sys/fs/selinux/class/passwd /sys/fs/selinux/class/passwd/perms/passwd /etc/pam.d/passwd /etc/passwd /var/lib/sss/mc/passwd /usr/bin/passwd /usr/share/licenses/passwd /usr/share/doc/passwd /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/passwd
進階實驗：在整個文件系統中找出全部歸屬於linuxprobe用戶的文件並複製到/root/findresults目錄。
該實驗的重點是「-exec {} \;」參數，其中的{}表示find命令搜索出的每個文件，而且命令的結尾必須是「\;」。完成該實驗的具體命令以下：
[root@linuxprobe ~]# find / -user linuxprobe -exec cp -a {} /root/findresults/ \;
六、locate
按照名稱快速搜索文件所對應的位置
使用步驟：
- 生成數據庫updatedb
- locate 文件名稱
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# updatedb [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# locate whereis /usr/bin/whereis /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/whereis /usr/share/man/man1/whereis.1.gz [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# find / -name whereis /usr/bin/whereis /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/whereis [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]#
七、whereis
用於按照名稱快速搜索二進制程序（命令）、源代碼以及幫助手冊文件所對應的位置
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# whereis whereis whereis: /usr/bin/whereis /usr/share/man/man1/whereis.1.gz
簡單來講，whereis命令也是基於了上述updatedb命令所生成出的索引庫文件進行搜索，區別是不關心那些相同名稱的文件，僅僅是快速找到對應的命令文件及其幫助文件所在位置。
八、which
which命令用於按照指定名稱快速搜索二進制程序（命令）所對應的位置
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# which whereis /usr/bin/whereis
| 查詢命令 | 查詢速度 | 查詢準確度 |
|---|---|---|
| which | 1 | 4 |
| whereis | 2 | 3 |
| locate | 3 | 2 |
| find | 4 | 1 |
三、文本編輯命令
一、cat
用於查看純文本文件（內容較少的）
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat -n initial-setup-ks.cfg
1 #version=RHEL8
2 # X Window System configuration information
3 xconfig --startxonboot
4 # License agreement
5 eula --agreed
6 # Use graphical install
7 graphical
8 # Network information
9 network --bootproto=dhcp --device=ens160 --onboot=off --ipv6=auto --no-activate
10 network --bootproto=dhcp --hostname=localhost.localdomain
11 repo --name="AppStream" --baseurl=file:///run/install/repo/AppStream
12 ignoredisk --only-use=sda
二、more
用於查看純文本文件（內容較多的）
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# more -n initial-setup-ks.cfg more: unknown option -n Try 'more --help' for more information. [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# more initial-setup-ks.cfg #version=RHEL8 # X Window System configuration information xconfig --startxonboot # License agreement eula --agreed # Use graphical install graphical # Network information network --bootproto=dhcp --device=ens160 --onboot=off --ipv6=auto --no-activate network --bootproto=dhcp --hostname=localhost.localdomain repo --name="AppStream" --baseurl=file:///run/install/repo/AppStream ignoredisk --only-use=sda # Use CDROM installation media cdrom # Run the Setup Agent on first boot firstboot --enable # System services services --disabled="chronyd" # Keyboard layouts keyboard --vckeymap=us --xlayouts='us' # System language lang en_US.UTF-8 --More--(41%)
三、head
用於查看純文本文件的前N行
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# head -n 5 initial-setup-ks.cfg #version=RHEL8 # X Window System configuration information xconfig --startxonboot # License agreement eula --agreed
四、tail
用於查看純文本文件的後N行或持續刷新文件的最新內容
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tail -n 5 initial-setup-ks.cfg %anaconda pwpolicy root --minlen=6 --minquality=1 --notstrict --nochanges --notempty pwpolicy user --minlen=6 --minquality=1 --notstrict --nochanges --emptyok pwpolicy luks --minlen=6 --minquality=1 --notstrict --nochanges --notempty %end
tail持續刷新命令：tail -f /var/log/messages
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages Jun 26 19:55:22 mingmingxingforcomputer systemd[1]: Starting PackageKit Daemon... Jun 26 19:55:22 mingmingxingforcomputer dbus-daemon[1020]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.PackageKit' Jun 26 19:55:22 mingmingxingforcomputer systemd[1]: Started PackageKit Daemon. Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer systemd[1]: Starting dnf makecache... Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer dnf[13946]: Updating Subscription Management repositories. Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer dnf[13946]: Unable to read consumer identity Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer dnf[13946]: This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register. Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer dnf[13946]: Failed determining last makecache time. Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer dnf[13946]: There are no enabled repos. Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer systemd[1]: Started dnf makecache. ……
五、tr
替換文本內容中的字符
語法格式爲：「tr [原始字符] [目標字符]」
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tail -n 5 initial-setup-ks.cfg | tr [a-z] [A-Z] %ANACONDA PWPOLICY ROOT --MINLEN=6 --MINQUALITY=1 --NOTSTRICT --NOCHANGES --NOTEMPTY PWPOLICY USER --MINLEN=6 --MINQUALITY=1 --NOTSTRICT --NOCHANGES --EMPTYOK PWPOLICY LUKS --MINLEN=6 --MINQUALITY=1 --NOTSTRICT --NOCHANGES --NOTEMPTY %END
六、wc
用於統計指定文本文件的行數、字數或字節數
語法格式爲：「wc [參數] 文件名稱」
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# wc -clw initial-setup-ks.cfg 50 137 1559 initial-setup-ks.cfg
七、stat
用於查看文件的具體存儲細節和時間等信息
語法格式爲：「stat 文件名稱」
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# stat initial-setup-ks.cfg File: initial-setup-ks.cfg Size: 1559 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 35268271 Links: 1 Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Context: system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0 Access: 2021-06-26 19:46:18.231530396 +0800 Modify: 2021-01-04 03:40:00.818112167 +0800 Change: 2021-01-04 03:40:00.818112167 +0800 Birth: -
| 狀態 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| Access Time | 最後一次內容被訪問的時間 |
| Modify Time | 最後一次內容被修改的時間 |
| Change Time | 文件屬性最後一次被修改的時間 |
八、grep
grep命令用於按行提取文本內容
grep [參數] 文件名稱
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat initial-setup-ks.cfg | grep oo xconfig --startxonboot network --bootproto=dhcp --device=ens160 --onboot=off --ipv6=auto --no-activate network --bootproto=dhcp --hostname=localhost.localdomain # Run the Setup Agent on first boot firstboot --enable # Root password rootpw --iscrypted $6$989xgW64eEOskUcc$Oo1jfPK4FIVjw22Fvg5iQxx6mzQ7dw8hqdxjDDbq7LkZYWwB6LGYJfZHZNk6tYnE2HtiGiGhx22L.QK4uqLGe0 # System bootloader configuration bootloader --location=none kexec-tools pwpolicy root --minlen=6 --minquality=1 --notstrict --nochanges --notempty
九、cut
cut命令用於按列提取文本內容
cut [參數] 文件名稱
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cut -d : -f 1 /etc/passwd root bin daemon adm lp sync shutdown halt mail operator
十、diff
diff命令用於比較多個文件之間內容的差別
diff [參數] 文件名稱A 文件名稱B
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat a.txt Welcome to linuxprobe.com Red Hat certified Free Linux Lessons Professional guidance Linux Course [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat b.txt Welcome tooo linuxprobe.com Red Hat certified Free Linux LeSSonS ////////.....//////// Professional guidance Linux Course [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# diff --brief a.txt b.txt Files a.txt and b.txt differ [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# diff -c a.txt b.txt *** a.txt 2021-06-26 19:54:36.505573424 +0800 --- b.txt 2021-06-26 19:54:59.510575410 +0800 *************** *** 1,5 **** ! Welcome to linuxprobe.com Red Hat certified ! Free Linux Lessons Professional guidance Linux Course --- 1,7 ---- ! Welcome tooo linuxprobe.com ! Red Hat certified ! Free Linux LeSSonS ! ////////.....//////// Professional guidance Linux Course
十一、uniq
去除查看文件中重複行
uniq [參數] 文件名稱
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat c.txt aaaaaa aaaaaa aaaaaa 1 2 3 4 [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# uniq c.txt aaaaaa 1 2 3 4
十二、sort
用於對文本內容進行再排序
sort [參數] 文件名稱
[root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# sort -n d.txt 0 12 15 45 78 231 321 [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat d.txt 15 231 12 0 45 78 321
本節課學習命令量很大，須要多練習兩遍……不說了，練習去了
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