管道是Linux支持的最初Unix IPC形式之一,具備如下特色:node
#include <unistd.h> int pipe(int fd[2])
該函數建立的管道的兩端處於一個進程中間,在實際應用中沒有太大意義,所以,一個進程在由pipe()建立管道後,通常再fork一個子進程,而後經過管道實現父子進程間的通訊(所以也不難推出,只要兩個進程中存在親緣關係,這裏的親緣關係指的是具備共同的祖先,均可以採用管道方式來進行通訊)。linux
管道兩端可分別用描述字fd[0]以及fd[1]來描述,須要注意的是,管道的兩端是固定了任務的。即一端只能用於讀,由描述字fd[0]表示,稱其爲管道讀端;另外一端則只能用於寫,由描述字fd[1]來表示,稱其爲管道寫端。若是試圖從管道寫端讀取數據,或者向管道讀端寫入數據都將致使錯誤發生。通常文件的I/O函數均可以用於管道,如close、read、write等等。函數
從管道中讀取數據:server
關於管道的讀規則驗證:blog
/************** * readtest.c * **************/ #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <errno.h> main() { int pipe_fd[2]; pid_t pid; char r_buf[100]; char w_buf[4]; char* p_wbuf; int r_num; int cmd; memset(r_buf,0,sizeof(r_buf)); memset(w_buf,0,sizeof(r_buf)); p_wbuf=w_buf; if(pipe(pipe_fd)<0) { printf("pipe create error\n"); return -1; } if((pid=fork())==0) { printf("\n"); close(pipe_fd[1]); sleep(3);//確保父進程關閉寫端 r_num=read(pipe_fd[0],r_buf,100); printf( "read num is %d the data read from the pipe is %d\n",r_num,atoi(r_buf)); close(pipe_fd[0]); exit(); } else if(pid>0) { close(pipe_fd[0]);//read strcpy(w_buf,"111"); if(write(pipe_fd[1],w_buf,4)!=-1) printf("parent write over\n"); close(pipe_fd[1]);//write printf("parent close fd[1] over\n"); sleep(10); } } /************************************************** * 程序輸出結果: * parent write over * parent close fd[1] over * read num is 4 the data read from the pipe is 111 * 附加結論: * 管道寫端關閉後,寫入的數據將一直存在,直到讀出爲止. ****************************************************/
向管道中寫入數據:進程
對管道的寫規則的驗證1:寫端對讀端存在的依賴性ip
#include <unistd.h> #include <sys/types.h> main() { int pipe_fd[2]; pid_t pid; char r_buf[4]; char* w_buf; int writenum; int cmd; memset(r_buf,0,sizeof(r_buf)); if(pipe(pipe_fd)<0) { printf("pipe create error\n"); return -1; } if((pid=fork())==0) { close(pipe_fd[0]); close(pipe_fd[1]); sleep(10); exit(); } else if(pid>0) { sleep(1); //等待子進程完成關閉讀端的操做 close(pipe_fd[0]);//write w_buf="111"; if((writenum=write(pipe_fd[1],w_buf,4))==-1) printf("write to pipe error\n"); else printf("the bytes write to pipe is %d \n", writenum); close(pipe_fd[1]); } }
命名管道是一種特殊類型的文件,由於Linux中全部事物都是文件,它在文件系統中以文件名的形式存在。內存
在程序中,咱們能夠使用兩個不一樣的函數調用來創建管道:get
#include <sys/types.h>cmd
#include <sys/stat.h>
int mkfifo(const char *filename, mode_t mode);
int mknode(const char *filename, mode_t mode | S_IFIFO, (dev_t) 0 );
1、實驗:使用FIFO實現進程間通訊
兩個獨立的程序:
1. 生產者程序,它在須要時建立管道,而後儘量快地向管道中寫入數據。
2. 消費者程序,它從FIFO中讀取數據並丟棄它們。
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <limits.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #define FIFO_NAME "../fifoname" #define BUFFER_SIZE PIPE_BUF #define TEN_MEG (1024 * 5 ) int main() { int pipe_fd; int res; int open_mode = O_WRONLY; int byte = 0; char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE + 1]; if (-1 == access(FIFO_NAME, F_OK)) { res = mkfifo(FIFO_NAME, 0777); if (res != 0) { printf("error create fifo pipe\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } printf("Process %d opening FIFO O_WRONLY\n", getpid()); pipe_fd = open(FIFO_NAME, open_mode); printf("Process %d result %d\n", getpid(), pipe_fd); if (-1 != pipe_fd) { while (byte < TEN_MEG) { res = write(pipe_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE); printf("write to pipe %d data! and buffsize if %d\n", res, BUFFER_SIZE); if (-1 == res) { printf("error write to pipe\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } byte += res; } close(pipe_fd); } else { exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("Process %d finished\n", getpid()); }
消費者:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <limits.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #define FIFO_NAME "../fifoname" #define BUFFER_SIZE PIPE_BUF int main() { int pipe_fd; int open_mode = O_RDONLY; int res; char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE + 1]; int byte = 0; printf("Process %d opening FIFO O_RDONLY\n", getpid()); pipe_fd = open(FIFO_NAME, open_mode); printf("Process %d result %d\n", getpid(), pipe_fd); if (-1 != pipe_fd) { do { res = read(pipe_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE); printf("read from server %d bytes data!\n", res); byte += res; sleep(1); }while (res > 0); close(pipe_fd); } else { exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("Process %d finished, %d bytes read\n", getpid(), byte); return 0; }