Python—requests模塊詳解

時間  2020-06-19
標籤 python requests 模塊 詳解 欄目 Python 简体版
原文   原文鏈接

一、模塊說明

requests是使用Apache2 licensed 許可證的HTTP庫。php

用python編寫。html

比urllib2模塊更簡潔。python

Request支持HTTP鏈接保持和鏈接池，支持使用cookie保持會話，支持文件上傳，支持自動響應內容的編碼，支持國際化的URL和POST數據自動編碼。git

在python內置模塊的基礎上進行了高度的封裝，從而使得python進行網絡請求時，變得人性化，使用Requests能夠垂手可得的完成瀏覽器可有的任何操做。github

現代，國際化，友好。web

requests會自動實現持久鏈接keep-aliveajax

二、基礎入門

1）導入模塊json

import requests

2）發送請求的簡潔api

　　示例代碼：獲取一個網頁（我的github）瀏覽器

import requests r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf')       # 最基本的不帶參數的get請求
r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'})      # 帶參數的get請求

咱們就可使用該方式使用如下各類方法

1   requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json’)                                # GET請求
2   requests.post(「http://httpbin.org/post」)                                        # POST請求
3   requests.put(「http://httpbin.org/put」)                                          # PUT請求
4   requests.delete(「http://httpbin.org/delete」)                                    # DELETE請求
5   requests.head(「http://httpbin.org/get」)                                         # HEAD請求
6   requests.options(「http://httpbin.org/get」 )                                     # OPTIONS請求

3）爲url傳遞參數

>>> url_params = {'key':'value'}       # 字典傳遞參數，若是值爲None的鍵不會被添加到url中
>>> r = requests.get('your url',params = url_params) >>> print(r.url) 　　your url?key=value

4）響應的內容

r.encoding                       #獲取當前的編碼
r.encoding = 'utf-8'             #設置編碼
r.text                           #以encoding解析返回內容。字符串方式的響應體，會自動根據響應頭部的字符編碼進行解碼。
r.content                        #以字節形式（二進制）返回。字節方式的響應體，會自動爲你解碼 gzip 和 deflate 壓縮。
 r.headers #以字典對象存儲服務器響應頭，可是這個字典比較特殊，字典鍵不區分大小寫，若鍵不存在則返回None
 r.status_code #響應狀態碼
r.raw                             #返回原始響應體，也就是 urllib 的 response 對象，使用 r.raw.read() 
r.ok                              # 查看r.ok的布爾值即可以知道是否登錄成功
 #*特殊方法*#
r.json()                         #Requests中內置的JSON解碼器，以json形式返回,前提返回的內容確保是json格式的，否則解析出錯會拋異常
r.raise_for_status()             #失敗請求(非200響應)拋出異常

post發送json請求：

1 import requests 2 import json 3  
4 r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=json.dumps({'some': 'data'})) 5 print(r.json())

5）定製頭和cookie信息

header = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1''}
cookie = {'key':'value'} r = requests.get/post('your url',headers=header,cookies=cookie)
data = {'some': 'data'} headers = {'content-type': 'application/json', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'} r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=data, headers=headers) print(r.text)

6）響應狀態碼

使用requests方法後，會返回一個response對象，其存儲了服務器響應的內容，如上實例中已經提到的 r.text、r.status_code……
獲取文本方式的響應體實例：當你訪問 r.text 之時，會使用其響應的文本編碼進行解碼，而且你能夠修改其編碼讓 r.text 使用自定義的編碼進行解碼。

1 r = requests.get('http://www.itwhy.org') 2 print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding) 3 r.encoding = 'GBK'
4 print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)

示例代碼：

1 import requests 2 
3 r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf')       # 最基本的不帶參數的get請求
4 print(r.status_code)                               # 獲取返回狀態
5 r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'})      # 帶參數的get請求
6 print(r1.url) 7 print(r1.text)        # 打印解碼後的返回數據

運行結果：

/usr/bin/python3.5 /home/rxf/python3_1000/1000/python3_server/python3_requests/demo1.py 200 http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=python ………… Process finished with exit code 0
r.status_code                      #若是不是200，可使用 r.raise_for_status() 拋出異常

7）響應

r.headers                                  #返回字典類型,頭信息
r.requests.headers                         #返回發送到服務器的頭信息
r.cookies                                  #返回cookie
r.history                                  #返回重定向信息,固然能夠在請求是加上allow_redirects = false 阻止重定向

8）超時

 

r = requests.get('url',timeout=1)           #設置秒數超時，僅對於鏈接有效

 

9)會話對象，可以跨請求保持某些參數

s = requests.Session() s.auth = ('auth','passwd') s.headers = {'key':'value'} r = s.get('url') r1 = s.get('url1')

10）代理

 

proxies = {'http':'ip1','https':'ip2' } requests.get('url',proxies=proxies)

 

彙總：

# HTTP請求類型 # get類型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') # post類型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post") # put類型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put") # delete類型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete") # head類型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head") # options類型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get") # 獲取響應內容
print(r.content) #以字節的方式去顯示，中文顯示爲字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去顯示

#URL傳遞參數
payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'} r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload) print（r.url） #示例爲http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港

#獲取/修改網頁編碼
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print （r.encoding） #json處理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print（r.json()） # 須要先import json 

# 定製請求頭
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'} r = requests.post(url, headers=headers) print （r.request.headers) #複雜post請求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' payload = {'some': 'data'} r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #若是傳遞的payload是string而不是dict，須要先調用dumps方法格式化一下

# post多部分編碼文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')} r = requests.post(url, files=files) # 響應狀態碼
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com') print(r.status_code) # 響應頭
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com') print (r.headers) print (r.headers['Content-Type']) print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #訪問響應頭部份內容的兩種方式
    
# Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url' r = requests.get(url) r.cookies['example_cookie_name']    #讀取cookies
 url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies' cookies = dict(cookies_are='working') r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #發送cookies

#設置超時時間
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001) #設置訪問代理
proxies = { "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128", "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444", } r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies) #若是代理須要用戶名和密碼，則須要這樣：
proxies = { "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/", }
# HTTP請求類型 # get類型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') # post類型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post") # put類型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put") # delete類型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete") # head類型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head") # options類型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get") # 獲取響應內容
print(r.content) #以字節的方式去顯示，中文顯示爲字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去顯示

#URL傳遞參數
payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'} r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload) print（r.url） #示例爲http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港

#獲取/修改網頁編碼
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print （r.encoding） #json處理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print（r.json()） # 須要先import json 

# 定製請求頭
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'} r = requests.post(url, headers=headers) print （r.request.headers) #複雜post請求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' payload = {'some': 'data'} r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #若是傳遞的payload是string而不是dict，須要先調用dumps方法格式化一下

# post多部分編碼文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')} r = requests.post(url, files=files) # 響應狀態碼
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com') print(r.status_code) # 響應頭
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com') print (r.headers) print (r.headers['Content-Type']) print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #訪問響應頭部份內容的兩種方式
    
# Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url' r = requests.get(url) r.cookies['example_cookie_name']    #讀取cookies
 url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies' cookies = dict(cookies_are='working') r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #發送cookies

#設置超時時間
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001) #設置訪問代理
proxies = { "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128", "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444", } r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies) #若是代理須要用戶名和密碼，則須要這樣：
proxies = { "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/", }

三、示例代碼

GET請求

1 # 一、無參數實例
 2   
 3 import requests 4   
 5 ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') 6   
 7 print(ret.url) 8 print(ret.text) 9   
10   
11   
12 # 二、有參數實例
13   
14 import requests 15   
16 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} 17 ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload) 18   
19 print(ret.url) 20 print(ret.text)

POST請求

# 一、基本POST實例
  
import requests payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload) print(ret.text) # 二、發送請求頭和數據實例
  
import requests import json url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint' payload = {'some': 'data'} headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'} ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers) print(ret.text) print(ret.cookies)

請求參數

def request(method, url, **kwargs): """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`. :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload. ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')`` or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file. :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed. :type allow_redirects: bool :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy. :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``. :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded. :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get') <Response [200]> """ 參數列表 請求參數
請求參數 
def param_method_url(): # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    pass


def param_param(): # - 能夠是字典
    # - 能夠是字符串
    # - 能夠是字節（ascii編碼之內）

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'})

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params="k1=v1&k2=水電費&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

    # 錯誤
    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水電費&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
    pass


def param_data(): # 能夠是字典
    # 能夠是字符串
    # 能夠是字節
    # 能夠是文件對象

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'})

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件內容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )
    pass


def param_json(): # 將json中對應的數據進行序列化成一個字符串，json.dumps(...)
    # 而後發送到服務器端的body中，而且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
    requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'}) def param_headers(): # 發送請求頭到服務器端
    requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'}, headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} ) def param_cookies(): # 發送Cookie到服務器端
    requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, cookies={'cook1': 'value1'}, ) # 也可使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基礎上封裝）
    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar from http.cookiejar import Cookie obj = CookieJar() obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None, discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False, port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False) ) requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, cookies=obj) def param_files(): # 發送文件
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 發送文件，定製文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 發送文件，定製文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 發送文件，定製文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    pass


def param_auth(): from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf')) print(ret.text) # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
    # print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
    # print(ret)
    # 

def param_timeout(): # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
    # print(ret)

    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
    # print(ret)
    pass


def param_allow_redirects(): ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False) print(ret.text) def param_proxies(): # proxies = {
    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
    # }

    # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
    # print(ret.headers)


    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
    #     # proxyDict = {
    # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
    # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
    # }
    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
    #     # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
    # print(r.text)

    pass


def param_stream(): ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True) print(ret.content) ret.close() # from contextlib import closing
    # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
    # # 在此處理響應。
    # for i in r.iter_content():
    # print(i)


def requests_session(): import requests session = requests.Session() ### 一、首先登錄任何頁面，獲取cookie
 i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") ### 二、用戶登錄，攜帶上一次的cookie，後臺對cookie中的 gpsd 進行受權
    i2 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", data={ 'phone': "8615131255089", 'password': "xxxxxx", 'oneMonth': "" } ) i3 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623", ) print(i3.text)
參數示例代碼

json請求：

#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests import json class url_request(): def __init__(self): ''' init '''

if __name__ == '__main__': heard = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'} payload = {'CountryName': '中國', 'ProvinceName': '四川省', 'L1CityName': 'chengdu', 'L2CityName': 'yibing', 'TownName': '', 'Longitude': '107.33393', 'Latitude': '33.157131', 'Language': 'CN'} r = requests.post("http://www.xxxxxx.com/CityLocation/json/LBSLocateCity", heards=heard, data=payload) data = r.json() if r.status_code!=200: print('LBSLocateCity API Error' + str(r.status_code)) print(data['CityEntities'][0]['CityID'])  # 打印返回json中的某個key的value
    print(data['ResponseStatus']['Ack']) print(json.dump(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False))  # 樹形打印json，ensure_ascii必須設爲False不然中文會顯示爲unicode

Xml請求：

#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests class url_request(): def __init__(self): """init"""

if __name__ == '__main__': heards = {'Content-type': 'text/xml'} XML = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"><soap:Body><Request xmlns="http://tempuri.org/"><jme><JobClassFullName>WeChatJSTicket.JobWS.Job.JobRefreshTicket,WeChatJSTicket.JobWS</JobClassFullName><Action>RUN</Action><Param>1</Param><HostIP>127.0.0.1</HostIP><JobInfo>1</JobInfo><NeedParallel>false</NeedParallel></jme></Request></soap:Body></soap:Envelope>' url = 'http://jobws.push.mobile.xxxxxxxx.com/RefreshWeiXInTokenJob/RefreshService.asmx' r = requests.post(url=url, heards=heards, data=XML) data = r.text print(data)

狀態異常處理

import requests URL = 'http://ip.taobao.com/service/getIpInfo.php'  # 淘寶IP地址庫API
try: r = requests.get(URL, params={'ip': '8.8.8.8'}, timeout=1) r.raise_for_status() # 若是響應狀態碼不是 200，就主動拋出異常
except requests.RequestException as e: print(e) else: result = r.json() print(type(result), result, sep='\n')

上傳文件

使用request模塊，也能夠上傳文件，文件的類型會自動進行處理：

import requests url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload' files = {'file': open('/home/rxf/test.jpg', 'rb')} #files = {'file': ('report.jpg', open('/home/lyb/sjzl.mpg', 'rb'))} #顯式的設置文件名
 r = requests.post(url, files=files) print(r.text)

request更加方便的是，能夠把字符串看成文件進行上傳：

import requests url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload' files = {'file': ('test.txt', b'Hello Requests.')}     #必需顯式的設置文件名
 r = requests.post(url, files=files) print(r.text)

6) 身份驗證

基自己份認證(HTTP Basic Auth)

import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'passwd')) # r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=('user', 'passwd')) # 簡寫
print(r.json())

另外一種很是流行的HTTP身份認證形式是摘要式身份認證，Requests對它的支持也是開箱便可用的:

requests.get(URL, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')

Cookies與會話對象

若是某個響應中包含一些Cookie，你能夠快速訪問它們：

import requests r = requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk/') print(r.cookies['NID']) print(tuple(r.cookies))

要想發送你的cookies到服務器，可使用 cookies 參數：

import requests url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies' cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'} # 在Cookie Version 0中規定空格、方括號、圓括號、等於號、逗號、雙引號、斜槓、問號、@，冒號，分號等特殊符號都不能做爲Cookie的內容。
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) print(r.json())

會話對象讓你可以跨請求保持某些參數，最方便的是在同一個Session實例發出的全部請求之間保持cookies，且這些都是自動處理的，甚是方便。
下面就來一個真正的實例，以下是快盤簽到腳本：

import requests headers = {'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, compress', 'Accept-Language': 'en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'} s = requests.Session() s.headers.update(headers) # s.auth = ('superuser', '123')
s.get('https://www.kuaipan.cn/account_login.htm') _URL = 'http://www.kuaipan.cn/index.php' s.post(_URL, params={'ac':'account', 'op':'login'}, data={'username':'****@foxmail.com', 'userpwd':'********', 'isajax':'yes'}) r = s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'zone', 'op':'taskdetail'}) print(r.json()) s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'common', 'op':'usersign'})

requests模塊抓取網頁源碼並保存到文件示例

這是一個基本的文件保存操做，但這裏有幾個值得注意的問題：

1.安裝requests包，命令行輸入pip install requests便可自動安裝。不少人推薦使用requests，自帶的urllib.request也能夠抓取網頁源碼

2.open方法encoding參數設爲utf-8，不然保存的文件會出現亂碼。

3.若是直接在cmd中輸出抓取的內容，會提示各類編碼錯誤，因此保存到文件查看。

4.with open方法是更好的寫法，能夠自動操做完畢後釋放資源

#! /urs/bin/python3
import requests '''requests模塊抓取網頁源碼並保存到文件示例''' html = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com") with open('test.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: f.write(html.text) '''讀取一個txt文件，每次讀取一行，並保存到另外一個txt文件中的示例''' ff = open('testt.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') with open('test.txt', encoding="utf-8") as f: for line in f: ff.write(line) ff.close()

由於在命令行中打印每次讀取一行的數據，中文會出現編碼錯誤，因此每次讀取一行並保存到另外一個文件，這樣來測試讀取是否正常。（注意open的時候制定encoding編碼方式）

 

自動登錄"示例：

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests # ############## 方式一 ##############
""" # ## 一、首先登錄任何頁面，獲取cookie i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict() # ## 二、用戶登錄，攜帶上一次的cookie，後臺對cookie中的 gpsd 進行受權 i2 = requests.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", data={ 'phone': "8615131255089", 'password': "xxooxxoo", 'oneMonth': "" }, cookies=i1_cookies ) # ## 三、點贊（只須要攜帶已經被受權的gpsd便可） gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd'] i3 = requests.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523", cookies={'gpsd': gpsd} ) print(i3.text) """


# ############## 方式二 ##############
""" import requests session = requests.Session() i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") i2 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", data={ 'phone': "8615131255089", 'password': "xxooxxoo", 'oneMonth': "" } ) i3 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523" ) print(i3.text) """
抽屜新熱榜 
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests from bs4 import BeautifulSoup # ############## 方式一 ############## # # # 1. 訪問登錄頁面，獲取 authenticity_token # i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login') # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml') # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}) # authenticity_token = tag.get('value') # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict() # i1.close() # # # 1. 攜帶authenticity_token和用戶名密碼等信息，發送用戶驗證 # form_data = { # "authenticity_token": authenticity_token, # "utf8": "", # "commit": "Sign in", # "login": "wupeiqi@live.com", # 'password': 'xxoo' # } # # i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1) # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict() # c1.update(c2) # i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1) # # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml') # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup') # # from bs4.element import Tag # # for child in list_group.children: # if isinstance(child, Tag): # project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1') # size_tag = child.find(name='small') # temp = "項目:%s(%s); 項目路徑:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, ) # print(temp)



# ############## 方式二 ############## # session = requests.Session() # # 1. 訪問登錄頁面，獲取 authenticity_token # i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login') # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml') # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}) # authenticity_token = tag.get('value') # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict() # i1.close() # # # 1. 攜帶authenticity_token和用戶名密碼等信息，發送用戶驗證 # form_data = { # "authenticity_token": authenticity_token, # "utf8": "", # "commit": "Sign in", # "login": "wupeiqi@live.com", # 'password': 'xxoo' # } # # i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data) # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict() # c1.update(c2) # i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories') # # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml') # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup') # # from bs4.element import Tag # # for child in list_group.children: # if isinstance(child, Tag): # project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1') # size_tag = child.find(name='small') # temp = "項目:%s(%s); 項目路徑:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, ) # print(temp)
github 
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time import requests from bs4 import BeautifulSoup session = requests.Session() i1 = session.get( url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin', headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36', } ) soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml') xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'}) xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value') current_time = time.time() i2 = session.get( url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif', params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'}, headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36', }) with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f: f.write(i2.content) captcha = input('請打開zhihu.gif文件，查看並輸入驗證碼：') form_data = { "_xsrf": xsrf, 'password': 'xxooxxoo', "captcha": 'captcha', 'email': '424662508@qq.com' } i3 = session.post( url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email', data=form_data, headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36', } ) i4 = session.get( url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile', headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36', } ) soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml') tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section') nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string print(nick_name)
知乎 
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import re import json import base64 import rsa import requests def js_encrypt(text): b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB' der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der) pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der) v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk) value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'') value = value.decode('utf8') return value session = requests.Session() i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin') rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'") v = re.search(rep, i1.text) verification_token = v.group(1) form_data = { 'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'), 'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'), 'remember': False } i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin', data=json.dumps(form_data), headers={ 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8', 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest', 'VerificationToken': verification_token} ) i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx') print(i3.text)
博客園 
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests # 第一步：訪問登錄頁,拿到X_Anti_Forge_Token，X_Anti_Forge_Code # 一、請求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html # 二、請求方法:GET # 三、請求頭: # User-agent
r1 = requests.get('https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html', headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36', }, ) X_Anti_Forge_Token = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Token = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0] X_Anti_Forge_Code = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Code = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0] print(X_Anti_Forge_Token, X_Anti_Forge_Code) # print(r1.cookies.get_dict()) # 第二步：登錄 # 一、請求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json # 二、請求方法:POST # 三、請求頭: # cookie # User-agent # Referer:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html # X-Anit-Forge-Code:53165984 # X-Anit-Forge-Token:3b6a2f62-80f0-428b-8efb-ef72fc100d78 # X-Requested-With:XMLHttpRequest # 四、請求體： # isValidate:true # username:15131252215 # password:ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d # request_form_verifyCode:'' # submit:''
r2 = requests.post( 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json', headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36', 'Referer': 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html', 'X-Anit-Forge-Code': X_Anti_Forge_Code, 'X-Anit-Forge-Token': X_Anti_Forge_Token, 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest' }, data={ "isValidate": True, 'username': '15131255089', 'password': 'ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d', 'request_form_verifyCode': '', 'submit': '' }, cookies=r1.cookies.get_dict() ) print(r2.text)
拉勾網

 

參考：

http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4

http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/

http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/quickstart/

http://www.javashuo.com/article/p-aizezvgv-q.html

http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6283017.html

相關文章
相關標籤/搜索
每日一句
    每一个你不满意的现在，都有一个你没有努力的曾经。
本站公眾號
   歡迎關注本站公眾號,獲取更多信息
聯繫我們 最近搜索 最新文章 沪ICP备13005482号-10 MyBatis教程 SQL 教程 MySQL教程 Java 教程 Thymeleaf 教程 Hibernate教程 Spring教程 Redis教程