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前段時間在寫項目時對nextTick的使用有一些疑惑。在查閱各類資料以後,在這裏總結一下Vue.js異步更新的策略以及nextTick的用途和原理。若有總結錯誤的地方,歡迎指出!html
本文將從如下3點進行總結:java
<template>
<div>
<div ref="message">{{message}}</div>
<button @click="handleClick">點擊</button>
</div>
</template>
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export default {
data () {
return {
message: 'begin'
};
},
methods () {
handleClick () {
this.message = 'end';
console.log(this.$refs.message.innerText); //打印「begin」
}
}
}
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打印出來的結果是「begin」,咱們在點擊事件裏明明將message賦值爲「end」,而獲取真實DOM節點的innerHTML卻沒有獲得預期中的「begin」,爲何?ios
<template>
<div>
<div>{{number}}</div>
<div @click="handleClick">click</div>
</div>
</template>
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export default {
data () {
return {
number: 0
};
},
methods: {
handleClick () {
for(let i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
this.number++;
}
}
}
}
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在點擊click事件以後,number會被遍歷增長10000次。在Vue.js響應式系統中,能夠看一下個人前一篇文章Vue.js的響應式系統原理。咱們知道Vue.js會經歷「setter->Dep->Watcher->patch->視圖」這幾個流程。。git
根據以往的理解,每次number被+1的時候,都會觸發number的setter按照上邊的流程最後來修改真實的DOM,而後DOM被更新了10000次,想一想都刺激!看一下官網的描述:Vue 異步執行 DOM 更新。只要觀察到數據變化,Vue 將開啓一個隊列,並緩衝在同一事件循環中發生的全部數據改變。若是同一個 watcher 被屢次觸發,只會被推入到隊列中一次。這種在緩衝時去除重複數據對於避免沒必要要的計算和 DOM 操做上很是重要顯然。github
爲了方便理解Vue.js異步更新策略和nextTick,先介紹如下JS的運行機制,參考阮一峯老師的JavaScript 運行機制詳解:再談Event Loop。摘取的關鍵部分以下:JS是單線程的,意思就是同一時間只能作一件事情。它是基於事件輪詢的,具體能夠分爲如下幾個步驟:數組
(1)全部同步任務都在主線程上執行,造成一個執行棧(execution context stack)。app
(2)主線程以外,還存在一個"任務隊列"(task queue)。只要異步任務有了運行結果,就在"任務隊列"之中放置一個事件。異步
(3)一旦"執行棧"中的全部同步任務執行完畢,系統就會讀取"任務隊列",看看裏面有哪些事件。那些對應的異步任務,因而結束等待狀態,進入執行棧,開始執行。async
(4)主線程不斷重複上面的第三步。
Vue.js在修改數據的時候,不會立馬修改數據,而是要等同一事件輪詢的數據都更新完以後,再統一進行視圖更新。 知乎上的例子:
//改變數據
vm.message = 'changed'
//想要當即使用更新後的DOM。這樣不行,由於設置message後DOM尚未更新
console.log(vm.$el.textContent) // 並不會獲得'changed'
//這樣能夠,nextTick裏面的代碼會在DOM更新後執行
Vue.nextTick(function(){
console.log(vm.$el.textContent) //能夠獲得'changed'
})
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圖解:
nextTick在官網當中的定義:
在下次 DOM 更新循環結束以後執行延遲迴調。在修改數據以後當即使用這個方法,獲取更新後的 DOM。
如下用setTimeout來模擬nextTick,先定義一個callbacks來存儲nextTick,在下一個tick處理回調函數以前,全部的cb都會存儲到這個callbacks數組當中。pending是一個標記位,表明等待的狀態。接着setTimeout 會在 task 中建立一個事件 flushCallbacks ,flushCallbacks 則會在執行時將 callbacks 中的全部 cb 依次執行。
// 存儲nextTick
let callbacks = [];
let pending = false;
function nextTick (cb) {
callbacks.push(cb);
if (!pending) {
// 表明等待狀態的標誌位
pending = true;
setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0);
}
}
function flushCallbacks () {
pending = false;
const copies = callbacks.slice(0);
callbacks.length = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
copies[i]();
}
}
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真實的代碼比這兒複雜的多,在Vue.js源碼當中,nextTick定義在一個單獨的文件中來維護,在src/core/util/next-tick.js中:
/* @flow */
/* globals MessageChannel */
import { noop } from 'shared/util'
import { handleError } from './error'
import { isIOS, isNative } from './env'
const callbacks = []
let pending = false
function flushCallbacks () {
pending = false
const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
callbacks.length = 0
for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
copies[i]()
}
}
// Here we have async deferring wrappers using both microtasks and (macro) tasks.
// In < 2.4 we used microtasks everywhere, but there are some scenarios where
// microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690) or even between bubbling of the same
// event (#6566). However, using (macro) tasks everywhere also has subtle problems
// when state is changed right before repaint (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Here we use microtask by default, but expose a way to force (macro) task when
// needed (e.g. in event handlers attached by v-on).
let microTimerFunc
let macroTimerFunc
let useMacroTask = false
// Determine (macro) task defer implementation.
// Technically setImmediate should be the ideal choice, but it's only available
// in IE. The only polyfill that consistently queues the callback after all DOM
// events triggered in the same loop is by using MessageChannel.
/* istanbul ignore if */
if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
macroTimerFunc = () => {
setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
}
} else if (typeof MessageChannel !== 'undefined' && (
isNative(MessageChannel) ||
// PhantomJS
MessageChannel.toString() === '[object MessageChannelConstructor]'
)) {
const channel = new MessageChannel()
const port = channel.port2
channel.port1.onmessage = flushCallbacks
macroTimerFunc = () => {
port.postMessage(1)
}
} else {
/* istanbul ignore next */
macroTimerFunc = () => {
setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
}
}
// Determine microtask defer implementation.
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
const p = Promise.resolve()
microTimerFunc = () => {
p.then(flushCallbacks)
// in problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
// it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
// microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
// needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
// "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
}
} else {
// fallback to macro
microTimerFunc = macroTimerFunc
}
/** * Wrap a function so that if any code inside triggers state change, * the changes are queued using a (macro) task instead of a microtask. */
export function withMacroTask (fn: Function): Function {
return fn._withTask || (fn._withTask = function () {
useMacroTask = true
const res = fn.apply(null, arguments)
useMacroTask = false
return res
})
}
export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
let _resolve
callbacks.push(() => {
if (cb) {
try {
cb.call(ctx)
} catch (e) {
handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
}
} else if (_resolve) {
_resolve(ctx)
}
})
if (!pending) {
pending = true
if (useMacroTask) {
macroTimerFunc()
} else {
microTimerFunc()
}
}
// $flow-disable-line
if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
return new Promise(resolve => {
_resolve = resolve
})
}
}
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加上註釋以後:
/** * Defer a task to execute it asynchronously. */
/* 延遲一個任務使其異步執行,在下一個tick時執行,一個當即執行函數,返回一個function 這個函數的做用是在task或者microtask中推入一個timerFunc,在當前調用棧執行完之後以此執行直到執行到timerFunc 目的是延遲到當前調用棧執行完之後執行 */
export const nextTick = (function () {
/*存放異步執行的回調*/
const callbacks = []
/*一個標記位,若是已經有timerFunc被推送到任務隊列中去則不須要重複推送*/
let pending = false
/*一個函數指針,指向函數將被推送到任務隊列中,等到主線程任務執行完時,任務隊列中的timerFunc被調用*/
let timerFunc
/*下一個tick時的回調*/
function nextTickHandler () {
/*一個標記位,標記等待狀態(即函數已經被推入任務隊列或者主線程,已經在等待當前棧執行完畢去執行),這樣就不須要在push多個回調到callbacks時將timerFunc屢次推入任務隊列或者主線程*/
pending = false
/*執行全部callback*/
const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
callbacks.length = 0
for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
copies[i]()
}
}
// the nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
// via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
// MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
// UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
// completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
// Promise is available, we will use it:
/* istanbul ignore if */
/* 這裏解釋一下,一共有Promise、MutationObserver以及setTimeout三種嘗試獲得timerFunc的方法 優先使用Promise,在Promise不存在的狀況下使用MutationObserver,這兩個方法都會在microtask中執行,會比setTimeout更早執行,因此優先使用。 若是上述兩種方法都不支持的環境則會使用setTimeout,在task尾部推入這個函數,等待調用執行。 參考:https://www.zhihu.com/question/55364497 */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
/*使用Promise*/
var p = Promise.resolve()
var logError = err => { console.error(err) }
timerFunc = () => {
p.then(nextTickHandler).catch(logError)
// in problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
// it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
// microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
// needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
// "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
}
} else if (typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && (
isNative(MutationObserver) ||
// PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
)) {
// use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
// e.g. PhantomJS IE11, iOS7, Android 4.4
/*新建一個textNode的DOM對象,用MutationObserver綁定該DOM並指定回調函數,在DOM變化的時候則會觸發回調,該回調會進入主線程(比任務隊列優先執行),即textNode.data = String(counter)時便會觸發回調*/
var counter = 1
var observer = new MutationObserver(nextTickHandler)
var textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
observer.observe(textNode, {
characterData: true
})
timerFunc = () => {
counter = (counter + 1) % 2
textNode.data = String(counter)
}
} else {
// fallback to setTimeout
/* istanbul ignore next */
/*使用setTimeout將回調推入任務隊列尾部*/
timerFunc = () => {
setTimeout(nextTickHandler, 0)
}
}
/* 推送到隊列中下一個tick時執行 cb 回調函數 ctx 上下文 */
return function queueNextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
let _resolve
/*cb存到callbacks中*/
callbacks.push(() => {
if (cb) {
try {
cb.call(ctx)
} catch (e) {
handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
}
} else if (_resolve) {
_resolve(ctx)
}
})
if (!pending) {
pending = true
timerFunc()
}
if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
_resolve = resolve
})
}
}
})()
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關鍵在於timeFunc(),該函數起到延遲執行的做用。 從上面的介紹,能夠得知timeFunc()一共有三種實現方式。
nextTick的用途
應用場景:須要在視圖更新以後,基於新的視圖進行操做。
看一個例子: 點擊show按鈕使得原來v-show:false的input輸入框顯示,並獲取焦點:
<div id="app">
<input ref="input" v-show="inputShow">
<button @click="show">show</button>
</div>
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new Vue({
el: "#app",
data() {
return {
inputShow: false
}
},
methods: {
show() {
this.inputShow = true
this.$nextTick(() => {
this.$refs.input.focus()
})
}
}
})
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