爲了演示,首先建兩個包含不良索引的表,並弄點數據。mysql
mysql> show create table test1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: test1 Create Table: CREATE TABLE `test1` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `f1` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `f2` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `f3` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `k1` (`f1`,`id`), KEY `k2` (`id`,`f1`), KEY `k3` (`f1`), KEY `k4` (`f1`,`f3`), KEY `k5` (`f1`,`f3`,`f2`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show create table test2\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: test2 Create Table: CREATE TABLE `test2` ( `id1` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `id2` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id1`,`id2`), KEY `k1` (`b`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select count(*) from test2 group by b; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 32 | | 17 | +----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1. 包含主鍵的索引
innodb 自己是聚簇表,每一個二級索引自己就包含主鍵,相似 f1, id 的索引實際雖然沒有害處,但反映了使用者對 mysql 索引不瞭解。而相似 id, f1 的是多餘索引,會浪費存儲空間,並影響數據更新性能。包含主鍵的索引用這樣一句 sql 就能所有找出來。sql
mysql> select c.*, pk from -> (select table_schema, table_name, index_name, concat('|', group_concat(column_name order by seq_in_index separator '|'), '|') cols -> from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS -> where index_name != 'PRIMARY' and table_schema != 'mysql' -> group by table_schema, table_name, index_name) c, -> (select table_schema, table_name, concat('|', group_concat(column_name order by seq_in_index separator '|'), '|') pk -> from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS -> where index_name = 'PRIMARY' and table_schema != 'mysql' -> group by table_schema, table_name) p -> where c.table_name = p.table_name and c.table_schema = p.table_schema and c.cols like concat('%', pk, '%'); +--------------+------------+------------+---------+------+ | table_schema | table_name | index_name | cols | pk | +--------------+------------+------------+---------+------+ | test | test1 | k1 | |f1|id| | |id| | | test | test1 | k2 | |id|f1| | |id| | +--------------+------------+------------+---------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.04 sec)
2. 重複索引前綴
包含重複前綴的索引,索引能由另外一個包含該前綴的索引徹底代替,是多餘索引。多餘的索引會浪費存儲空間,並影響數據更新性能。這樣的索引一樣用一句 sql 能夠找出來。性能
mysql> select c1.table_schema, c1.table_name, c1.index_name,c1.cols,c2.index_name, c2.cols from -> (select table_schema, table_name, index_name, concat('|', group_concat(column_name order by seq_in_index separator '|'), '|') cols -> from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS -> where table_schema != 'mysql' and index_name!='PRIMARY' -> group by table_schema,table_name,index_name) c1, -> (select table_schema, table_name,index_name, concat('|', group_concat(column_name order by seq_in_index separator '|'), '|') cols -> from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS -> where table_schema != 'mysql' and index_name != 'PRIMARY' -> group by table_schema, table_name, index_name) c2 -> where c1.table_name = c2.table_name and c1.table_schema = c2.table_schema and c1.cols like concat(c2.cols, '%') and c1.index_name != c2.index_name; +--------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+---------+ | table_schema | table_name | index_name | cols | index_name | cols | +--------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+---------+ | test | test1 | k1 | |f1|id| | k3 | |f1| | | test | test1 | k4 | |f1|f3| | k3 | |f1| | | test | test1 | k5 | |f1|f3|f2| | k3 | |f1| | | test | test1 | k5 | |f1|f3|f2| | k4 | |f1|f3| | +--------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+---------+ 4 rows in set (0.02 sec)
3. 低區分度索引
這樣的索引因爲仍然會掃描大量記錄,在實際查詢時一般會被忽略。可是在某些狀況下仍然是有用的。所以須要根據實際狀況進一步分析。這裏是區分度小於 10% 的索引,能夠根據須要調整參數。spa
mysql> select p.table_schema, p.table_name, c.index_name, c.car, p.car total from -> (select table_schema, table_name, index_name, max(cardinality) car -> from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS -> where index_name != 'PRIMARY' -> group by table_schema, table_name,index_name) c, -> (select table_schema, table_name, max(cardinality) car -> from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS -> where index_name = 'PRIMARY' and table_schema != 'mysql' -> group by table_schema,table_name) p -> where c.table_name = p.table_name and c.table_schema = p.table_schema and p.car > 0 and c.car / p.car < 0.1; +--------------+------------+------------+------+-------+ | table_schema | table_name | index_name | car | total | +--------------+------------+------------+------+-------+ | test | test2 | k1 | 4 | 49 | +--------------+------------+------------+------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.04 sec)
4. 複合主鍵
因爲 innodb 是聚簇表,每一個二級索引都會包含主鍵值。複合主鍵會形成二級索引龐大,而影響二級索引查詢性能,並影響更新性能。一樣須要根據實際狀況進一步分析。code
mysql> select table_schema, table_name, group_concat(column_name order by seq_in_index separator ',') cols, max(seq_in_index) len -> from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS -> where index_name = 'PRIMARY' and table_schema != 'mysql' -> group by table_schema, table_name having len>1; +--------------+------------+-----------------------------------+------+ | table_schema | table_name | cols | len | +--------------+------------+-----------------------------------+------+ | test | test2 | id1,id2 | 2 | +--------------+------------+-----------------------------------+------+ 1 rows in set (0.01 sec)