傳統JDBC方式實現數據庫操做java
package com.imooc.util; import java.io.InputStream; import java.sql.*; import java.util.Properties; /** * JDBC工具類: * 1) 獲取Connection * 2) 釋放資源 */ public class JDBCUtil { /** * 獲取Connection * @return 所得到到的JDBC的Connection */ public static Connection getConnection() throws Exception { /** * 不建議你們把配置硬編碼到代碼中 * * 最佳實踐:配置性的建議寫到配置文件中 */ // String url = "jdbc:mysql:///spring_data"; // String user = "root"; // String password = "root"; // String driverClass = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"; InputStream inputStream = JDBCUtil.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("db.properties"); Properties properties = new Properties(); properties.load(inputStream); String url = properties.getProperty("jdbc.url"); String user = properties.getProperty("jdbc.user"); String password = properties.getProperty("jdbc.password"); String driverClass = properties.getProperty("jdbc.driverClass"); Class.forName(driverClass); Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password); return connection; } /** * 釋放DB相關的資源 * @param resultSet * @param statement * @param connection */ public static void release(ResultSet resultSet, Statement statement, Connection connection){ if(resultSet != null) { try { resultSet.close(); } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } if(statement != null) { try { statement.close(); } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } if(connection != null) { try { connection.close(); } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } }
db.properties jdbc.url = jdbc:mysql:///spring_data jdbc.user = root jdbc.password = root jdbc.driverClass = com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
接口定義mysql
package com.imooc.dao; import com.imooc.domain.Student; import java.util.List; /** * StudentDAO訪問接口 */ public interface StudentDAO { /** * 查詢全部學生 * @return 全部學生 */ public List<Student> query(); /** * 添加一個學生 * @param student 待添加的學生 */ public void save(Student student); }
package com.imooc.dao; import com.imooc.domain.Student; import com.imooc.util.JDBCUtil; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.PreparedStatement; import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; /** * StudentDAO訪問接口實現類:經過最原始的JDBC的方式操做 */ public class StudentDAOImpl implements StudentDAO{ @Override public List<Student> query() { List<Student> students = new ArrayList<Student>(); Connection connection = null; PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null; ResultSet resultSet = null; String sql = "select id, name , age from student"; try { connection = JDBCUtil.getConnection(); preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(sql); resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery(); Student student = null; while (resultSet.next()) { int id = resultSet.getInt("id"); String name = resultSet.getString("name"); int age = resultSet.getInt("age"); student = new Student(); student.setId(id); student.setName(name); student.setAge(age); students.add(student); } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { JDBCUtil.release(resultSet,preparedStatement,connection); } return students; } @Override public void save(Student student) { Connection connection = null; PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null; ResultSet resultSet = null; String sql = "insert into student(name, age) values(?,?)"; try { connection = JDBCUtil.getConnection(); preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(sql); preparedStatement.setString(1, student.getName()); preparedStatement.setInt(2, student.getAge()); preparedStatement.executeUpdate(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { JDBCUtil.release(resultSet,preparedStatement,connection); } } }
JDBC實現操做數據庫的測試代碼。spring
package com.imooc.dao; import com.imooc.domain.Student; import org.junit.Test; import java.util.List; public class StudentDAOImplTest { @Test public void testQuery() { StudentDAO studentDAO = new StudentDAOImpl(); List<Student> students = studentDAO.query(); for (Student student : students) { System.out.println("id:" + student.getId() + " , name:" + student.getName() + ", age:" + student.getAge()); } } @Test public void testSave() { StudentDAO studentDAO = new StudentDAOImpl(); Student student = new Student(); student.setName("test"); student.setAge(30); studentDAO.save(student); } }
原始JDBC方式操做數據庫有不少重複代碼,須要本身對數據庫鏈接進行管理。爲了簡化上述操做可使用Spring提供的JdbcTemplate操做。sql
package com.imooc.dao; import com.imooc.domain.Student; import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate; import org.springframework.jdbc.core.RowCallbackHandler; import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.sql.SQLException; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; /** * StudentDAO訪問接口實現類:經過Spring jdbc的方式操做 */ public class StudentDAOSpringJdbcImpl implements StudentDAO{ private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate; @Override public List<Student> query() { final List<Student> students = new ArrayList<Student>(); String sql = "select id, name , age from student"; jdbcTemplate.query(sql, new RowCallbackHandler(){ @Override public void processRow(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException { int id = rs.getInt("id"); String name = rs.getString("name"); int age = rs.getInt("age"); Student student = new Student(); student.setId(id); student.setName(name); student.setAge(age); students.add(student); } }); return students; } @Override public void save(Student student) { String sql = "insert into student(name, age) values(?,?)"; jdbcTemplate.update(sql, new Object[]{student.getName(), student.getAge()}); } public JdbcTemplate getJdbcTemplate() { return jdbcTemplate; } public void setJdbcTemplate(JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) { this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate; } }
須要在Spring配置文件beans.xml中配置類。數據庫
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource"> <property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/> <property name="username" value="root"/> <property name="password" value="root"/> <property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql:///spring_data"/> </bean> <bean id="jdbcTemplate" class="org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate"> <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/> </bean> <bean id="studentDAO" class="com.imooc.dao.StudentDAOSpringJdbcImpl"> <property name="jdbcTemplate" ref="jdbcTemplate"/> </bean> </beans>
JdbcTemplate操做數據庫的測試代碼。apache
package com.imooc.dao; import com.imooc.domain.Student; import org.junit.After; import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.Test; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext; import java.util.List; public class StudentDAOSpringJdbcImplTest { private ApplicationContext ctx = null; private StudentDAO studentDAO = null; @Before public void setup(){ ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml"); studentDAO = (StudentDAO)ctx.getBean("studentDAO"); System.out.println("setup"); } @After public void tearDown(){ ctx = null; System.out.println("tearDown"); } @Test public void testQuery() { List<Student> students = studentDAO.query(); for (Student student : students) { System.out.println("id:" + student.getId() + " , name:" + student.getName() + ", age:" + student.getAge()); } } @Test public void testSave() { Student student = new Student(); student.setName("test-spring-jdbc"); student.setAge(40); studentDAO.save(student); } }
雖然Spring JdbcTemplate在必定程度上簡化了JDBC操做,可是經過上述代碼看到,仍然存在重複代碼。服務器
SpringData JPA只是Spring Data中的一個子模塊。session
JPA是一套標準接口,而Hibernate是JPA的實現。app
Spring Data JPA 底層默認實現是使用Hibernate。框架
Spring DataJPA 的首個接口就是Repository,它是一個標記接口。只要咱們的接口實現這個接口,那麼咱們就至關於在使用SpringDataJPA了。
只要咱們實現了這個接口,咱們就可使用"按照方法命名規則"來進行查詢。
JPA是用來簡化數據庫操做的。Spring Data JPA能夠支持關係型數據庫也支持非關係型數據庫。
一、首先介紹Spring Boot的配置方式。
Spring Boot的配置比較簡單,直接在Maven的配置文件pom.xml中添加以下依賴。
<dependency <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId> </dependency>
此外須要在Spring Boot的配置文件application.properties中配置相應的配置信息。
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test spring.datasource.username=root spring.datasource.password=root spring.datasource.driver-class-name=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto=create-drop spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=none spring.jpa.show-sql=true spring.jackson.serialization.indent_output=true
spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto是hibernate的配置屬性,其主要做用是:自動建立、更新、驗證數據庫表結構。該參數的幾種配置以下:
create:每次加載hibernate時都會刪除上一次的生成的表,而後根據你的model類再從新來生成新表,哪怕兩次沒有任何改變也要這樣執行,這就是致使數據庫表數據丟失的一個重要緣由。
create-drop:每次加載hibernate時根據model類生成表,可是sessionFactory一關閉,表就自動刪除。
update:最經常使用的屬性,第一次加載hibernate時根據model類會自動創建起表的結構(前提是先創建好數據庫),之後加載hibernate時根據model類自動更新表結構,即便表結構改變了但表中的行仍然存在不會刪除之前的行。要注意的是當部署到服務器後,表結構是不會被立刻創建起來的,是要等應用第一次運行起來後纔會。
validate:每次加載hibernate時,驗證建立數據庫表結構,只會和數據庫中的表進行比較,不會建立新表,可是會插入新值。
二、傳統Spring方式配置
在Maven的配置文件中添加依賴。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.imooc</groupId> <artifactId>springdata</artifactId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> <dependencies> <!--MySQL Driver--> <dependency> <groupId>mysql</groupId> <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId> <version>5.1.38</version> </dependency> <!--junit--> <dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>4.10</version> </dependency> <!--spring--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId> <version>4.3.5.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId> <version>4.3.5.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <!--spring data jpa--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.data</groupId> <artifactId>spring-data-jpa</artifactId> <version>1.8.0.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId> <artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId> <version>4.3.6.Final</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </project>
Spring的配置文件beans.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx" xmlns:jpa="http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa/spring-jpa-1.3.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd"> <!--1 配置數據源--> <bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource"> <property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/> <property name="username" value="root"/> <property name="password" value="root"/> <property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql:///spring_data"/> </bean> <!--2 配置EntityManagerFactory--> <bean id="entityManagerFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean"> <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/> <property name="jpaVendorAdapter"> <bean class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter"/> </property> <property name="packagesToScan" value="com.imooc"/> <property name="jpaProperties"> <props> <prop key="hibernate.ejb.naming_strategy">org.hibernate.cfg.ImprovedNamingStrategy</prop> <prop key="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5InnoDBDialect</prop> <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop> <prop key="hibernate.format_sql">true</prop> <prop key="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">update</prop> </props> </property> </bean> <!--3 配置事務管理器--> <bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager"> <property name="entityManagerFactory" ref="entityManagerFactory"/> </bean> <!--4 配置支持註解的事務--> <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/> <!--5 配置spring data--> <jpa:repositories base-package="com.imooc" entity-manager-factory-ref="entityManagerFactory"/> <context:component-scan base-package="com.imooc"/> </beans>
經過上面的兩種方式中的任意一種便可使用Spring Data JPA。
一、建立實體
經過ORM框架其會被映射到數據庫表中,因爲配置了hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto,在應用啓動的時候框架會自動去數據庫中建立對應的表。
package com.imooc.domain; import javax.persistence.Column; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; import javax.persistence.Id; /** * 僱員: 先開發實體類===>自動生成數據表 */ @Entity public class Employee { private Integer id; private String name; private Integer age; @GeneratedValue @Id public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } @Column(length = 20) public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Integer getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; } }
二、定義數據訪問接口
好比:定義下面這麼一個方法,就能夠在外界使用了。
Employee findByName(String name);
建立了實體就可以自動幫咱們建立數據庫表了,修改了實體字段也可以將數據表一塊兒修改。
固然了,上面根據方法名來使用是有弊端的:
1)方法名會比較長: 約定大於配置
2)對於一些複雜的查詢,是很難實現
好比:
/ where name like ?% and age <? public List<Employee> findByNameStartingWithAndAgeLessThan(String name, Integer age); // where name like %? and age <? public List<Employee> findByNameEndingWithAndAgeLessThan(String name, Integer age); // where name in (?,?....) or age <? public List<Employee> findByNameInOrAgeLessThan(List<String> names, Integer age); // where name in (?,?....) and age <? public List<Employee> findByNameInAndAgeLessThan(List<String> names, Integer age);
Repository中查詢方法定義規則和使用以下圖
所以,對於這種狀況下仍是要寫SQL語句簡單得多。可使用@Query註解使用原生SQL。
package com.imooc.repository; import com.imooc.domain.Employee; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Modifying; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Query; import org.springframework.data.repository.Repository; import org.springframework.data.repository.RepositoryDefinition; import org.springframework.data.repository.query.Param; import java.util.List; //若是不繼承Repository接口,可使用註解RepositoryDefinition @RepositoryDefinition(domainClass = Employee.class, idClass = Integer.class) public interface EmployeeRepository { //extends Repository<Employee,Integer>{ //根據命名規則實現查詢 public Employee findByName(String name); // where name like ?% and age <? public List<Employee> findByNameStartingWithAndAgeLessThan(String name, Integer age); // where name like %? and age <? public List<Employee> findByNameEndingWithAndAgeLessThan(String name, Integer age); // where name in (?,?....) or age <? public List<Employee> findByNameInOrAgeLessThan(List<String> names, Integer age); // where name in (?,?....) and age <? public List<Employee> findByNameInAndAgeLessThan(List<String> names, Integer age); //使用Query註解實現查詢 @Query("select o from Employee o where id=(select max(id) from Employee t1)") public Employee getEmployeeByMaxId(); //索引順序經過 ?+數字 方式表示 @Query("select o from Employee o where o.name=?1 and o.age=?2") public List<Employee> queryParams1(String name, Integer age); //也能夠在查詢語句中使用 :+變量名 並在查詢方法參數中使用註解 Param 標明查詢參數方式實現查詢 @Query("select o from Employee o where o.name=:name and o.age=:age") public List<Employee> queryParams2(@Param("name")String name, @Param("age")Integer age); @Query("select o from Employee o where o.name like %?1%") public List<Employee> queryLike1(String name); @Query("select o from Employee o where o.name like %:name%") public List<Employee> queryLike2(@Param("name")String name); //還能夠經過設置nativeQuery爲true表示使用原生sql查詢 @Query(nativeQuery = true, value = "select count(1) from employee") public long getCount(); //若是要執行更新、刪除操做須要額外使用Modifying註解,同時在Service層調用時添加事務 Transational @Modifying @Query("update Employee o set o.age = :age where o.id = :id") public void update(@Param("id")Integer id, @Param("age")Integer age); }
對於修改數據,須要增長Modify註解、而且必定要在事務的管理下才能修改數據。通常事務的管理在Service層實現。
package com.imooc.service; import com.imooc.repository.EmployeeRepository; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import javax.transaction.Transactional; @Service public class EmployeeService { @Autowired private EmployeeRepository employeeRepository; //更新操做須要事務管理,在Service層實現 @Transactional public void update(Integer id, Integer age) { employeeRepository.update(id, age); } }
對數據庫的增、刪、改都須要配置事務進行處理。事務通常在Service層進行處理。
三、方法調用
通過上面兩步即實現了對數據庫的基本操做,能夠在Controller層調用Service層的服務了。下面經過測試用例模擬Service調用。
package com.imooc.service; import com.imooc.repository.EmployeeRepository; import org.junit.After; import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.Test; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext; public class EmployeeServiceTest { private ApplicationContext ctx = null; private EmployeeService employeeService = null; @Before public void setup() { ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml"); employeeService = ctx.getBean(EmployeeService.class); System.out.println("setup"); } @After public void tearDown() { ctx = null; System.out.println("tearDown"); } //更新測試用例 @Test public void testUpdate() { employeeService.update(1, 55); } }
Repository類的定義:
public interface Repository<T, ID extends Serializable> { }
1)Repository是一個空接口,標記接口
沒有包含方法聲明的接口
2)若是咱們定義的接口EmployeeRepository extends Repository
若是咱們本身的接口沒有extends Repository,運行時會報錯:
org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type 'com.imooc.repository.EmployeeRepository' available
3) 添加註解能到達到不用extends Repository的功能
@RepositoryDefinition(domainClass = Employee.class, idClass = Integer.class)
JpaRepository繼承PagingAndSortingRepository,PagingAndSortingRepository又繼承CrudRepository,也就是說咱們平時自定義的接口只要繼承JpaRepository,就至關於擁有了增刪查改,分頁,等等功能。
JpaSpecificationExecutor提供了查詢時的過濾條件。能夠經過該接口構造複雜的查詢條件。
基本的增刪改查和調用存儲過程經過Spring Data JPA Repository來解決。
稍微複雜的查詢或是批量操做使用QueryDSL或Spring Data Specification的API來解決。
特別特別複雜的查詢操做可使用Spring Data JPA Repository的註解定義native sql來解決。
參考資料:
SpringBoot Data JPA 實戰
Spring Boot中使用Spring-data-jpa
SpringData JPA就是這麼簡單
慕課網 輕鬆愉快之玩轉SpringData