HashMap 1.8 源碼解析以及非線程安全分析

 一、首先看下HashMap的put方法。java

final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                   boolean evict) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
        if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
        // 1.1 初始化數組長度
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        // 1.2 查詢數組對應下標是否有值,下標計算tab[i = (n - 1) & hash] 
        // hash表示經過key.hashcode和key.hashcode的高16位進行異或操做,爲何要這樣作?,n-1表示15,二進制表示01111
        /**
         * 解釋:好比key.hashcode = 10010110101010,那麼如何直接拿 key.hashcode & (n-1) 此處n-1 = 15
         *   10010110101010
         *            01111
         *-----------------------
         *            01010
         * 此時是否發現key.hashcode的高16位壓根就沒有進行計算,那麼只用低位計算是否是衝突的機率較大?
         * 這就是爲何將key.hashcode的高位和低位進行^操做後在與15進行&操做
         */
        if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
        // 1.3 將對應的值放入數組對應下標
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
        else {
          // hash 發生碰撞
            Node<K,V> e; K k;
            // 而且發現key已存在,那麼將新值和舊值互換
            if (p.hash == hash &&
                ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                e = p;
            else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
               // 紅黑二叉樹
                e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
            else {
            // 鏈表
                for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                // 判斷鏈表的next是否有值
                    if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                        p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                        // 當鏈表的數量大於等於8時,鏈表會自動轉換成紅黑二叉樹,由於鏈表過長會致使鏈表的查詢效率太低
                        if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                            treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        break;
                    p = e;
                }
            }
            if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
                V oldValue = e.value;
                if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                    e.value = value;
                afterNodeAccess(e);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        ++modCount;
        // 當map中的數據大於16*0.75=12 map的初始化大小位16,負載因子0.75
        if (++size > threshold)
            resize();
        afterNodeInsertion(evict);
        return null;
    }

 二、 經過解讀源碼發現hashmap不時線程安全
       那麼此時hashtable登場 經過源碼發現hashtable的put方法上加了synchronized關鍵字,HashTable容器使用synchronized來保證線程安全,但在線程競爭激烈的狀況下HashTable的效率很是低下。由於當一個線程訪問HashTable的同步方法時,其餘線程訪問HashTable的同步方法時,可能會進入阻塞或輪詢狀態。如線程1使用put進行添加元素,線程2不但不能使用put方法添加元素,而且也不能使用get方法來獲取元素,因此競爭越激烈效率越低,此時會發現多線程操做時效率明顯太低對吧!那麼有辦法解決嗎?node

public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
        // Make sure the value is not null
        if (value == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }

        // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> entry = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for(; entry != null ; entry = entry.next) {
            if ((entry.hash == hash) && entry.key.equals(key)) {
                V old = entry.value;
                entry.value = value;
                return old;
            }
        }

        addEntry(hash, key, value, index);
        return null;
    }

三、 當前有辦法了,ConcurrentHashMap閃亮登場數組

/** Implementation for put and putIfAbsent */
    final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
        if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
        int binCount = 0;
        for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
            Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            // 初始化數組,剛纔咱們提到多線程,難道每一個線程都去初始化?下面單獨拉出來看下
                tab = initTable();
            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
            // 利用cas無鎖機制,cas原子操做,在指定位置設定值
                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
                             new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
                    break;                   // no lock when adding to empty bin
            }
            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
             // 此處map擴容後,數據轉移
                tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
            else {
            // 鎖住當前node節點,這樣其餘線程繼續操做時,由於node對象不是同一個了,
            // 因此不會影響其餘線程的操做,這樣效率就提升了。
                V oldVal = null;
                synchronized (f) {
                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                        if (fh >= 0) {
                            binCount = 1;
                            for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
                                K ek;
                                if (e.hash == hash &&
                                    ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                     (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                    oldVal = e.val;
                                    if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                        e.val = value;
                                    break;
                                }
                                Node<K,V> pred = e;
                                if ((e = e.next) == null) {
                                    pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
                                                              value, null);
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                            Node<K,V> p;
                            binCount = 2;
                            if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
                                                           value)) != null) {
                                oldVal = p.val;
                                if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                    p.val = value;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (binCount != 0) {
                    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                        treeifyBin(tab, i);
                    if (oldVal != null)
                        return oldVal;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        addCount(1L, binCount);
        return null;
    }

四、回到剛纔ConcurrentMap初始化 tab = initTable()安全

private transient volatile int sizeCtl; // 注意此處sizeCtl爲volatile
     
     private final Node<K,V>[] initTable() {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; int sc;
        while ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
        // 第一次進來sizeCtl值默認爲0,那麼其餘線程過來時發現sizeCtl已經變成了-1,
        // 直接Thread.yield()讓出cpu時間片。故此就實現了只有一個線程去初始化數組
            if ((sc = sizeCtl) < 0)
                Thread.yield(); // lost initialization race; just spin
            else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, -1)) {
              // 將sc的值置爲-1
                try {
                    if ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
                        int n = (sc > 0) ? sc : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                        Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n];
                        table = tab = nt;
                        sc = n - (n >>> 2);
                    }
                } finally {
                 // 將sizeCtl置爲 -1
                    sizeCtl = sc;
                }
                break;
            }
        }
        return tab;
    }

五、ConcurrentMap擴容注意點多線程

ConcurrentMap擴容時,其餘線程不能再往map中添加/刪除數據了,那麼難道其餘線程在那邊等待,直到擴容完成?固然不是了,其餘線程會去幫助擴容線程一塊兒進行擴容,每一個線程都會去領取屬於本身的任務app

final Node<K,V>[] helpTransfer(Node<K,V>[] tab, Node<K,V> f) {
        Node<K,V>[] nextTab; int sc;
        if (tab != null && (f instanceof ForwardingNode) &&
            (nextTab = ((ForwardingNode<K,V>)f).nextTable) != null) {
            int rs = resizeStamp(tab.length);
            while (nextTab == nextTable && table == tab &&
                   (sc = sizeCtl) < 0) {
                if ((sc >>> RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) != rs || sc == rs + 1 ||
                    sc == rs + MAX_RESIZERS || transferIndex <= 0)
                    break;
                if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, sc + 1)) {
                    transfer(tab, nextTab);
                    break;
                }
            }
            return nextTab;
        }
        return table;
    }
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