Cobbler自動化安裝系統（二）

博文參考

Cobbler簡介

Cobbler是一個Linux服務器安裝的服務，能夠經過網絡啓動(PXE)的方式來快速安裝、重裝物理服務器和虛擬機，同時還能夠管理DHCP，DNS等。

Cobbler可使用命令行方式管理，也提供了基於Web的界面管理工具(cobbler-web)，還提供了API接口，能夠方便二次開發使用。

Cobbler是較早前的kickstart的升級版，優勢是比較容易配置，還自帶web界面比較易於管理。

Cobbler內置了一個輕量級配置管理系統，但它也支持和其它配置管理系統集成，如Puppet，暫時不支持SaltStack。

裝系統環境準備

關閉防火牆firewalld

[root@localhost ~]# getenforce
Disabled
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status firewalld
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)

配置163的yum源和阿里雲的epel源

[root@localhost ~]# mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup
[root@localhost ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/163.repo http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@localhost ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo

安裝配置Cobbler

安裝Cobbler

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install dhcp tftp tftp-server cobbler cobbler-web pykickstart httpd
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ql cobbler  # 查看安裝的文件，下面列出部分。
/etc/cobbler                  # 配置文件目錄
/etc/cobbler/settings         # cobbler主配置文件，這個文件是YAML格式，Cobbler是python寫的程序。
/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template    # DHCP服務的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template   # tftp服務的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/rsync.template   # rsync服務的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/iso              # iso模板配置文件目錄
/etc/cobbler/pxe              # pxe模板文件目錄
/etc/cobbler/power            # 電源的配置文件目錄
/etc/cobbler/users.conf       # Web服務受權配置文件
/etc/cobbler/users.digest     # 用於web訪問的用戶名密碼配置文件
/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template # DNS服務的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/modules.conf     # Cobbler模塊配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler              # Cobbler數據目錄
/var/lib/cobbler/config       # 配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts   # 默認存放kickstart文件
/var/lib/cobbler/loaders      # 存放的各類引導程序
/var/www/cobbler              # 系統安裝鏡像目錄
/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror    # 導入的系統鏡像列表
/var/www/cobbler/images       # 導入的系統鏡像啓動文件
/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror  # yum源存儲目錄
/var/log/cobbler              # 日誌目錄
/var/log/cobbler/install.log  # 客戶端系統安裝日誌
/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log  # cobbler日誌

配置Cobbler

啓動httpd和Cobbler並設置爲自啓動
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable httpd.service
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start cobblerd.service
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable cobblerd.service

檢查cobbler環境: 
[root@localhost cobbler]# cobbler check
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:

1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other t         han localhost, or kickstarting features will not work.  This should be a resolva         ble hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will us         e it.
2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings m         ust be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boo         t server on the PXE network.
3 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
4 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may          run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/         x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of          the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely.  Files in t         his directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxel         inux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is th         e easiest way to resolve these requirements.
5 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl
6 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian dep         loyments and repositories
7 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machin         es (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler'          and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your         -password-here'" to generate new one
8 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power m         anagement features. install cman or fence-agents to use them

Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.


逐個解決以上問題: 
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/cobbler/
[root@localhost cobbler]# vim settings

問題1: ip修改成cobber本機ip
server: 172.16.0.11

問題2: next-server修改成tftp-server
next_server: 172.16.0.11

問題3: 
[root@localhost cobbler]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
disable                 = no

問題4: 準備bootloader
[root@localhost cobbler]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/{pxelinux.0,menu.c32} /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/

問題5: 啓動rsyncd
[root@localhost cobbler]# systemctl start rsyncd.socket
[root@localhost cobbler]# systemctl enable rsyncd.socket

問題6: 可忽略

問題7: 爲系統設置複雜密碼
[root@localhost cobbler]# openssl passwd -1 -salt 'han' '123456'
$1$han$BtNvGZePxwQMW5gC6IUep1
[root@localhost cobbler]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings
default_password_crypted: "$1$han$BtNvGZePxwQMW5gC6IUep1"

問題8: 可忽略

從新檢查: 
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart cobblerd.service
[root@localhost ~]# cobbler check
[root@localhost ~]# cobbler check
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:

1 : some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely.  Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.
2 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl
3 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories
4 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them

Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

以上均已處理或能夠忽略

cobbler配置同步
[root@localhost ~]# cobbler sync

cobbler的運行依賴於dhcp、tftp、rsync及dns服務。其中dhcp可由dhcpd(isc)提供，也可由dnsmasq提供；tftp可由tftp-server程序包提供，也可由cobbler自帶的tftp功能提供；rsync由rsync程序包提供；dns可由bind提供，也可由dnsmasq提供。

cobbler可自行管理這些服務中的部分甚至是所有，但須要配置/etc/cobbler/settings文件中的「manage_dhcp」、「manage_tftpd」、「manage_rsync」和「manage_dns」分別進行定義。另外，因爲每種服務都有着不一樣的實現方式，如若須要進行自定義，須要經過修改/etc/cobbler/modules.conf配置文件中各服務的模塊參數的值來實現。

本文采用了獨立管理的方式，即不經過cobbler來管理這些服務。

配置dhcp

[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/dhcp/
[root@localhost dhcp]# \cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.example dhcpd.conf
[root@localhost dhcp]# grep -v '^#'  dhcpd.conf

option domain-name "magedu.com";
option routers 172.16.0.1;
option domain-name-servers 202.106.0.20, 114.114.114.114;

default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;

log-facility local7;

subnet 172.16.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 {
    range 172.16.100.200 172.16.100.230;
    filename "pxelinux.0";
    next-server 172.16.0.11;
}


[root@localhost dhcp]# systemctl start dhcpd.service
[root@localhost dhcp]# systemctl enable dhcpd.service[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/dhcp/
[root@localhost dhcp]# \cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.example dhcpd.conf
[root@localhost dhcp]# grep -v '^#'  dhcpd.conf

option domain-name "magedu.com";
option routers 172.16.0.1;
option domain-name-servers 202.106.0.20, 114.114.114.114;

default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;

log-facility local7;

subnet 172.16.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 {
    range 172.16.100.200 172.16.100.230;
    filename "pxelinux.0";
    next-server 172.16.0.11;
}


[root@localhost dhcp]# systemctl start dhcpd.service
[root@localhost dhcp]# systemctl enable dhcpd.service

配置tftp

[root@localhost dhcp]# systemctl start tftp.socket
[root@localhost dhcp]# systemctl enable tftp.socket
[root@localhost dhcp]# ss -unl | grep 69
UNCONN     0      0           :::69                      :::*

Cobbler命令管理

查看命令幫助

[root@localhost ~]# cobbler
usage
=====
cobbler <distro|profile|system|repo|image|mgmtclass|package|file> ...
        [add|edit|copy|getks*|list|remove|rename|report] [options|--help]
cobbler <aclsetup|buildiso|import|list|replicate|report|reposync|sync|validateks|version|signature|get-loaders|hardlink> [options|--help]

[root@localhost ~]# cobbler import --help  #導入鏡像定義distro
Usage: cobbler import [options]

Options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --arch=ARCH           OS architecture being imported
  --breed=BREED         the breed being imported
  --os-version=OS_VERSION
                        the version being imported
  --path=PATH           local path or rsync location
  --name=NAME           name, ex 'RHEL-5'
  --available-as=AVAILABLE_AS
                        tree is here, don't mirror
  --kickstart=KICKSTART_FILE
                        assign this kickstart file
  --rsync-flags=RSYNC_FLAGS
                        pass additional flags to rsync

cobbler check    覈對當前設置是否有問題
cobbler list     列出全部的cobbler元素
cobbler report   列出元素的詳細信息
cobbler sync     同步配置到數據目錄,更改配置最好都要執行下
cobbler reposync 同步yum倉庫
cobbler distro   查看導入的發行版系統信息
cobbler system   查看添加的系統信息
cobbler profile  查看配置信息

導入鏡像定義distro

掛載系統鏡像
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /media/cdrom
[root@localhost ~]# mount -r /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
從光盤導入文件定義distro
[root@localhost ~]# cobbler import --name="CentOS-7.2-x86_64" --path=/media/cdrom
# --path 鏡像路徑
# --name 爲安裝源定義一個名字,distro名字
# --arch 指定安裝源是32位、64位、ia64, 目前支持的選項有: x86│x86_64│ia64
# 安裝源的惟一標示就是根據name參數來定義，本例導入成功後，安裝源的惟一標示就是：CentOS-7.1-x86_64，若是重複，系統會提示導入失敗。

注意： import自動爲導入的distro自動生成一個同名的profile, 並同時提供了一個最小化安裝的kickstart文件，能夠實現自動化安裝,但可能並不符合需求

列出當前的distro
[root@localhost ~]# cobbler distro list
   CentOS-7.2-x86_64

# 鏡像存放目錄，cobbler會將鏡像中的全部安裝文件拷貝到本地一份，放在/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror下的CentOS-7.2-x86_64目錄下。所以/var/www/cobbler目錄必須具備足夠容納安裝文件的空間。
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/
[root@localhost ks_mirror]# ls
CentOS-7.2-x86_64  config
[root@localhost ks_mirror]# ls CentOS-7.2-x86_64/
CentOS_BuildTag  GPL       LiveOS    RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
EFI              images    Packages  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
EULA             isolinux  repodata  TRANS.TBL

列出當前的profile
[root@localhost ~]# cobbler profile list
   CentOS-7.2-x86_64

自定義ks.cfg

# Cobbler的ks.cfg文件存放位置
[root@localhost ks_mirror]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/
[root@localhost kickstarts]# ls
default.ks    install_profiles  sample_autoyast.xml  sample_esxi4.ks  sample_old.seed
esxi4-ks.cfg  legacy.ks         sample_end.ks(默認使用的ks文件)        sample_esxi5.ks  sample.seed
esxi5-ks.cfg  pxerescue.ks      sample_esx4.ks       sample.ks

使用pxe的kickstart文件,並修改
[root@localhost kickstarts]# vim centos7.cfg
url --url="http://172.16.0.11/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.2-x86_64/"

注意: 自定義的ks文件和模版的ks文件稍有不一樣, 某些變量沒法從配置文件中獲取,如 url --url=$tree, 
rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted

[root@localhost kickstarts]# cat centos7.cfg
#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
#version=DEVEL
# Install OS instead of upgrade
install
# Keyboard layouts
# old format: keyboard us
# new format:
keyboard --vckeymap=us --xlayouts='us'
# Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $1$hgfvQffN$tXNj5mQldgQt4ziW1QhNF0
# Use network installation
url --url="http://172.16.0.11/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.2-x86_64/"
# System language
lang en_US
# Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
# System authorization information
auth  --useshadow  --passalgo=sha512
# Use graphical install
graphical
# Run the Setup Agent on first boot
firstboot --enable
# SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
# Do not configure the X Window System
skipx

# System services
services --disabled="chronyd"
ignoredisk --only-use=sda
# Network information
network  --bootproto=dhcp --device=eno16777984
# Reboot after installation
reboot
# System timezone
timezone Asia/Shanghai --ntpservers=3.centos.pool.ntp.org,0.centos.pool.ntp.org,2.centos.pool.ntp.org,1.centos.pool.ntp.org
# System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr --boot-drive=sda
# Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr
# Partition clearing information
clearpart --all --initlabel
# Disk partitioning information
part /boot --asprimary --fstype="xfs" --size=1000
part swap --fstype="swap" --size=8000
part / --fstype="xfs" --grow --size=1

%packages
@^minimal
@core

%end

# 查看指定的profile設置
[root@localhost kickstarts]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7.2-x86_64
Name                           : CentOS-7.2-x86_64
TFTP Boot Files                : {}
Comment                        :
DHCP Tag                       : default
Distribution                   : CentOS-7.2-x86_64
Enable gPXE?                   : 0
Enable PXE Menu?               : 1
Fetchable Files                : {}
Kernel Options                 : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}
Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks   默認ks文件
Kickstart Metadata             : {}
Management Classes             : []
Management Parameters          : <<inherit>>
Name Servers                   : []
Name Servers Search Path       : []
Owners                         : ['admin']
Parent Profile                 :
Internal proxy                 :
Red Hat Management Key         : <<inherit>>
Red Hat Management Server      : <<inherit>>
Repos                          : []
Server Override                : <<inherit>>
Template Files                 : {}
Virt Auto Boot                 : 1
Virt Bridge                    : xenbr0
Virt CPUs                      : 1
Virt Disk Driver Type          : raw
Virt File Size(GB)             : 5
Virt Path                      :
Virt RAM (MB)                  : 512
Virt Type                      : kvm

# 編輯profile，修改關聯的ks文件
[root@localhost kickstarts]# cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS-7.2-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/centos7.cfg

[root@localhost kickstarts]# cobbler profile report --name=CentOS-7.2-x86_64             Name                           : CentOS-7.2-x86_64
TFTP Boot Files                : {}
Comment                        :
DHCP Tag                       : default
Distribution                   : CentOS-7.2-x86_64
Enable gPXE?                   : 0
Enable PXE Menu?               : 1
Fetchable Files                : {}
Kernel Options                 : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}
Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/centos7.cfg
Kickstart Metadata             : {}
Management Classes             : []
Management Parameters          : <<inherit>>
Name Servers                   : []
Name Servers Search Path       : []
Owners                         : ['admin']
Parent Profile                 :
Internal proxy                 :
Red Hat Management Key         : <<inherit>>
Red Hat Management Server      : <<inherit>>
Repos                          : []
Server Override                : <<inherit>>
Template Files                 : {}
Virt Auto Boot                 : 1
Virt Bridge                    : xenbr0
Virt CPUs                      : 1
Virt Disk Driver Type          : raw
Virt File Size(GB)             : 5
Virt Path                      :
Virt RAM (MB)                  : 512
Virt Type                      : kvm
每次修改完都要同步一次
[root@localhost kickstarts]# cobbler sync

安裝CentOS 7系統

新建一臺虛擬機，啓動

local： 本地硬盤啓動
CentOS-7-x86_64 : profile名字

圖形化管理cobbler

使用authn_configfile模塊認證cobbler_web用戶

[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/cobbler/
[root@localhost cobbler]# cp modules.conf{,.bak}
[root@localhost cobbler]# vim modules.conf
module = authn_configfile

建立認證文件
[root@localhost cobbler]# htdigest -c /etc/cobbler/users.digest Cobbler cblradmin
Adding password for cblradmin in realm Cobbler.
New password:
Re-type new password:
輸入密碼： 123456
帳號： cdlradmin

[root@localhost cobbler]# systemctl restart cobblerd.service

問題:

訪問http://172.16.0.12/cobbler_web提示沒有權限
Forbidden

You don't have permission to access /cobbler_web on this server.

png](/img/bVRu9O)

分析日誌

[Sun Jun 04 01:26:31.669590 2017] [ssl:error] [pid 5536] [client 172.16.0.10:52276] AH02219: access to /usr/share/cobbler/web/cobbler.wsgi failed, reason: SSL connection required

解決方法:

使用https地址訪問: https://172.16.0.12/cobbler_web
在瀏覽器上添加例外

配置CentOS 6.6鏡像

掛載鏡像

卸載centos7鏡像
[root@localhost ~]# umount /media/cdrom
[root@localhost ~]# mount -r /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom

導入鏡像

添加kickstart文件

指定kickstart文件

centos6.cfg

[root@localhost ~]# cat centos6.cfg
#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
#version=DEVEL
# Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
# Install OS instead of upgrade
install
# Use network installation
url --url="http://172.16.0.11/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.6-x86_64/"
#repo --name="CentOS" --baseurl=cdrom:sr0 --cost=100
# Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $1$cVdlAuSw$5tYu9Bx6iwKTgGvxTlarJ1
# System authorization information
auth  --useshadow  --passalgo=sha512
# Use graphical install
graphical
# System keyboard
keyboard us
# System language
lang en_US
# SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
# Do not configure the X Window System
skipx
# Installation logging level
#logging --level=info
# Reboot after installation
reboot
# System timezone
timezone  Asia/Shanghai
# Network information
network  --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=on
#network  --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth1 --onboot=on
# System bootloader configuration
bootloader --append="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet" --location=mbr --driveorder="sda"
# Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr
# Partition clearing information
clearpart --all --initlabel
# Disk partitioning information
part /boot --asprimary --fstype="ext4" --size=100
part swap --fstype="swap" --size=8000
part / --fstype="ext4" --grow --size=1

%packages --nobase
@core

%end

配置同步

安裝centos 6系統

新建虛擬機,啓動

附加： ks.cfg文件(供參考)

文件大部分參數含義見kickstart文章，此處只講一些不一樣的地方。同時能夠參考模板文件

[root@linux-node1 kickstarts]# cat CentOS-7.1-x86_64.cfg
# Cobbler for Kickstart Configurator for CentOS 7.1 by yao zhang
install
url --url=$tree  # 這些$開頭的變量都是調用配置文件裏的值。
text
lang en_US.UTF-8
keyboard us
zerombr
bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"
# Network information
$SNIPPET('network_config')
timezone --utc Asia/Shanghai
authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512
rootpw  --iscrypted $default_password_crypted
clearpart --all --initlabel
part /boot --fstype xfs --size 1024  # CentOS7系統磁盤默認格式xfs
part swap --size 1024
part / --fstype xfs --size 1 --grow
firstboot --disable
selinux --disabled
firewall --disabled
logging --level=info
reboot
%pre
$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')
$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')
$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')
# Enable installation monitoring
$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')
%end
%packages
@base
@compat-libraries
@debugging
@development
tree
nmap
sysstat
lrzsz
dos2unix
telnet
iptraf
ncurses-devel
openssl-devel
zlib-devel
OpenIPMI-tools
screen
%end
%post
systemctl disable postfix.service
%end