Djngo Rest Framework

目錄：

認證和受權

用戶訪問次數/頻率

版本

解析器

序列化

分頁

路由系統

視圖

渲染器

 

一. 什麼是Restful 

 

• REST與技術無關，表明的是一種軟件架構風格，REST是Representational State Transfer的簡稱，中文翻譯爲「表徵狀態轉移」
• REST從資源的角度類審視整個網絡，它將分佈在網絡中某個節點的資源經過URL進行標識，客戶端應用經過URL來獲取資源的表徵，得到這些表徵導致這些應用轉變狀態
• rest api  api:接口，兩個用途：爲別人提供服務；先後端分離
• 全部的數據，不過是經過網絡獲取的仍是操做（增刪改查）的數據，都是資源，將一切數據視爲資源是REST區別與其餘架構風格的最本質屬性
• restful ： 表徵狀態轉移； 面向資源編程，對互聯網上的任意東西都視爲資源

二. Restful API設計

• API與用戶的通訊協議，老是使用HTTPs協議。
• 域名 
  • https://api.example.com                         儘可能將API部署在專用域名（會存在跨域問題）
  • https://example.org/api/                        API很簡單
• 版本
  • URL，如：https://api.example.com/v1/
  • 請求頭                                                  跨域時，引起發送屢次請求
• 路徑，視網絡上任何東西都是資源，均使用名詞表示（可複數）
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos
  • https://api.example.com/v1/animals
  • https://api.example.com/v1/employees
• method
  • GET      ：從服務器取出資源（一項或多項）
  • POST    ：在服務器新建一個資源
  • PUT      ：在服務器更新資源（客戶端提供改變後的完整資源）
  • PATCH  ：在服務器更新資源（客戶端提供改變的屬性）
  • DELETE ：從服務器刪除資源
• 過濾，經過在url上傳參的形式傳遞搜索條件
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?limit=10：指定返回記錄的數量
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?offset=10：指定返回記錄的開始位置
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?page=2&per_page=100：指定第幾頁，以及每頁的記錄數
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?sortby=name&order=asc：指定返回結果按照哪一個屬性排序，以及排序順序
  • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?animal_type_id=1：指定篩選條件
• 狀態碼
  

  200 OK - [GET]：服務器成功返回用戶請求的數據，該操做是冪等的（Idempotent）。
  201 CREATED - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用戶新建或修改數據成功。
  202 Accepted - [*]：表示一個請求已經進入後臺排隊（異步任務）
  204 NO CONTENT - [DELETE]：用戶刪除數據成功。
  400 INVALID REQUEST - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用戶發出的請求有錯誤，服務器沒有進行新建或修改數據的操做，該操做是冪等的。
  401 Unauthorized - [*]：表示用戶沒有權限（令牌、用戶名、密碼錯誤）。
  403 Forbidden - [*] 表示用戶獲得受權（與401錯誤相對），可是訪問是被禁止的。
  404 NOT FOUND - [*]：用戶發出的請求針對的是不存在的記錄，服務器沒有進行操做，該操做是冪等的。
  406 Not Acceptable - [GET]：用戶請求的格式不可得（好比用戶請求JSON格式，可是隻有XML格式）。
  410 Gone -[GET]：用戶請求的資源被永久刪除，且不會再獲得的。
  422 Unprocesable entity - [POST/PUT/PATCH] 當建立一個對象時，發生一個驗證錯誤。
  500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR - [*]：服務器發生錯誤，用戶將沒法判斷髮出的請求是否成功。
  
  更多看這裏：http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html

  經常使用狀態碼列表
• 錯誤處理，狀態碼是4xx時，應返回錯誤信息，error當作key。
  
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  {      error: "Invalid API key" }

• 返回結果，針對不一樣操做，服務器向用戶返回的結果應該符合如下規範。
  
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  GET / collection：返回資源對象的列表（數組） GET / collection / resource：返回單個資源對象 POST / collection：返回新生成的資源對象 PUT / collection / resource：返回完整的資源對象 PATCH / collection / resource：返回完整的資源對象 DELETE / collection / resource：返回一個空文檔

• Hypermedia API，RESTful API最好作到Hypermedia，即返回結果中提供連接，連向其餘API方法，使得用戶不查文檔，也知道下一步應該作什麼。
  
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  { "link" : {    "rel" :   "collection https://www.example.com/zoos" ,    "href" :  "https://api.example.com/zoos" ,    "title" : "List of zoos" ,    "type" :  "application/vnd.yourformat+json" }}

　　摘自：http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2014/05/restful_api.html 

三. 基於Django實現

路由系統：

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urlpatterns = [      url(r '^users' , Users.as_view()), ]

CBV視圖：

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from django.views import View from django.http import JsonResponse   class Users(View):      def get( self , request, * args, * * kwargs):          result = {              'status' : True ,              'data' : 'response data'          }          return JsonResponse(result, status = 200 )        def post( self , request, * args, * * kwargs):          result = {              'status' : True ,              'data' : 'response data'          }          return JsonResponse(result, status = 200 )

四. 基於Django Rest Framework框架實現

Django Rest Framework 的安裝

pip install djangorestframework

#國內豆瓣源安裝：
pip install djangorestframework -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ --trusted-host=pypi.douban.com

　　

1. 基本流程

url.py

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from django.conf.urls import url, include from web.views.s1_api import TestView   urlpatterns = [      url(r '^test/' , TestView.as_view()), ]

views.py

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from rest_framework.views import APIView from rest_framework.response import Response     class TestView(APIView):      def dispatch( self , request, * args, * * kwargs):          """          請求到來以後，都要執行dispatch方法，dispatch方法根據請求方式不一樣觸發 get/post/put等方法                    注意：APIView中的dispatch方法有好多好多的功能          """          return super ().dispatch(request, * args, * * kwargs)        def get( self , request, * args, * * kwargs):          return Response( 'GET請求，響應內容' )        def post( self , request, * args, * * kwargs):          return Response( 'POST請求，響應內容' )        def put( self , request, * args, * * kwargs):          return Response( 'PUT請求，響應內容' )

上述是rest framework框架基本流程，重要的功能是在APIView的dispatch中觸發。

2.  認證和受權

a. 用戶url傳入的token認證

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.viewsimport TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions

token_list = [
    'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
    'asijnfowerkkf9812',
]


class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        用戶認證，若是驗證成功後返回元組： (用戶,用戶Token)
        :param request: 
        :return: 
            None,表示跳過該驗證；
                若是跳過了全部認證，默認用戶和Token和使用配置文件進行設置
                self._authenticator = None
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                    self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()
                else:
                    self.user = None
        
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                    self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()
                else:
                    self.auth = None
            (user,token)表示驗證經過並設置用戶名和Token；
            AuthenticationFailed異常
        """
        val = request.query_params.get('token')
        if val not in token_list:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用戶認證失敗")

        return ('登陸用戶', '用戶token')

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        """
        # 驗證失敗時，返回的響應頭WWW-Authenticate對應的值
        pass


class TestView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]
    permission_classes = []

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

b. 請求頭認證

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.viewsimport TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions

token_list = [
    'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
    'asijnfowerkkf9812',
]


class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        用戶認證，若是驗證成功後返回元組： (用戶,用戶Token)
        :param request: 
        :return: 
            None,表示跳過該驗證；
                若是跳過了全部認證，默認用戶和Token和使用配置文件進行設置
                self._authenticator = None
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                    self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()
                else:
                    self.user = None
        
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                    self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()
                else:
                    self.auth = None
            (user,token)表示驗證經過並設置用戶名和Token；
            AuthenticationFailed異常
        """
        import base64
        auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
        if auth:
            auth = auth.encode('utf-8')
        auth = auth.split()
        if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('驗證失敗')
        if len(auth) != 2:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('驗證失敗')
        username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')
        if username == 'alex' and password == '123':
            return ('登陸用戶', '用戶token')
        else:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用戶名或密碼錯誤')

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        """
        return 'Basic realm=api'


class TestView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]
    permission_classes = []

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

c. 多個認證規則

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s2_auth import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions

token_list = [
    'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
    'asijnfowerkkf9812',
]


class Test1Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        用戶認證，若是驗證成功後返回元組： (用戶,用戶Token)
        :param request: 
        :return: 
            None,表示跳過該驗證；
                若是跳過了全部認證，默認用戶和Token和使用配置文件進行設置
                self._authenticator = None
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                    self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默認值爲：匿名用戶
                else:
                    self.user = None

                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                    self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默認值爲：None
                else:
                    self.auth = None
            (user,token)表示驗證經過並設置用戶名和Token；
            AuthenticationFailed異常
        """
        import base64
        auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
        if auth:
            auth = auth.encode('utf-8')
        else:
            return None
        print(auth,'xxxx')
        auth = auth.split()
        if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('驗證失敗')
        if len(auth) != 2:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('驗證失敗')
        username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')
        if username == 'alex' and password == '123':
            return ('登陸用戶', '用戶token')
        else:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用戶名或密碼錯誤')

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        """
        # return 'Basic realm=api'
        pass

class Test2Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        用戶認證，若是驗證成功後返回元組： (用戶,用戶Token)
        :param request: 
        :return: 
            None,表示跳過該驗證；
                若是跳過了全部認證，默認用戶和Token和使用配置文件進行設置
                self._authenticator = None
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                    self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默認值爲：匿名用戶
                else:
                    self.user = None
        
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                    self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默認值爲：None
                else:
                    self.auth = None
            (user,token)表示驗證經過並設置用戶名和Token；
            AuthenticationFailed異常
        """
        val = request.query_params.get('token')
        if val not in token_list:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用戶認證失敗")

        return ('登陸用戶', '用戶token')

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        """
        pass


class TestView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [Test1Authentication, Test2Authentication]
    permission_classes = []

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

d. 認證和權限

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission

from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions

token_list = [
    'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
    'asijnfowerkkf9812',
]


class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        用戶認證，若是驗證成功後返回元組： (用戶,用戶Token)
        :param request: 
        :return: 
            None,表示跳過該驗證；
                若是跳過了全部認證，默認用戶和Token和使用配置文件進行設置
                self._authenticator = None
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                    self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默認值爲：匿名用戶
                else:
                    self.user = None
        
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                    self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默認值爲：None
                else:
                    self.auth = None
            (user,token)表示驗證經過並設置用戶名和Token；
            AuthenticationFailed異常
        """
        val = request.query_params.get('token')
        if val not in token_list:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用戶認證失敗")

        return ('登陸用戶', '用戶token')

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        """
        pass


class TestPermission(BasePermission):
    message = "權限驗證失敗"

    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        """
        判斷是否有權限訪問當前請求
        Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
        :param request: 
        :param view: 
        :return: True有權限；False無權限
        """
        if request.user == "管理員":
            return True

    # GenericAPIView中get_object時調用
    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
        """
        視圖繼承GenericAPIView，並在其中使用get_object時獲取對象時，觸發單獨對象權限驗證
        Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
        :param request: 
        :param view: 
        :param obj: 
        :return: True有權限；False無權限
        """
        if request.user == "管理員":
            return True


class TestView(APIView):
    # 認證的動做是由request.user觸發
    authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]

    # 權限
    # 循環執行全部的權限
    permission_classes = [TestPermission, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

e. 全局使用

上述操做中均是對單獨視圖進行特殊配置，若是想要對全局進行配置，則須要再配置文件中寫入便可。

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [
        "web.utils.TestAuthentication",
    ],
    "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": [
        "web.utils.TestPermission",
    ],
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

class TestView(APIView):

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

3. 用戶訪問次數/頻率限制

a. 基於用戶IP限制訪問頻率

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle
from rest_framework.settings import api_settings

# 保存訪問記錄
RECORD = {
    '用戶IP': [12312139, 12312135, 12312133, ]
}


class TestThrottle(BaseThrottle):
    ctime = time.time

    def get_ident(self, request):
        """
        根據用戶IP和代理IP，當作請求者的惟一IP
        Identify the machine making the request by parsing HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR
        if present and number of proxies is > 0. If not use all of
        HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR if it is available, if not use REMOTE_ADDR.
        """
        xff = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
        remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
        num_proxies = api_settings.NUM_PROXIES

        if num_proxies is not None:
            if num_proxies == 0 or xff is None:
                return remote_addr
            addrs = xff.split(',')
            client_addr = addrs[-min(num_proxies, len(addrs))]
            return client_addr.strip()

        return ''.join(xff.split()) if xff else remote_addr

    def allow_request(self, request, view):
        """
        是否仍然在容許範圍內
        Return `True` if the request should be allowed, `False` otherwise.
        :param request: 
        :param view: 
        :return: True，表示能夠經過；False表示已超過限制，不容許訪問
        """
        # 獲取用戶惟一標識（如：IP）

        # 容許一分鐘訪問10次
        num_request = 10
        time_request = 60

        now = self.ctime()
        ident = self.get_ident(request)
        self.ident = ident
        if ident not in RECORD:
            RECORD[ident] = [now, ]
            return True
        history = RECORD[ident]
        while history and history[-1] <= now - time_request:
            history.pop()
        if len(history) < num_request:
            history.insert(0, now)
            return True

    def wait(self):
        """
        多少秒後能夠容許繼續訪問
        Optionally, return a recommended number of seconds to wait before
        the next request.
        """
        last_time = RECORD[self.ident][0]
        now = self.ctime()
        return int(60 + last_time - now)


class TestView(APIView):
    throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        """
        訪問次數被限制時，定製錯誤信息
        """

        class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '請求被限制.'
            extra_detail_singular = '請 {wait} 秒以後再重試.'
            extra_detail_plural = '請 {wait} 秒以後再重試.'

        raise Throttled(wait)

views.py

b. 基於用戶IP顯示訪問頻率（利於Django緩存）

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'test_scope': '10/m',
    },
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle


class TestThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):

    # 配置文件定義的顯示頻率的Key
    scope = "test_scope"

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        """
        Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
        Must be overridden.

        May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
        """
        if not request.user:
            ident = self.get_ident(request)
        else:
            ident = request.user

        return self.cache_format % {
            'scope': self.scope,
            'ident': ident
        }


class TestView(APIView):
    throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        """
        訪問次數被限制時，定製錯誤信息
        """

        class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '請求被限制.'
            extra_detail_singular = '請 {wait} 秒以後再重試.'
            extra_detail_plural = '請 {wait} 秒以後再重試.'

        raise Throttled(wait)

views.py

c. view中限制請求頻率

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'xxxxxx': '10/m',
    },
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.throttling import ScopedRateThrottle


# 繼承 ScopedRateThrottle
class TestThrottle(ScopedRateThrottle):

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        """
        Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
        Must be overridden.

        May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
        """
        if not request.user:
            ident = self.get_ident(request)
        else:
            ident = request.user

        return self.cache_format % {
            'scope': self.scope,
            'ident': ident
        }


class TestView(APIView):
    throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]

    # 在settings中獲取 xxxxxx 對應的頻率限制值
    throttle_scope = "xxxxxx"

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        """
        訪問次數被限制時，定製錯誤信息
        """

        class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '請求被限制.'
            extra_detail_singular = '請 {wait} 秒以後再重試.'
            extra_detail_plural = '請 {wait} 秒以後再重試.'

        raise Throttled(wait)

views.py

d. 匿名時用IP限制+登陸時用Token限制

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'luffy_anon': '10/m',
        'luffy_user': '20/m',
    },
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s3_throttling import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle


class LuffyAnonRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    """
    匿名用戶，根據IP進行限制
    """
    scope = "luffy_anon"

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        # 用戶已登陸，則跳過 匿名頻率限制
        if request.user:
            return None

        return self.cache_format % {
            'scope': self.scope,
            'ident': self.get_ident(request)
        }


class LuffyUserRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    """
    登陸用戶，根據用戶token限制
    """
    scope = "luffy_user"

    def get_ident(self, request):
        """
        認證成功時：request.user是用戶對象；request.auth是token對象
        :param request: 
        :return: 
        """
        # return request.auth.token
        return "user_token"

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        """
        獲取緩存key
        :param request: 
        :param view: 
        :return: 
        """
        # 未登陸用戶，則跳過 Token限制
        if not request.user:
            return None

        return self.cache_format % {
            'scope': self.scope,
            'ident': self.get_ident(request)
        }


class TestView(APIView):
    throttle_classes = [LuffyUserRateThrottle, LuffyAnonRateThrottle, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

e. 全局使用

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': [
        'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyAnonRateThrottle',
        'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyUserRateThrottle',
    ],
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'anon': '10/day',
        'user': '10/day',
        'luffy_anon': '10/m',
        'luffy_user': '20/m',
    },
}

settings

4. 版本

a. 基於url的get傳參方式

如：/users?version=v1

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默認版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 容許的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中獲取值的key
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(),name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import QueryParameterVersioning


class TestView(APIView):
    versioning_class = QueryParameterVersioning

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        # 獲取版本
        print(request.version)
        # 獲取版本管理的類
        print(request.versioning_scheme)

        # 反向生成URL
        reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
        print(reverse_url)

        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

b. 基於url的正則方式

如：/v1/users/

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默認版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 容許的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中獲取值的key
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning


class TestView(APIView):
    versioning_class = URLPathVersioning

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 獲取版本
        print(request.version)
        # 獲取版本管理的類
        print(request.versioning_scheme)

        # 反向生成URL
        reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
        print(reverse_url)

        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

c. 基於 accept 請求頭方式

如：Accept: application/json; version=1.0

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默認版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 容許的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中獲取值的key
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import AcceptHeaderVersioning


class TestView(APIView):
    versioning_class = AcceptHeaderVersioning

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 獲取版本 HTTP_ACCEPT頭
        print(request.version)
        # 獲取版本管理的類
        print(request.versioning_scheme)
        # 反向生成URL
        reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
        print(reverse_url)

        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

d. 基於主機名方法

如：v1.example.com

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默認版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 容許的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中獲取值的key
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import HostNameVersioning


class TestView(APIView):
    versioning_class = HostNameVersioning

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 獲取版本
        print(request.version)
        # 獲取版本管理的類
        print(request.versioning_scheme)
        # 反向生成URL
        reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
        print(reverse_url)

        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

e. 基於django路由系統的namespace

如：example.com/v1/users/

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默認版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 容許的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中獲取值的key
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^v1/', ([
                      url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
                  ], None, 'v1')),
    url(r'^v2/', ([
                      url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
                  ], None, 'v2')),

]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import NamespaceVersioning


class TestView(APIView):
    versioning_class = NamespaceVersioning

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 獲取版本
        print(request.version)
        # 獲取版本管理的類
        print(request.versioning_scheme)
        # 反向生成URL
        reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
        print(reverse_url)

        return Response('GET請求，響應內容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

f. 全局使用

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning",
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version' 
}

settings.py

5. 解析器（parser） 

根據請求頭 content-type 選擇對應的解析器就請求體內容進行處理。

a. 僅處理請求頭content-type爲application/json的請求體

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s5_parser import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [JSONParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 獲取請求的值，並使用對應的JSONParser進行處理
        print(request.data)

        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data時，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)

        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

b. 僅處理請求頭content-type爲application/x-www-form-urlencoded 的請求體

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [FormParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 獲取請求的值，並使用對應的JSONParser進行處理
        print(request.data)

        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data時，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)

        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

c. 僅處理請求頭content-type爲multipart/form-data的請求體

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import MultiPartParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [MultiPartParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 獲取請求的值，並使用對應的JSONParser進行處理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data時，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="user" />
    <input type="file" name="img">

    <input type="submit" value="提交">

</form>
</body>
</html>

upload.html

d. 僅上傳文件

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/(?P<filename>[^/]+)', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FileUploadParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [FileUploadParser, ]

    def post(self, request, filename, *args, **kwargs):
        print(filename)
        print(request.content_type)

        # 獲取請求的值，並使用對應的JSONParser進行處理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data時，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/f1.numbers" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="user" />
    <input type="file" name="img">

    <input type="submit" value="提交">

</form>
</body>
</html>

upload.html

e. 同時多個Parser

當同時使用多個parser時，rest framework會根據請求頭content-type自動進行比對，並使用對應parser

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 獲取請求的值，並使用對應的JSONParser進行處理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data時，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

f. 全局使用

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':[
        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'
        'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
        'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
    ]

}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response


class TestView(APIView):
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 獲取請求的值，並使用對應的JSONParser進行處理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data時，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT請求，響應內容')

views.py

注意：個別特殊的值能夠經過Django的request對象 request._request 來進行獲取

6. 序列化

序列化用於對用戶請求數據進行驗證和數據進行序列化。

a. 自定義字段

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class PasswordValidator(object):
    def __init__(self, base):
        self.base = base

    def __call__(self, value):
        if value != self.base:
            message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)

    def set_context(self, serializer_field):
        """
        This hook is called by the serializer instance,
        prior to the validation call being made.
        """
        # 執行驗證以前調用,serializer_fields是當前字段對象
        pass


class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    ut_title = serializers.CharField(source='ut.title')
    user = serializers.CharField(min_length=6)
    pwd = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required': '密碼不能爲空'}, validators=[PasswordValidator('666')])


class TestView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        # 序列化，將數據庫查詢字段序列化爲字典
        data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = UserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True)
        # 或
        # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 驗證，對請求發來的數據進行驗證
        ser = UserSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            print(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            print(ser.errors)

        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

views.py

b. 基於Model自動生成字段

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class PasswordValidator(object):
    def __init__(self, base):
        self.base = str(base)

    def __call__(self, value):
        if value != self.base:
            message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)

    def set_context(self, serializer_field):
        """
        This hook is called by the serializer instance,
        prior to the validation call being made.
        """
        # 執行驗證以前調用,serializer_fields是當前字段對象
        pass

class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

    user = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)

    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"
        # fields = ['user', 'pwd', 'ut']
        depth = 2
        extra_kwargs = {'user': {'min_length': 6}, 'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666), ]}}
        # read_only_fields = ['user']


class TestView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        # 序列化，將數據庫查詢字段序列化爲字典
        data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True)
        # 或
        # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 驗證，對請求發來的數據進行驗證
        print(request.data)
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            print(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            print(ser.errors)

        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

views.py

c. 生成URL

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    url(r'detail/(?P<pk>\d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='detail'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class PasswordValidator(object):
    def __init__(self, base):
        self.base = str(base)

    def __call__(self, value):
        if value != self.base:
            message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)

    def set_context(self, serializer_field):
        """
        This hook is called by the serializer instance,
        prior to the validation call being made.
        """
        # 執行驗證以前調用,serializer_fields是當前字段對象
        pass


class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    ut = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='detail')
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"

        extra_kwargs = {
            'user': {'min_length': 6},
            'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666),]},
        }



class TestView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        # 序列化，將數據庫查詢字段序列化爲字典
        data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={'request': request})
        # 或
        # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 驗證，對請求發來的數據進行驗證
        print(request.data)
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            print(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            print(ser.errors)

        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

views.py

d. 自動生成URL

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    url(r'detail/(?P<pk>\d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='xxxx'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class PasswordValidator(object):
    def __init__(self, base):
        self.base = str(base)

    def __call__(self, value):
        if value != self.base:
            message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)

    def set_context(self, serializer_field):
        """
        This hook is called by the serializer instance,
        prior to the validation call being made.
        """
        # 執行驗證以前調用,serializer_fields是當前字段對象
        pass


class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
    ll = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='xxxx')
    tt = serializers.CharField(required=False)

    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"
        list_serializer_class = serializers.ListSerializer

        extra_kwargs = {
            'user': {'min_length': 6},
            'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666), ]},
            'url': {'view_name': 'xxxx'},
            'ut': {'view_name': 'xxxx'},
        }


class TestView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # # 序列化，將數據庫查詢字段序列化爲字典
        data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={'request': request})
        # # 若是Many=True
        # # 或
        # # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        # # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 驗證，對請求發來的數據進行驗證
        print(request.data)
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            print(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            print(ser.errors)

        return Response('POST請求，響應內容')

views.py

7. 分頁

a. 根據頁碼進行分頁

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from web.views import s9_pagination

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
]

urs.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models

from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination


class StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):
    # 默認每頁顯示的數據條數
    page_size = 1
    # 獲取URL參數中設置的每頁顯示數據條數
    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'

    # 獲取URL參數中傳入的頁碼key
    page_query_param = 'page'

    # 最大支持的每頁顯示的數據條數
    max_page_size = 1


class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')

        # 實例化分頁對象，獲取數據庫中的分頁數據
        paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
        page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)

        # 序列化對象
        serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)

        # 生成分頁和數據
        response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
        return response

views.py

b. 位置和個數進行分頁

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s9_pagination

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models

from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination


class StandardResultsSetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):
    # 默認每頁顯示的數據條數
    default_limit = 10
    # URL中傳入的顯示數據條數的參數
    limit_query_param = 'limit'
    # URL中傳入的數據位置的參數
    offset_query_param = 'offset'
    # 最大每頁顯得條數
    max_limit = None

class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')

        # 實例化分頁對象，獲取數據庫中的分頁數據
        paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
        page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)

        # 序列化對象
        serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)

        # 生成分頁和數據
        response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
        return response

views.py

c. 遊標分頁

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s9_pagination

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models

from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination, LimitOffsetPagination, CursorPagination


class StandardResultsSetPagination(CursorPagination):
    # URL傳入的遊標參數
    cursor_query_param = 'cursor'
    # 默認每頁顯示的數據條數
    page_size = 2
    # URL傳入的每頁顯示條數的參數
    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
    # 每頁顯示數據最大條數
    max_page_size = 1000

    # 根據ID從大到小排列
    ordering = "id"



class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')

        # 實例化分頁對象，獲取數據庫中的分頁數據
        paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
        page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)

        # 序列化對象
        serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)

        # 生成分頁和數據
        response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
        return response

views.py

8. 路由系統

a. 自定義路由

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    url(r'^test\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    url(r'^test/(?P<pk>[^/.]+)/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    url(r'^test/(?P<pk>[^/.]+)\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view())
]

urls.py

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .. import models


class TestView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(kwargs)
        print(self.renderer_classes)
        return Response('...')

views.py

b. 半自動路由

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s10_generic

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),
    url(r'^test/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(
        {'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer

views.py

c. 全自動路由

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from web.views import s10_generic


router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'users', s10_generic.UserViewSet)

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
]

urls.py

from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer

views.py

9. 視圖

a. GenericViewSet

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s7_viewset import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='test'),
    url(r'detail/(?P<pk>\d+)/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='xxxx'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework.response import Response


class TestView(viewsets.GenericViewSet):
    def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('...')

    def add(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def edit(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

views.py

b. ModelViewSet（自定義URL）

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s10_generic

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),
    url(r'^test/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(
        {'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer

views.py

c. ModelViewSet（rest framework路由）

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from app01 import views

router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)
router.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)

# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.
# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
]

urls.py

from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework import serializers


class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.User
        fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups')


class GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Group
        fields = ('url', 'name')
        
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    """
    API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.
    """
    queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')
    serializer_class = UserSerializer


class GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    """
    API endpoint that allows groups to be viewed or edited.
    """
    queryset = Group.objects.all()
    serializer_class = GroupSerializer

views.py

10. 渲染器

根據 用戶請求URL 或 用戶可接受的類型，篩選出合適的 渲染組件。
用戶請求URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json

用戶請求頭：

• Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8

a. json

訪問URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    url(r'^test\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers

from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer

from .. import models


class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class TestView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
        return Response(ser.data)

views.py

b. 表格

訪問URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=admin
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.admin
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers

from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer

from .. import models


class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class TestView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [AdminRenderer, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
        return Response(ser.data)

views.py

c. Form表單

訪問URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=form
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.form
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers

from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import HTMLFormRenderer

from .. import models


class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class TestView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [HTMLFormRenderer, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data)

views.py

d. 自定義顯示模板

訪問URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=html
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.html
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    url(r'^test\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer

from .. import models


class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class TestView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')

views.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    {{ user }}
    {{ pwd }}
    {{ ut }}
</body>
</html>

userdetail.html

e. 瀏覽器格式API+JSON

訪問URL：

• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=api
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.api
• http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers

from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import BrowsableAPIRenderer

from .. import models


class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):
    def get_default_renderer(self, view):
        return JSONRenderer()


class TestView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')

views.py

注意：若是同時多個存在時，自動根據URL後綴來選擇渲染器。