Nginx多種負載均衡策略搭建

時間  2019-11-11
標籤 nginx 多種 負載 均衡 策略 搭建 欄目 Nginx 简体版
原文   原文鏈接

背景介紹

上篇介紹了利用Nginx反向代理實現負載均衡，本文詳細講述Nginx下的幾種負載均衡策略。nginx

輪詢

輪詢，顧名思義，就是輪流請求，基於上篇文章的介紹，咱們將負載均衡策略聚焦於default.conf文件的upstream。web

upstream backend {
    server web02:80;
    server web03:80;
}

在瀏覽器中對localhost:8080連續發出請求，根據nginx請求日誌能夠看出web02與web03訪問的次數是相同的。瀏覽器

web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:03:06 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:03:06 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:03:07 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web03    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:03:07 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:05:25 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:05:25 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web03    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:05:26 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:05:26 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:05:27 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:05:27 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:05:27 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web03    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:10:05:27 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"

加權輪詢

加權輪詢是指基於上文中的輪詢，加上必定的權重，使得某個服務器被轉發的次數更多一些，加權經過在IP後方拼接weight實現。緩存

upstream backend {
    server web02:80 weight=5;
    server web03:80 weight=1;
}

weight值越大，所分配的請求就越多，根據nginx的請求日誌能夠看出web02被訪問了8次，web03被訪問了兩次。bash

web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:13 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:13 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:16 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:16 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:16 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:16 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:17 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web03    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:17 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:17 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:17 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:18 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:18 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:19 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:19 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:19 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:19 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:20 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:20 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web03    | 172.24.0.3 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:20 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [26/Jun/2019:14:48:20 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"

ip_hash

若是一個客戶端的請求可能被轉發到任何一臺服務器，可能會致使每臺服務器都緩存了該客戶端的信息，比較浪費資源，ip_hash做用就是經過客戶端IP的前三個部分計算出key，以便將同一個客戶端的請求轉發到指定的服務器中，配置的方法比較簡單，只須要在upstream上方加一行代碼便可。服務器

upstream backend {
    ip_hash;
    server web02:80;
    server web03:80;
}

重複請求了5次，經過日誌看出請求一直被鎖定在了web03上。負載均衡

web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:48:15 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web03    | 172.24.0.2 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:48:15 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "172.24.0.1"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:48:22 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web03    | 172.24.0.2 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:48:22 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "172.24.0.1"
web03    | 172.24.0.2 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:48:23 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "172.24.0.1"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:48:23 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web03    | 172.24.0.2 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:48:24 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "172.24.0.1"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:48:24 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:48:24 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web03    | 172.24.0.2 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:48:24 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "172.24.0.1"

url_hash

這種模式是將url進行哈希，而後定位到具體的某一臺服務器，相同的url永遠會被轉發到同一臺服務器上。url

upstream backend {
    hash $request_uri;
    server web02:80;
    server web03:80;
}

經過瀏覽器訪問兩次http://localhost:8080，經過日誌能夠看到轉發被固定在了web03。代理

web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:58:31 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web03    | 172.24.0.4 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:58:31 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web03    | 172.24.0.4 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:58:38 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:58:38 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"

在連接後面拼接一些參數，就能夠看到轉發發生了變化，固定在了web02，隨着參數的變化，請求也會採用輪詢的方式轉發給服務器，但使用過的url再訪問就不會再變化了。日誌

web02    | 172.24.0.4 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:59:54 +0000] "GET /?a=1 HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:59:54 +0000] "GET /?a=1 HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web02    | 172.24.0.4 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:59:55 +0000] "GET /?a=1 HTTP/1.0" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
web01    | 172.24.0.1 - - [27/Jun/2019:11:59:55 +0000] "GET /?a=1 HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36" "-"
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