原文連接: https://sosedoff.com/2016/07/16/golang-struct-tags.htmlhtml
struct是golang中最常使用的變量類型之一,幾乎每一個地方都有使用,從處理配置選項到使用encoding/json或encoding/xml包編排JSON或XML文檔。字段標籤是struct字段定義部分,容許你使用優雅簡單的方式存儲許多用例字段的元數據(如字段映射,數據校驗,對象關係映射等等)。golang
一般structs最讓人感興趣的是什麼?strcut最有用的特徵之一是可以制定字段名映射。若是你處理外部服務並進行大量數據轉換它將很是方便。讓咱們看下以下示例:數據庫
type User struct { Id int `json:"id"` Name string `json:"name"` Bio string `json:"about,omitempty"` Active bool `json:"active"` Admin bool `json:"-"` CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"` }
在User結構體中,標籤僅僅是字段類型定義後面用反引號封閉的字符串。在示例中咱們從新定義字段名以便進行JSON編碼和反編碼。意即當對結構體字段進行JSON編碼,它將會使用用戶定義的字段名代替默認的大寫名字。下面是經過json.Marshal調用產生的沒有自定義標籤的結構體輸出:express
{ "Id": 1, "Name": "John Doe", "Bio": "Some Text", "Active": true, "Admin": false, "CreatedAt": "2016-07-16T15:32:17.957714799Z" }
如你所見,示例中全部的字段輸出都與它們在User結構體中定義相關。如今,讓咱們添加自定義JSON標籤,看會發生什麼:json
{ "id": 1, "name": "John Doe", "about": "Some Text", "active": true, "created_at": "2016-07-16T15:32:17.957714799Z" }
經過自定義標籤咱們可以重塑輸出。使用json:"-"定義咱們告訴編碼器徹底跳過該字段。查看JSON和XML包以獲取更多細節和可用的標籤選項。app
既然咱們理解告終構體標籤是如何被定義和使用的,咱們嘗試編寫本身的標籤處理器。爲實現該功能咱們須要檢查結構體而且讀取標籤屬性。這就須要用到reflect包。less
假定咱們要實現簡單的校驗庫,基於字段類型使用字段標籤訂義一些校驗規則。咱們常想要在將數據保存到數據庫以前對其進行校驗。ui
package main import ( "reflect" "fmt" ) const tagName = "validate" type User struct { Id int `validate:"-"` Name string `validate:"presence,min=2,max=32"` Email string `validate:"email,required"` } func main() { user := User{ Id: 1, Name: "John Doe", Email: "john@example", } // TypeOf returns the reflection Type that represents the dynamic type of variable. // If variable is a nil interface value, TypeOf returns nil. t := reflect.TypeOf(user) //Get the type and kind of our user variable fmt.Println("Type: ", t.Name()) fmt.Println("Kind: ", t.Kind()) for i := 0; i < t.NumField(); i++ { // Get the field, returns https://golang.org/pkg/reflect/#StructField field := t.Field(i) //Get the field tag value tag := field.Tag.Get(tagName) fmt.Printf("%d. %v(%v), tag:'%v'\n", i+1, field.Name, field.Type.Name(), tag) } }
輸出:編碼
Type: User Kind: struct 1. Id(int), tag:'-' 2. Name(string), tag:'presence,min=2,max=32' 3. Email(string), tag:'email,required'
經過reflect包咱們可以獲取User結構體id基本信息,包括它的類型、種類且能列出它的全部字段。如你所見,咱們打印了每一個字段的標籤。標籤沒有什麼神奇的地方,field.Tag.Get方法返回與標籤名匹配的字符串,你能夠自由使用作你想作的。code
爲向你說明如何使用結構體標籤進行校驗,我使用接口形式實現了一些校驗類型(numeric, string, email).下面是可運行的代碼示例:
package main import ( "regexp" "fmt" "strings" "reflect" ) //Name of the struct tag used in example. const tagName = "validate" //Regular expression to validate email address. var mailRe = regexp.MustCompile(`\A[\w+\-.]+@[a-z\d\-]+(\.[a-z]+)*\.[a-z]+\z`) //Generic data validator type Validator interface { //Validate method performs validation and returns results and optional error. Validate(interface{})(bool, error) } //DefaultValidator does not perform any validations type DefaultValidator struct{ } func (v DefaultValidator) Validate(val interface{}) (bool, error) { return true, nil } type NumberValidator struct{ Min int Max int } func (v NumberValidator) Validate(val interface{}) (bool, error) { num := val.(int) if num < v.Min { return false, fmt.Errorf("should be greater than %v", v.Min) } if v.Max >= v.Min && num > v.Max { return false, fmt.Errorf("should be less than %v", v.Max) } return true, nil } //StringValidator validates string presence and/or its length type StringValidator struct { Min int Max int } func (v StringValidator) Validate(val interface{}) (bool, error) { l := len(val.(string)) if l == 0 { return false, fmt.Errorf("cannot be blank") } if l < v.Min { return false, fmt.Errorf("should be at least %v chars long", v.Min) } if v.Max >= v.Min && l > v.Max { return false, fmt.Errorf("should be less than %v chars long", v.Max) } return true, nil } type EmailValidator struct{ } func (v EmailValidator) Validate(val interface{}) (bool, error) { if !mailRe.MatchString(val.(string)) { return false, fmt.Errorf("is not a valid email address") } return true, nil } //Returns validator struct corresponding to validation type func getValidatorFromTag(tag string) Validator { args := strings.Split(tag, ",") switch args[0] { case "number": validator := NumberValidator{} fmt.Sscanf(strings.Join(args[1:], ","), "min=%d,max=%d", &validator.Min, &validator.Max) return validator case "string": validator := StringValidator{} fmt.Sscanf(strings.Join(args[1:], ","), "min=%d,max=%d", &validator.Min, &validator.Max) return validator case "email": return EmailValidator{} } return DefaultValidator{} } //Performs actual data validation using validator definitions on the struct func validateStruct(s interface{}) []error { errs := []error{} //ValueOf returns a Value representing the run-time data v := reflect.ValueOf(s) for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ { //Get the field tag value tag := v.Type().Field(i).Tag.Get(tagName) //Skip if tag is not defined or ignored if tag == "" || tag == "-" { continue } //Get a validator that corresponds to a tag validator := getValidatorFromTag(tag) //Perform validation valid, err := validator.Validate(v.Field(i).Interface()) //Append error to results if !valid && err != nil { errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("%s %s", v.Type().Field(i).Name, err.Error())) } } return errs } type User struct { Id int `validate:"number,min=1,max=1000"` Name string `validate:"string,min=2,max=10"` Bio string `validate:"string"` Email string `validate:"string"` } func main() { user := User{ Id: 0, Name: "superlongstring", Bio: "", Email: "foobar", } fmt.Println("Errors: ") for i, err := range validateStruct(user) { fmt.Printf("\t%d. %s\n", i+1, err.Error()) } }
輸出:
Errors: 1. Id should be greater than 1 2. Name should be less than 10 chars long 3. Bio cannot be blank 4. Email should be less than 0 chars long
在User結構體咱們定義了一個Id字段校驗規則,檢查值是否在合適範圍1-1000之間。Name字段值是一個字符串,校驗器應檢查其長度。Bio字段值是一個字符串,咱們僅需其值不爲空,不須校驗。最後,Email字段值應是一個合法的郵箱地址(至少是格式化的郵箱)。例中User結構體字段均非法,運行代碼將會得到如下輸出:
Errors: 1. Id should be greater than 1 2. Name should be less than 10 chars long 3. Bio cannot be blank 4. Email should be less than 0 chars long
最後一例與以前例子(使用類型的基本反射)的主要不一樣之處在於,咱們使用reflect.ValueOf代替reflect.TypeOf。還須要使用v.Field(i).Interface()獲取字段值,該方法提供了一個接口,咱們能夠進行校驗。使用v.Type().Filed(i)咱們還能夠獲取字段類型。