Golang豐富的I/O----用N種Hello World展現

Golang豐富的I/O----用N種Hello World展現

Golang是我目前用過的最好的語言，一接觸便深深地喜好，不斷實踐，喜好之情日久彌深。緣由之一即是簡單、強大、易用。編程操做涉及頻率最高的莫過於I/O，標準io包提供的兩個接口（io.Reader和io.Writer）對I/O進行了偉大的統一抽象，將簡單、強大、易用的特色體現地淋漓盡致。兩個接口的定義以下：

typeReaderinterface {

    Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)

}


typeWriterinterface {

    Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)

}

　　

標準庫中的多個包實現了這兩個接口，從而提供了豐富而強大的I/O功能。下面用N種輸出「Hello，world!」來感覺下。

package main


import (

    "bufio"

    "bytes"

    "fmt"

    "io"

    "log"

    "mime/quotedprintable"

    "os"

    "strings"

    "text/tabwriter"

)


func main() {


    //1

    fmt.Println("hello, world!")


    //2

    io.WriteString(os.Stdout, "Hello, World!\r\n")

    os.Stdout.WriteString("Hello, World!\r\n")


    //3

    w := bufio.NewWriter(os.Stdout)

    fmt.Fprint(w, "Hello, ")

    fmt.Fprint(w, "world!\r\n")

    w.Flush() // Don't forget to flush!


    fmt.Fprint(os.Stdout, "hello, world!\r\n")


    //4

    r := strings.NewReader("hello, world!\r\n")

    if _, err := io.Copy(os.Stdout, r); err != nil {

        log.Fatal(err)

    }


    r1 := strings.NewReader("hello, world!\r\n")

    buf := make([]byte, 8)


    // buf is used here...

    if _, err := io.CopyBuffer(os.Stdout, r1, buf); err != nil {

        log.Fatal(err)

    }


    r2 := strings.NewReader("hello, world!\r\n")

    //buf := make([]byte, 8)

    if _, err := io.CopyN(os.Stdout, r2, int64(r2.Len())); err != nil {

        log.Fatal(err)

    }


    //5

    var b bytes.Buffer // A Buffer needs no initialization.

    b.Write([]byte("Hello, "))

    fmt.Fprintf(&b, "world!\r\n")

    b.WriteTo(os.Stdout)

    // Output: Hello world!


    //6

    wTab := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 1, 1, 1, ' ', tabwriter.AlignRight)

    defer wTab.Flush()


    wTab.Write([]byte("Hello, world!\r\n"))


    //7

    wQuote := quotedprintable.NewWriter(os.Stdout)

    wQuote.Write([]byte("Hello, world!\r\n"))


    wQuote.Write([]byte("These symbols will be escaped: = \t"))

    wQuote.Close()

    wQuote.Write([]byte("\r\n"))


    //8

    log := log.New(os.Stdout, "", 0)

    log.Println("Hello, world!")

}

　　

以上代碼均來自go源碼，編譯運行輸出以下：

hello, world!

Hello, World!

Hello, World!

Hello, world!

hello, world!

hello, world!

hello, world!

hello, world!

Hello, world!

Hello, world!

Hello, world!

These symbols will be escaped: =3D =09

Hello, world!

　　

第一種很常見，

fmt.Println("hello, world!") 

　　

各類go語言書籍中均展現了該種形式的Hello World。

第二種是io包和os包提供的WriteString函數或方法，對io.Writer進行了封裝。

第三種是fmt包提供的Fprint函數，與第一種相似。從go源碼能夠看出Print和Println分別是對Fprint和Fprintln函數的封裝。

func Print(a ...interface{}) (n int, err error) {

    return Fprint(os.Stdout, a...)

}

func Println(a ...interface{}) (n int, err error) {

    return Fprintln(os.Stdout, a...)

}

　　

第四種是io包提供的三個copy函數：io.Copy、io.CopyBuffer和io.CopyN。這三個函數是對copyBuffer函數的封裝，

// copyBuffer is the actual implementation of Copy and CopyBuffer.

// if buf is nil, one is allocated.

func copyBuffer(dst Writer, src Reader, buf []byte) (written int64, err error)

　　

copyBuffer函數借助buf緩衝從Reader讀取數據而後寫入到Writer中。

第五種是bytes包提供的方法，對Writer方法進行了封裝。

// WriteTo writes data to w until the buffer is drained or an error occurs.

// The return value n is the number of bytes written; it always fits into an

// int, but it is int64 to match the io.WriterTo interface. Any error

// encountered during the write is also returned.

func (b *Buffer) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error)

　　

第六種是text包實現的io.Writer接口，text/tabwriter包能夠實現文本列對齊輸出。

// Write writes buf to the writer b.

// The only errors returned are ones encountered

// while writing to the underlying output stream.

//

func (b *Writer) Write(buf []byte) (n int, err error) {

　　

第七種是"mime/quotedprintable"包實現的io.Writer接口。

// Write encodes p using quoted-printable encoding and writes it to the

// underlying io.Writer. It limits line length to 76 characters. The encoded

// bytes are not necessarily flushed until the Writer is closed.

func (w *Writer) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {

　　

第八種也是比較經常使用的，由log包提供的。

這麼多種Hello World的寫法可能不是全面的，但這是我見過的寫法最多的一種語言。