在測試過程當中,fixture均可以派上用場。fixture是在測試函數運行先後,則pytest執行的外殼函數。fixture中的代碼能夠定製,知足多變的測試需求,包含定義傳入測試中的數據集、配置測試前系統的初始狀態、爲批量測試提供數據源等等。來看如下簡單示例,返回一個簡單的fixturehtml
import pytest @pytest.fixture() def getData(): return 28 def test_getFixture(getData): assert getData==28
@pytest.fixture()裝飾器用於聲明函數是一個fixture。若是測試函數的參數列表中包含fixture名稱,則pytest會檢測到,並在測試函數運行以前執行該fixture。fixture能夠完成任務,也能夠返回數據給測試函數。python
test_getFixture()的參數列表中包含一個fixture,名爲getData,pytest會以該名稱搜索fixture。pytest會優先搜索該測試所在模塊,而後搜索conftest.pysql
後面所提到的fixture均是由@pytest.fixture()裝飾器定義的函數,fixture是pytest用於將測試先後進行預備、清理工做的代碼分離出核心邏輯的一種機制。數據庫
fixture的特色以下所示:微信
在測試前準備和測試結束後清理環境,在數據庫中鏈接使用比較多。測試前須要鏈接數據庫,測試完成後,須要關閉數據庫等,這時就可使用fixture進行配置和清理環境了,以下所示:session
1.DBOperate.pyapp
import sqlite3 import os class DBOperate: def __init__(self,dbPath=os.path.join(os.getcwd(),"db")): self.dbPath=dbPath self.connect=sqlite3.connect(self.dbPath) def Query(self,sql:str)->list: """傳統查詢語句""" queryResult = self.connect.cursor().execute(sql).fetchall() return queryResult if queryResult else [] def QueryAsDict(self,sql:str)->dict: """調用該函數返回結果爲字典形式""" self.connect.row_factory=self.dictFactory cur=self.connect.cursor() queryResult=cur.execute(sql).fetchall() return queryResult if queryResult else {} def Insert(self,sql:str)->bool: insertRows=self.connect.cursor().execute(sql) self.connect.commit() return True if insertRows.rowcount else False def Update(self,sql:str)->bool: updateRows=self.connect.cursor().execute(sql) self.connect.commit() return True if updateRows.rowcount else False def Delete(self,sql:str)->bool: delRows=self.connect.cursor().execute(sql) self.connect.commit() return True if delRows.rowcount else False def CloseDB(self): self.connect.cursor().close() self.connect.close() def dictFactory(self,cursor,row): """將sql查詢結果整理成字典形式""" d={} for index,col in enumerate(cursor.description): d[col[0]]=row[index] return d
2.conftest.py函數
import pytest from DBOperate import DBOperate @pytest.fixture() def dbOperate(): # setup:connect db db=DBOperate() # 數據庫操做 sql="""SELECT * FROM user_info""" res=db.QueryAsDict(sql) # tearDown:close db db.CloseDB() return res
3.test_02.py測試
import pytest from DBOperate import DBOperate def test_dbOperate(dbOperate): db=DBOperate() sql = """SELECT * FROM user_info""" expect=db.QueryAsDict(sql) res=dbOperate assert expect==res
在fixture中,在執行查詢語句前,db=DBOperate()至關於創建數據庫鏈接,可視爲配置過程(setup),而db.CloseDB()則至關於清理過程(teardown)過程,不管測試過程發生了什麼,清理過程均會被執行。fetch
若是直接運行前面的測試,則看不到其fixture的執行過程,以下所示:
>>> pytest -v .\test_02.py =================== test session starts ================================= platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe cachedir: .pytest_cache rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson03 collected 1 item test_02.py::test_dbOperate PASSED [100%] ===================== 1 passed in 0.07s ==================================
若是但願看到其詳細的執行過程及執行的前後順序,可使用參數--setup-show,以下所示:
>>> pytest --setup-show -v .\test_02.py ====================== test session starts ================================== platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe cachedir: .pytest_cache rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson03 collected 1 item test_02.py::test_dbOperate SETUP F dbOperate test_02.py::test_dbOperate (fixtures used: dbOperate)PASSED TEARDOWN F dbOperate ============================ 1 passed in 0.03s =================================
從上面的運行的輸出結果中能夠看到,真正的測試函數被夾在中間,pytest會將每個fixture的執行分紅setup和teardown兩部分。
fixture名稱前面F表明其做用範圍,F:表示函數級別,S:表示會話級別
fixture很是適合存放測試數據,且能夠返回任何數據,示例以下所示:
import pytest @pytest.fixture() def sampleList(): return [1,23,"a",{"a":1}] def test_sampleList(sampleList): assert sampleList[1]==32
運行結果以下所示:
>>> pytest -v .\test_fixture.py =========================== test session starts ============================== platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe cachedir: .pytest_cache rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson03 collected 1 item test_fixture.py::test_sampleList FAILED [100%] ================================= FAILURES =========================================== _________________________test_sampleList ____________________________________________ sampleList = [1, 23, 'a', {'a': 1}] def test_sampleList(sampleList): > assert sampleList[1]==32 E assert 23 == 32 E +23 E -32 test_fixture.py:8: AssertionError ===========================short test summary info ================================= FAILED test_fixture.py::test_sampleList - assert 23 == 32 =========================== 1 failed in 0.20s ======================================
除了指明詳細的錯誤信息以外,pytest還給出了引發assert異常的函數參數值。fixture做爲測試函數的參數,也會被歸入測試報告中。
上面的示例演示的是異常發生在測試函數中,那若是異常發生在fixture中,會怎麼樣?
import pytest @pytest.fixture() def sampleList(): x=23 assert x==32 return x def test_sampleList(sampleList): assert sampleList==32
運行結果以下所示:
>>> pytest -v .\test_fixture.py ======================= test session starts ============================= platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe cachedir: .pytest_cache rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson03 collected 1 item test_fixture.py::test_sampleList ERROR [100%] ========================== ERRORS ========================================== _________________ ERROR at setup of test_sampleList ________________________ @pytest.fixture() def sampleList(): x=23 > assert x==32 E assert 23 == 32 E +23 E -32 test_fixture.py:6: AssertionError ==================== short test summary info ================================ ERROR test_fixture.py::test_sampleList - assert 23 == 32 =========================== 1 error in 0.27s =================================
在運行的輸出結果中,正肯定位到了fixture函數中發生assert異常的位置,其次test_sampleList並無被標記爲FAIL,而是被標記爲ERROR,這個區分很清楚,若是被標記爲FAIL,用戶就知道失敗發生在覈心函數中,而不是發生在測試依賴的fixture中。
示例代碼以下所示:
1.DBOperate
import sqlite3 import os class DBOperate: def __init__(self,dbPath=os.path.join(os.getcwd(),"db")): self.dbPath=dbPath self.connect=sqlite3.connect(self.dbPath) def Query(self,sql:str)->list: """傳統查詢語句""" queryResult = self.connect.cursor().execute(sql).fetchall() return queryResult if queryResult else [] def QueryAsDict(self,sql:str)->dict: """調用該函數返回結果爲字典形式""" self.connect.row_factory=self.dictFactory cur=self.connect.cursor() queryResult=cur.execute(sql).fetchall() return queryResult if queryResult else {} def Insert(self,sql:str)->bool: insertRows=self.connect.cursor().execute(sql) self.connect.commit() return True if insertRows.rowcount else False def Update(self,sql:str)->bool: updateRows=self.connect.cursor().execute(sql) self.connect.commit() return True if updateRows.rowcount else False def Delete(self,sql:str)->bool: delRows=self.connect.cursor().execute(sql) self.connect.commit() return True if delRows.rowcount else False def CloseDB(self): self.connect.cursor().close() self.connect.close() def dictFactory(self,cursor,row): """將sql查詢結果整理成字典形式""" d={} for index,col in enumerate(cursor.description): d[col[0]]=row[index] return d
2.conftest.py
import pytest from DBOperate import DBOperate @pytest.fixture() def dbOperate(): # setup:connect db db=DBOperate() yield # tearDown:close db db.CloseDB() @pytest.fixture() def mulQuerySqlA(): return ( "SELECT * FROM user_info", "SELECT * FROM case_info", "SELECT * FROM config_paras" ) @pytest.fixture() def mulQuerySqlB(): return ( "SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE account in('admin')", "SELECT * FROM case_info WHERE ID in('TEST-1')", "SELECT * FROM config_paras WHERE accountMinChar==2", "SELECT * FROM report_info WHERE ID in('TEST-1')" ) @pytest.fixture() def mulFixtureA(dbOperate,mulQuerySqlA): db = DBOperate() tmpList=[] for item in mulQuerySqlA: tmpList.append(db.QueryAsDict(item)) return tmpList @pytest.fixture() def mulFixtureB(dbOperate,mulQuerySqlB): db = DBOperate() tmpList = [] for item in mulQuerySqlB: tmpList.append(db.QueryAsDict(item)) return tmpList
3.test_03.py
import pytest def test_count(mulQuerySqlA): assert len(mulQuerySqlA)==3
運行結果以下所示:
>>> pytest -v --setup-show .\test_03.py ========================= test session starts ================================ platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe cachedir: .pytest_cache rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson03 collected 1 item test_03.py::test_count SETUP F mulQuerySqlA test_03.py::test_count (fixtures used: mulQuerySqlA)PASSED TEARDOWN F mulQuerySqlA ========================== 1 passed in 0.05s ==================================
使用fixture的優點在於:用戶編寫的測試函數能夠只考慮核心的測試邏輯,而不須要考慮測試前的準備工做。
fixture有一個叫scope的可選參數,稱爲做用範圍,經常使用於控制fixture什麼時候執行配置和銷燬邏輯。@pytest.fixture()一般有4個可選值,分別爲function、class、module和session,默認爲function。各個scope的描述信息以下所示:
函數級別的fixture每一個測試函數僅運行一次,配置代碼在測試函數運行以前運行,清理代碼則在測試函數運行以後運行。
類級別的fixture每一個測試類僅運行一次,不管類中有多少個測試方法,均可以共享這個fixture.
模塊級別的fixture每一個模塊僅運行一次,不管模塊中有多少個測試函數、測試方法或其餘fixture均可以共享這個fixture
會話級別的fixture每一個會話僅運行一次,一次會話中,全部測試方法和測試函數均可以共享這個fixture。
各個做用範圍的scope示例以下所示:
import pytest @pytest.fixture(scope="function") def funcScope(): pass @pytest.fixture(scope="module") def moduleScope(): pass @pytest.fixture(scope="session") def sessionScope(): pass @pytest.fixture(scope="class") def classScope(): pass def test_A(sessionScope,moduleScope,funcScope): pass @pytest.mark.usefixtures("classScope") class TestSomething: def test_B(self): pass def test_C(self): pass
運行結果以下所示:
>>> pytest --setup-show -v .\test_scope.py =================== test session starts =================================== platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe cachedir: .pytest_cache rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson03 collected 3 items test_scope.py::test_A SETUP S sessionScope SETUP M moduleScope SETUP F funcScope test_scope.py::test_A (fixtures used: funcScope, moduleScope, sessionScope)PASSED TEARDOWN F funcScope test_scope.py::TestSomething::test_B SETUP C classScope test_scope.py::TestSomething::test_B (fixtures used: classScope)PASSED test_scope.py::TestSomething::test_C test_scope.py::TestSomething::test_C (fixtures used: classScope)PASSED TEARDOWN C classScope TEARDOWN M moduleScope TEARDOWN S sessionScope =========================3 passed in 0.04s ===============================
以上各字母表明瞭不一樣的scope級別,C(class)、M(module)、F(function)、S(Session)。
fixture只能使用同級別或比本身更高級別的fixture。例如函數級別的fixture可使用同級別的fixture,也可使用類級別、模塊級別、會話級別的fixture,反之則不行。
除在測試函數列表中指定fixture以外,也能夠用@pytest.mark.usefixtures("fixture1","fixture2")標記測試函數或類。這種標記方法對測試類很是適用。以下所示:
@pytest.fixture(scope="class") def classScope(): pass @pytest.mark.usefixtures("classScope") class TestSomething: def test_B(self): pass def test_C(self): pass
使用usefixtures和在測試方法中添加fixture參數,二者並沒有太大差異,惟一區別在於後者可使用fixture的返回值。
以前所用到的fixture都是根據測試自己來命名或針對示例中的測試類使用usefixtures,也能夠經過指定autouse=True選項,使做用範圍內的測試函數都運行該fixture,這種方式很是適合須要屢次運行,但不依賴任何系統狀態或外部數據的代碼。示例代碼以下所示:
import pytest import time @pytest.fixture(autouse=True,scope="session") def endSessionTimeScope(): yield print(f"\nfinished {time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}") @pytest.fixture(autouse=True) def timeDeltaScope(): startTime=time.time() yield endTime=time.time() print(f"\ntest duration:{round(endTime-startTime,3)}") def test_A(): time.sleep(2) def test_B(): time.sleep(5)
運行結果以下所示:
>>> pytest -v -s .\test_autouse.py ==================== test session starts ======================================= platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe cachedir: .pytest_cache rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson03 collected 2 items test_autouse.py::test_A PASSED test duration:2.002 test_autouse.py::test_B PASSED test duration:5.006 finished 2020-05-26 12:35:57 =============================2 passed in 7.13s ====================================
fixture的名字一般顯示在使用它的測試或其餘fixture函數的參數列表上,通常會和fixture函數名保持一致。pytest也容許使用@pytest.fixture(name="fixtureName")對fixture重命名。示例以下所示:
import pytest @pytest.fixture(name="Surpass") def getData(): return [1,2,3] def test_getData(Surpass): assert Surpass==[1,2,3]
在前面的示例中,使用fixture名字時,是用的函數名,而使用@pytest.fixture(name="Surpass")後,就至關於給fixture取了一別名。在調用fixture時,則可使用別名了。運行結果以下所示:
>>> pytest --setup-show .\test_renamefixture.py =======================test session starts =============================== platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson03 collected 1 item test_renamefixture.py SETUP F Surpass test_renamefixture.py::test_getData (fixtures used: Surpass). TEARDOWN F Surpass =========================== 1 passed in 0.05s ===============================
若是想找出重命名後的fixture定義,可使用pytest的選項--fixtures,並提供所在測試文件名。pytest可提供全部測試使用的fixture,包含重命名的,以下所示:
>>> pytest --fixtures .\test_renamefixture.py ========================test session starts ================================================= platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson03 collected 1 item --------------------------- fixtures defined from conftest ---------------------------------- mulQuerySqlA conftest.py:14: no docstring available mulQuerySqlB conftest.py:22: no docstring available mulFixtureA conftest.py:32: no docstring available mulFixtureB conftest.py:40: no docstring available dbOperate conftest.py:5: no docstring available ------------------------- fixtures defined from test_renamefixture ------------------------- Surpass test_renamefixture.py:4: no docstring available
在4.7中已經介紹過測試的參數化,也能夠對fixture作參數化處理。下面來演示fixture參數化另外一個功能,以下所示:
import pytest paras=((1,2),(3,5),(7,8),(10,-98)) parasIds=[f"{x},{y}" for x,y in paras] def add(x:int,y:int)->int: return x+y @pytest.fixture(params=paras,ids=parasIds) def getParas(request): return request.param def test_add(getParas): res=add(getParas[0],getParas[1]) expect=getParas[0]+getParas[1] assert res==expect
fixture參數列表中的request也是pytest內建的fixture之一,表明fixture的調用狀態。getParas邏輯很是簡單,僅以request.param作爲返回值供測試用,paras裏面有4個元素,所以須要被調用4次,運行結果以下所示:
>>> pytest -v .\test_fixtrueparamize.py ============================ test session starts ================================ platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe cachedir: .pytest_cache rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson03 collected 4 items test_fixtrueparamize.py::test_add[1,2] PASSED [ 25%] test_fixtrueparamize.py::test_add[3,5] PASSED [ 50%] test_fixtrueparamize.py::test_add[7,8] PASSED [ 75%] test_fixtrueparamize.py::test_add[10,-98] PASSED [100%] ================================ 4 passed in 0.10s =====================================
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