在實際開發中,有時候爲了及時處理請求和進行響應,咱們可能會多任務同時執行,或者先處理主任務,也就是異步調用,異步調用的實現有不少,例如多線程、定時任務、消息隊列等,java
這一章節,咱們就來說講@Async異步方法調用。git
@Async是Spring內置註解,用來處理異步任務,在SpringBoot中一樣適用,且在SpringBoot項目中,除了boot自己的starter外,不須要額外引入依賴。github
而要使用@Async,須要在啓動類上加上@EnableAsync主動聲明來開啓異步方法。spring
@EnableAsync @SpringBootApplication public class SpringbootApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(SpringbootApplication.class, args); } }
現假設有3個任務須要去處理,分別對應AsyncTask類的taskOne、taskTwo、taskThree方法,這裏作了線程的sleep來模擬實際運行。springboot
@Slf4j @Component public class AsyncTask { private Random random = new Random(); public void taskOne() throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000)); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); log.info("任務一執行完成耗時{}秒", (end - start)/1000f); } public void taskTwo() throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000)); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); log.info("任務二執行完成耗時{}秒", (end - start)/1000f); } public void taskThree() throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000)); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); log.info("任務三執行完成耗時{}秒", (end - start)/1000f); } }
而後編寫測試類,因爲@Async註解須要再Spring容器啓動後才能生效,因此這裏講測試類放到了SpringBoot的test包下,使用了SpringBootTest。多線程
@Slf4j @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @SpringBootTest(classes = SpringbootApplication.class) public class AsyncTaskTest { @Autowired private AsyncTask asyncTask; @Test public void doAsyncTasks(){ try { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); asyncTask.taskOne(); asyncTask.taskTwo(); asyncTask.taskThree(); Thread.sleep(5000); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); log.info("主程序執行完成耗時{}秒", (end - start)/1000f); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
運行測試方法,能夠在控制檯看到任務一二三按順序執行,最後主程序完成,這和咱們的預期同樣,由於咱們沒有任何額外的處理,他們就是普通的方法,按編碼順序依次執行。併發
而若是要使任務併發執行,咱們只須要在任務方法上使用@Async註解便可,須要注意的是@Async所修飾的方法不要定義爲static類型,這樣異步調用不會生效。dom
@Slf4j @Component public class AsyncTask { private Random random = new Random(); //@Async所修飾的函數不要定義爲static類型,這樣異步調用不會生效 @Async public void taskOne() throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000)); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); log.info("任務一執行完成耗時{}秒", (end - start)/1000f); } @Async public void taskTwo() throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000)); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); log.info("任務二執行完成耗時{}秒", (end - start)/1000f); } @Async public void taskThree() throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000)); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); log.info("任務三執行完成耗時{}秒", (end - start)/1000f); } }
而後咱們在運行測試類,這個時候輸出可能就五花八門了,任意任務均可能先執行完成,也有可能有的方法由於主程序關閉而沒有輸出。異步
上面演示了@Async,可是有時候除了須要任務併發調度外,咱們還須要獲取任務的返回值,且在多任務都執行完成後再結束主任務,這個時候又該怎麼處理呢?async
在多線程裏經過Callable和Future能夠獲取返回值,這裏也是相似的,咱們使用Future返回方法的執行結果,AsyncResult
@Slf4j @Component public class FutureTask { private Random random = new Random(); //@Async所修飾的函數不要定義爲static類型,這樣異步調用不會生效 @Async public Future<String> taskOne() throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000)); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); log.info("任務一執行完成耗時{}秒", (end - start)/1000f); return new AsyncResult <>("任務一Ok"); } @Async public Future<String> taskTwo() throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000)); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); log.info("任務二執行完成耗時{}秒", (end - start)/1000f); return new AsyncResult <>("任務二OK"); } @Async public Future<String> taskThree() throws InterruptedException { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10000)); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); log.info("任務三執行完成耗時{}秒", (end - start)/1000f); return new AsyncResult <>("任務三Ok"); } }
在AsyncResult中:
@Slf4j @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @SpringBootTest(classes = SpringbootApplication.class) public class AsyncTaskTest { @Autowired private FutureTask futureTask; @Test public void doFutureTasks(){ try { long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); Future <String> future1 = futureTask.taskOne(); Future <String> future2 = futureTask.taskTwo(); Future <String> future3 = futureTask.taskThree(); //3個任務執行完成以後再執行主程序 do { Thread.sleep(100); } while (future1.isDone() && future2.isDone() && future3.isDone()); log.info("獲取異步方法的返回值:{}", future1.get()); Thread.sleep(5000); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); log.info("主程序執行完成耗時{}秒", (end - start)/1000f); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (ExecutionException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
運行測試類,咱們能夠看到任務一二三異步執行了,主任務最後執行完成,並且能夠獲取到任務的返回信息。
源碼地址:https://github.com/imyanger/springboot-project/tree/master/p23-springboot-async