[Learning Python] Chapter 8 Lists and Dictionaries

Chapter 8 Lists and Dictionaries
1, list的concatenation 和 repetition 操做:express

>>> [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] # Concatenation
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> ['Ni!'] * 4 # Repetition
['Ni!', 'Ni!', 'Ni!', 'Ni!']

2,list是mutable sequence,能夠作in place assignment.
A, 單一賦值:app

>>> L = ['spam', 'Spam', 'SPAM!']
>>> L[1] = 'eggs' # Index assignment
>>> L
['spam', 'eggs', 'SPAM!']

B,用slice給多個item賦值函數

>>> L[0:2] = ['eat', 'more'] # Slice assignment: delete+insert
>>> L # Replaces items 0,1
['eat', 'more', 'SPAM!']

雖然[0:2]僅包含2個item,可是,從新賦值的時候能夠賦給不止2個,或者少於2個,其實應該這樣認識slice assignment:
Step 1:將slice裏面的items刪除;
Step 2:將要賦值的新的sublist插入。
因此刪除的item的個數能夠和插入的item的個數不一致。oop

3,如何extend一個list?
方法一:使用slice assignment:ui

>>> L
[2, 3, 4, 1]

>>> L[len(L):] = [5, 6, 7] # Insert all at len(L):, an empty slice at end
>>> L
[2, 3, 4, 1, 5, 6, 7]

方法二:使用extend方法spa

>>> L.extend([8, 9, 10]) # Insert all at end, named method
>>> L
[2, 3, 4, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

方法三:使用append方法code

>>> L = ['eat', 'more', 'SPAM!']
>>> L.append('please') # Append method call: add item at end
>>> L
['eat', 'more', 'SPAM!', 'please']

4,sort()按升序或降序排列orm

L = [2, 3, 4, 1]
L.sort()  #表示升序
L
[1, 2, 3, 4]
L.sort(reverse = True) #表示降序
L
[4, 3, 2, 1]

Sort和 append會返回None。因此把他們賦給其餘變量,不然那個變量將變爲None。ip

5,有一個sorted函數也能夠作這樣的事情,並返回一個list:ci

>>> L = ['abc', 'ABD', 'aBe']
>>> sorted([x.lower() for x in L], reverse=True) # Pretransform items: differs!
['abe', 'abd', 'abc']

6,reverse能夠用來倒序:

>>> L
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> L.reverse() # In-place reversal method
>>> L
[4, 3, 2, 1]
>>> list(reversed(L)) # Reversal built-in with a result (iterator)
[1, 2, 3, 4]

7,index, insert, remove, pop, count

>>> L = ['spam', 'eggs', 'ham']
>>> L.index('eggs') # Index of an object (search/find)
1
>>> L.insert(1, 'toast') # Insert at position
>>> L
['spam', 'toast', 'eggs', 'ham']
>>> L.remove('eggs') # Delete by value 
>> L
['spam', 'toast', 'ham']
>>> L.pop(1) # Delete by position
'toast'
>>> L
['spam', 'ham']
>>> L.count('spam') # Number of occurrences
1

8, del函數不只能夠刪除一個item,還能夠刪除一個section。

>>> L = ['spam', 'eggs', 'ham', 'toast']
>>> del L[0] # Delete one item
>>> L
['eggs', 'ham', 'toast']
>>> del L[1:] # Delete an entire section
>>> L # Same as L[1:] = []
['eggs']

而remove僅能刪除一個item。

9,給某個section賦值一個空List,也就至關於刪除該section:L[i:j]=[]

10,dictionary使用key來index:

>>> D = {'spam': 2, 'ham': 1, 'eggs': 3} # Make a dictionary
>>> D['spam'] # Fetch a value by key
2
>>> D # Order is "scrambled"
{'eggs': 3, 'spam': 2, 'ham': 1}

11,dictionary的keys方法返回dictionary的全部key 值:

>>> len(D) # Number of entries in dictionary
3
>>> 'ham' in D # Key membership test alternative
True
>>> list(D.keys()) # Create a new list of D's keys
['eggs', 'spam', 'ham']

#能夠不用list()方法,由於在Python 2.x keys的值原本就是list

12,在dictionary中,給一個key賦值新的value:

>>> D
{'eggs': 3, 'spam': 2, 'ham': 1}
>>> D['ham'] = ['grill', 'bake', 'fry'] # Change entry (value=list)
>>> D
{'eggs': 3, 'spam': 2, 'ham': ['grill', 'bake', 'fry']}

13, 刪除某個entry,經過key

>>> del D['eggs'] # Delete entry
>>> D
{'spam': 2, 'ham': ['grill', 'bake', 'fry']}

14,增長一個新的entry:

>>> D['brunch'] = 'Bacon' # Add new entry
>>> D
{'brunch': 'Bacon', 'spam': 2, 'ham': ['grill', 'bake', 'fry']}

15,dictionary的values()方法返回dictionary的全部values

>>> D = {'spam': 2, 'ham': 1, 'eggs': 3}
>>> list(D.values()) #能夠不用list()方法,由於D.values()的值原本就是list
[3, 2, 1]

16,dictionary的items()方法返回dictionary的全部key=value tuple,返回的是一個list。

>>> list(D.items())
[('eggs', 3), ('spam', 2), ('ham', 1)]

17,有時候不肯定dictionary是否有某個key,而若是仍然有以前的index方法來獲取,可能引發程序error退出。使用get方法能夠避免這樣的錯誤致使程序出現error。
若是沒有某個key,get會返回None,而若是不想讓程序提示None,能夠在第二個參數填入想要輸出的內容,以下:

>>> D.get('spam') # A key that is there
2
>>> print(D.get('toast')) # A key that is missing
None
>>> D.get('toast', 88)
88

18,dictionary有一個update方法,能夠將一個dictionary加入到另一個dictionary中,將D2加入到D中。應該注意的是,若是它們有相同的keys,那麼D中重複的key所對應的值將被D2的key所對應的值覆蓋。

>>> D
{'eggs': 3, 'spam': 2, 'ham': 1}
>>> D2 = {'toast':4, 'muffin':5} # Lots of delicious scrambled order here
>>> D.update(D2)
>>> D
{'eggs': 3, 'muffin': 5, 'toast': 4, 'spam': 2, 'ham': 1}

19,dictionary的pop方法,填入的參數是key,返回的值是value,被pop執行的entry被移除出dictionary。

20,如何遍歷一個dictionary? 能夠用for-in loop:
方法一: for key in D
方法二: for key in D.keys()

21, 若是想要根據value來得到key,能夠參考下面的例子:

D = {'spam': 2, 'ham': 1, 'egg': 3}
E = {'spam': 4, 'toast': 3, 'hamburger': 5}
D.update(E)
#print D

some_food = [key for (key, value) in D.items() if value == 3]

print some_food

如上面斜體的表達式,將返回list。若是這個value對應多個key,則返回的list將有多個item,若是僅有一個key,那麼這個list將只有一個值,此時能夠用list[0]來將中括號去除。

22,做爲key的值得類型能夠是string、integer、float、tuple等不會改變的值, 用戶本身定義的object也能做爲key,只要它們是hashable而且不會改變的。像list、set、dictionary等這些會變的type不能做爲dictionary的key。

23,下面這個例子闡述了tuple類型的key在座標問題中的做用:

>>> Matrix = {}
>>> Matrix[(2, 3, 4)] = 88
>>> Matrix[(7, 8, 9)] = 99
>>>
>>> X = 2; Y = 3; Z = 4 # ; separates statements: see Chapter 10
>>> Matrix[(X, Y, Z)]
88
>>> Matrix
{(2, 3, 4): 88, (7, 8, 9): 99}

24,建立dictionary的幾個方法:
方法一:傳統的方法

{'name': 'Bob', 'age': 40} # Traditional literal expression

方法二:逐一賦值

D = {} # Assign by keys dynamically
D['name'] = 'Bob'
D['age'] = 40

方法三:經過dict函數建立,注意,使用這種方法,key只能是string

dict(name='Bob', age=40) # dict keyword argument form

方法四:將key/value做爲一個tuple,再用[]括起來,寫進dict()中,這種比較少用到

dict([('name', 'Bob'), ('age', 40)]) # dict key/value tuples form

方法五:使用zip()函數

dict(zip(keyslist, valueslist)) # Zipped key/value tuples form (ahead)

方法六:使用fromkeys函數,不多用到

>>> dict.fromkeys(['a', 'b'], 0)
{'a': 0, 'b': 0}

25,使用dictionary comprehensions來建立dictionary的例子:
25.1 別忘了冒號。。

>>> D = {x: x ** 2 for x in [1, 2, 3, 4]} # Or: range(1, 5)
>>> D
{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}

25.2

>>> D = {c: c * 4 for c in 'SPAM'} # Loop over any iterable
>>> D
{'S': 'SSSS', 'P': 'PPPP', 'A': 'AAAA', 'M': 'MMMM'}

25.3

>>> D = {c.lower(): c + '!' for c in ['SPAM', 'EGGS', 'HAM']}
>>> D
{'eggs': 'EGGS!', 'spam': 'SPAM!', 'ham': 'HAM!'}

25.4

>>> D = {k:0 for k in ['a', 'b', 'c']} # Same, but with a comprehension
>>> D
{'b': 0, 'c': 0, 'a': 0}

26,在Python 3.x中,dictionary的keys()方法返回的再也不是list。而是相似像set同樣的結構。不過能夠使用list()強迫它們組成一個list。

>>> D = dict(a=1, b=2, c=3)
>>> D
{'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'a': 1}
>>> K = D.keys() # Makes a view object in 3.X, not a list
>>> K
dict_keys(['b', 'c', 'a'])
>>> list(K) # Force a real list in 3.X if needed
['b', 'c', 'a']

它們具備交集、並集、等set所具備的運算:

>>> D = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
>>> D.keys() & D.keys() # Intersect keys views
{'b', 'c', 'a'}
>>> D.keys() & {'b'} # Intersect keys and set
{'b'}
>>> D.keys() & {'b': 1} # Intersect keys and dict
{'b'}

27,練習題:用兩種方法建立一個list,這個list包含5個0:方法一:[0,0,0,0,0]方法二:[0 for i in range(5)]方法三:[0] * 5方法四:用循環加append的方法

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