爲了接收用戶的投票選擇,咱們須要在前端頁面顯示一個投票界面。讓咱們重寫先前的polls/detail.html
文件,代碼以下:html
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1> {% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %} <form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}" /> <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br /> {% endfor %} <input type="submit" value="Vote" /> </form>
簡要說明:前端
choice=#
的POST請求將被髮送到指定的url,#
是被選擇的選項的ID。這就是HTML表單的基本概念。如今,讓咱們建立一個處理提交過來的數據的視圖。前面咱們已經寫了一個「佔坑」的vote視圖的url(polls/urls.py):python
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$', views.vote, name='vote'),
以及「佔坑」的vote視圖函數(polls/views.py),咱們把坑填起來:ajax
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, HttpResponse from django.urls import reverse from .models import Choice, Question # ... def vote(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) try: selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice']) except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist): # 發生choice未找到異常時,從新返回表單頁面,並給出提示信息 return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', { 'question': question, 'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.", }) else: selected_choice.votes += 1 selected_choice.save() # 成功處理數據後,自動跳轉到結果頁面,防止用戶連續屢次提交。 return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id,)))
有些新的東西,咱們要解釋一下:sql
request.POST[’choice’]
返回被選擇選項的ID,而且值的類型永遠是string字符串,那怕它看起來像數字!一樣的,你也能夠用相似的手段獲取GET請求發送過來的數據,一個道理。request.POST[’choice’]
有可能觸發一個KeyError異常,若是你的POST數據裏沒有提供choice鍵值,在這種狀況下,上面的代碼會返回表單頁面並給出錯誤提示。PS:一般咱們會給個默認值,防止這種異常的產生,例如request.POST[’choice’,None]
,一個None解決全部問題。HttpResponseRedirect
而不是先前咱們經常使用的HttpResponse
。HttpResponseRedirect須要一個參數:重定向的URL。這裏有一個建議,當你成功處理POST數據後,應當保持一個良好的習慣,始終返回一個HttpResponseRedirect。這不只僅是對Django而言,它是一個良好的WEB開發習慣。reverse()
函數。它能幫助咱們避免在視圖函數中硬編碼URL。它首先須要一個咱們在URLconf中指定的name,而後是傳遞的數據。例如'/polls/3/results/'
,其中的3是某個question.id
的值。重定向後將進入polls:results
對應的視圖,並將question.id
傳遞給它。白話來說,就是把活扔給另一個路由對應的視圖去幹。當有人對某個問題投票後,vote()視圖重定向到了問卷的結果顯示頁面。下面咱們來寫這個處理結果頁面的視圖(polls/views.py):shell
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render def results(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})
一樣,還須要寫個模板polls/templates/polls/results.html
。(路由、視圖、模板、模型!都是這個套路....)數據庫
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1> <ul> {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>
如今你能夠到瀏覽器中訪問/polls/1/
了,投票吧。你會看到一個結果頁面,每投一次,它的內容就更新一次。若是你提交的時候沒有選擇項目,則會獲得一個錯誤提示。django
若是你在前面漏掉了一部分操做沒作,好比沒有建立choice選項對象,那麼能夠按下面的操做,補充一下:瀏覽器
F:\Django_course\mysite>python manage.py shell Python 3.6.1 (v3.6.1:69c0db5, Mar 21 2017, 18:41:36) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. (InteractiveConsole) >>> from polls.models import Question >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1) >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0) <Choice: Choice object> >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0) <Choice: Choice object> >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking again', votes=0) <Choice: Choice object>
爲了方便你們,我將當前狀態下的各主要文件內容一併貼出,供你們對照參考!安全
1--完整的mysite/urls.py
文件以下:
from django.conf.urls import url,include from django.contrib import admin urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls')), ]
2--完整的mysite/settings.py
文件以下:
import os # Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...) BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) # Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production # See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/howto/deployment/checklist/ # SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret! SECRET_KEY = '85vvuta(p05ow!4pz2b0qbduu0%pq6x5q66-ei*pg+-lbdr#m^' # SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production! DEBUG = True ALLOWED_HOSTS = [] # Application definition INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'polls', 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', ] MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ] ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls' TEMPLATES = [ { 'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates', 'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')] , 'APP_DIRS': True, 'OPTIONS': { 'context_processors': [ 'django.template.context_processors.debug', 'django.template.context_processors.request', 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth', 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages', ], }, }, ] WSGI_APPLICATION = 'mysite.wsgi.application' # Database # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/#databases DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3', 'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'), } } # Password validation # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [ { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator', }, ] # Internationalization # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/topics/i18n/ LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us' TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = True
3--完整的polls/views.py
應該以下所示:
from django.shortcuts import reverse from django.shortcuts import HttpResponseRedirect from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404 from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse from django.shortcuts import render from .models import Choice from .models import Question from django.template import loader # Create your views here. def index(request): latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html') context = { 'latest_question_list': latest_question_list, } return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request)) def detail(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question}) def results(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question}) def vote(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) try: selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice']) except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist): return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', { 'question': question, 'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.", }) else: selected_choice.votes += 1 selected_choice.save() return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id,)))
4--完整的polls/urls.py
應該以下所示:
from django.conf.urls import url from . import views app_name = 'polls' urlpatterns = [ # ex: /polls/ url(r'^$', views.index, name='index'), # ex: /polls/5/ url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/$', views.detail, name='detail'), # ex: /polls/5/results/ url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/results/$', views.results, name='results'), # ex: /polls/5/vote/ url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$', views.vote, name='vote'), ]
5--完整的polls/model.py
文件以下:
from django.db import models import datetime from django.utils import timezone # Create your models here. class Question(models.Model): question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') def was_published_recently(self): return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1) def __str__(self): return self.question_text class Choice(models.Model): question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE) choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) votes = models.IntegerField(default=0) def __str__(self): return self.choice_text
6--完整的polls/admin.py
文件以下:
from django.contrib import admin # Register your models here. from .models import Question admin.site.register(Question)
7--完整的templates/polls/index.html
文件以下:
{% if latest_question_list %} <ul> {% for question in latest_question_list %} <li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li> {% endfor %} </ul> {% else %} <p>No polls are available.</p> {% endif %}
8--完整的templates/polls/detail.html
文件以下:
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1> {% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %} <form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}" /> <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br /> {% endfor %} <input type="submit" value="Vote" /> </form>
9--完整的templates/polls/results.html
文件以下:
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1> <ul> {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>
vote()視圖沒有對應的html模板,它直接跳轉到results視圖去了。
運行服務器,測試各功能:
這是問卷列表頁面:
這是「what's up」問卷選項頁面:
這是選擇結果頁面:
這是沒有選擇選項時,提示錯誤信息的頁面:
請你們對比參考上面的內容,看看你本身的結果是否同樣。
上面的detail、index和results視圖的代碼很是類似,有點冗餘,這是一個程序猿不能忍受的。他們都具備相似的業務邏輯,實現相似的功能:經過從URL傳遞過來的參數去數據庫查詢數據,加載一個模板,利用剛纔的數據渲染模板,返回這個模板。因爲這個過程是如此的常見,Django很善解人意的幫你想辦法偷懶,因而它提供了一種快捷方式,名爲「類視圖」。
如今,讓咱們來試試看將原來的代碼改成使用類視圖的方式,整個過程分三步走:
PS:爲何本教程的代碼來回改動這麼頻繁?
答:一般在寫一個Django的app時,咱們一開始就要決定使用類視圖仍是不用,而不是等到代碼寫到一半了才重構你的代碼成類視圖。可是本教程爲了讓你清晰的理解視圖的內涵,「故意」走了一條比較曲折的路,由於咱們的哲學是在你使用計算器以前你得先知道基本的數學公式
。
打開polls/urls.py
文件,將其修改爲下面的樣子:
from django.conf.urls import url from . import views app_name = 'polls' urlpatterns = [ url(r'^$', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'), url(r'^(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'), url(r'^(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/results/$', views.ResultsView.as_view(), name='results'), url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$', views.vote, name='vote'), ]
請注意:在上面的的第2,3條目中將原來的<question_id>
修改爲了<pk>
.
接下來,打開polls/views.py
文件,刪掉index、detail和results視圖,替換成Django的類視圖,以下所示:
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect from django.urls import reverse from django.views import generic from .models import Choice, Question class IndexView(generic.ListView): template_name = 'polls/index.html' context_object_name = 'latest_question_list' def get_queryset(self): """返回最近發佈的5個問卷.""" return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] class DetailView(generic.DetailView): model = Question template_name = 'polls/detail.html' class ResultsView(generic.DetailView): model = Question template_name ='polls/results.html' def vote(request, question_id): ... # 這個視圖未改變!!!
在這裏,咱們使用了兩種類視圖ListView
和DetailView
(它們是做爲父類被繼承的)。這二者分別表明「顯示一個對象的列表」和「顯示特定類型對象的詳細頁面」的抽象概念。
每一種類視圖都須要知道它要做用在哪一個模型上,這經過model屬性提供。
DetailView
類視圖須要從url捕獲到的稱爲"pk"的主鍵值,所以咱們在url文件中將2和3條目的<question_id>
修改爲了<pk>
。
默認狀況下,DetailView
類視圖使用一個稱做<app name>/<model name>_detail.html
的模板。在本例中,實際使用的是polls/detail.html
。template_name
屬性就是用來指定這個模板名的,用於代替自動生成的默認模板名。(必定要仔細觀察上面的代碼,對號入座,注意細節。)一樣的,在resutls列表視圖中,指定template_name
爲'polls/results.html'
,這樣就確保了雖然resulst視圖和detail視圖一樣繼承了DetailView類,使用了一樣的model:Qeustion,但它們依然會顯示不一樣的頁面。(模板不一樣嘛!so easy!)
相似的,ListView類視圖使用一個默認模板稱爲<app name>/<model name>_list.html
。咱們也使用template_name
這個變量來告訴ListView使用咱們已經存在的
"polls/index.html"
模板,而不是使用它本身默認的那個。
在教程的前面部分,咱們給模板提供了一個包含question
和latest_question_list
的上下文變量。而對於DetailView,question變量會被自動提供,由於咱們使用了Django的模型(Question),Django會智能的選擇合適的上下文變量。然而,對於ListView,自動生成的上下文變量是question_list
。爲了覆蓋它,咱們提供了context_object_name
屬性,指定說咱們但願使用latest_question_list
而不是question_list
。
如今能夠運行開發服務器,而後試試基於類視圖的應用程序了。類視圖是Django比較高級的一種用法,初學可能不太好理解,不要緊,咱們先有個印象。