debian linux 中如何查看軟件包是否已經安裝和如何安裝、卸載軟件

 

 

練習 1 方案：肯定軟件包是否安裝

若是您不肯定某個軟件包是否已經安裝，能夠使用 dpkg 的 -l (L的小寫) 選項：

$ dpkg -l zsh No packages found matching zsh.

上面結果這代表 zsh 沒有 安裝。

練習 2 的方案. 搜索軟件包

能夠使用 apt-cache 命令和它的 search 子命令來搜索軟件包： zsh，如清單 1 所示。

清單 1. 使用 apt-cache 搜索 zsh

$ apt-cache search zsh kdesdk-scripts - scripts and data files for development zsh - A shell with lots of features zsh-dbg - A shell with lots of features (debugging symbols) zsh-dev - A shell with lots of features (development files) zsh-doc - zsh documentation - info/HTML format csh - Shell with C-like syntax, standard login shell on BSD systems draai - A command-line music player for MPD fatrat-czshare - fatrat plugin allowing download and upload to czshare grml-shlib - Generic shell library used in grml scripts tucan - Download and upload manager for 1-Click Hosters viewglob - A graphical display of directories referenced at the shell prompt zsh-beta - A shell with lots of features (dev tree) zsh-beta-doc - zsh beta documentation - info/HTML format zsh-lovers - tips, tricks and examples for the zsh zsh-static - A shell with lots of features (static link) zshdb - debugger for Z-Shell scripts

該輸出給出了相關聯的幾個軟件包，包含了 zsh 字符串。若是您想安裝 Z shell，zsh 包就是您要的。(您可能還要安裝 zsh-doc 和其餘的包，但如今安裝 zsh 就能夠了。)

練習 3 的方案. 使用 APT 安裝一個軟件包

要從一個 APT 代碼庫安裝，能夠使用 apt-get 和它的 install 選項，如清單 2 所示。

清單 2. 經過 APT 安裝 zsh

$ sudo apt-get install zsh Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Suggested packages: zsh-doc The following NEW packages will be installed: zsh 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 59 not upgraded. Need to get 4,504 kB of archives. After this operation, 14.1 MB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ natty/main zsh amd64 4.3.11-4ubuntu2.is.3ubuntu1 [4,504 kB] Fetched 4,504 kB in 7s (643 kB/s) Selecting previously deselected package zsh. (Reading database ... 146971 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking zsh (from .../zsh_4.3.11-4ubuntu2.is.3ubuntu1_amd64.deb) ... Processing triggers for menu ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up zsh (4.3.11-4ubuntu2.is.3ubuntu1) ... update-alternatives: using /bin/zsh4 to provide /bin/zsh (zsh) in auto mode. update-alternatives: using /bin/zsh4 to provide /bin/rzsh (rzsh) in auto mode. update-alternatives: using /bin/zsh4 to provide /bin/ksh (ksh) in auto mode. Processing triggers for menu ...

注意： 因爲 debian 的安全模式，影響軟件包安裝的命令前面必須加 sudo。某些發行版以及修改了缺省安全模式的 debian，能夠忽略 sudo，但須要從 root 用戶執行命令。

apt-get install 命令搜索並安裝 zsh。若是有任何依賴包沒有裝，該命令同時安裝這些包。

練習 4 的方案. 肯定軟件包的狀態

使用 -s 或 --status選項驗證 zsh 是否已經安裝。見清單 3。

清單 3. 驗證 zsh 是否安裝

$ dpkg -s zsh Package: zsh Status: install ok installed Priority: optional Section: shells Installed-Size: 13732 Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers (ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com) Architecture: amd64 Version: 4.3.11-4ubuntu2.is.3ubuntu1 Depends: libc6 (>= 2.4), libcap2 (>= 2.10), libncursesw5 (>= 5.6+20070908) Recommends: libc6 (>= 2.11), libpcre3 (>= 8.10) Suggests: zsh-doc Conffiles: /etc/zsh/zlogin 48032df2ace0977f2491b016e3c421a3 /etc/zsh/zlogout b73789c3e790b855302ce10ca076037a /etc/zsh/zprofile 58c4f65d775c055b5d80b67c1bd12838 /etc/zsh/zshenv 5a8a0ff4f6ff945a5aa6ba7f6f1e8c97 /etc/zsh/zshrc e069ba51ba293da1aeddd5779324df19 /etc/zsh/newuser.zshrc.recommended dac3563a2ddd13e8027b1861d415f3d4 Description: A shell with lots of features Zsh is a UNIX command interpreter (shell) usable as an interactive login shell and as a shell script command processor. Of the standard shells, zsh most closely resembles ksh but includes many enhancements. Zsh has command-line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history mechanism, and a host of other features. Homepage: http://www.zsh.org/ Original-Maintainer: Debian Zsh Maintainers (pkg-zsh-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org)

This package is now installed, and you can see information on its version, its dependencies, who created it, and so on.

練習 5 的方案. 列出軟件包相關的文件

To learn which files were installed as part of the zsh package, use the -L option to dpkg:

$ dpkg -L zsh

The resulting output is quite lengthy, because the package includes many individual files. If you wanted to search for a particular file, you might want to pipe the output through grep or less.

練習 6 的方案. 卸載軟件包

For the final exercise, uninstall zsh (unless you want to try it and perhaps even use it regularly). To do so, use apt-get and its remove or purge command. Listing 4 shows the code.

清單 4. 卸載 zsh

$ sudo apt-get remove zsh Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: zsh 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 59 not upgraded. After this operation, 14.1 MB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 148096 files and directories currently installed.) Removing zsh ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Processing triggers for menu ...

Alternatively, you could use dpkg and its -r/--remove or -P/--purge option. Listing 5 shows the code.

清單 5. 使用 dpkg 卸載

$ sudo dpkg -P zsh (Reading database ... 148096 files and directories currently installed.) Removing zsh ... Purging configuration files for zsh ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Processing triggers for menu ...