【數據結構】——多項式乘法

題目要求

從字符文件輸入兩個多項式的非零係數及對應的指數,創建多項式的鏈式存儲結構,計算這兩個多項式的乘積,輸出乘積多項式的所有非零係數及對應的指數到另外一字符文件中。node

算法原理

兩個多項式的乘法,能夠藉助兩個多項式的加法的算法來實現。ios

設:image.png算法

則:image.png數組

數據結構設計

採用帶附加頭結點單向鏈表;每一個結點包括雙精度類型的係數域、整型類型的指數域和一個指針域。數據結構

typedef struct polynode
{
    double c;            //係數
    int e;                //指數
    struct polynode *next;//指針域,要求結點按指數e升序鏈接
}PNode,*Polyn;         //PNode爲結點類型,Polyn爲結點指針類型

程序代碼

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
//定義結點及結點指針數據類型
typedef struct polynode
{
    double c;                    //係數
    int e;                        //指數
    struct polynode *next;                //要求結點按指數e升序鏈接
}PNode,*Polyn;                                  //PNode爲結點類型,Polyn爲結點指針類型
Polyn h1, h2;                    //兩個多項式P(x),Q(x)的頭結點
double a[20];                    //數組a保存係數
int b[20];                        //數組b保存指數
void Read(char *s)                 //讀取數據,s代入不一樣的文件名
{
    double c;
    int i = 0, e;
    ifstream infile(s);
    if (!infile)                //打開文件失敗輸出提示信息
    {
        cout << "file open error!" << endl;
        exit(0);
    }
    while (1)                               //打開成功,將係數和指數保存在兩個數組中
    {
        infile >> c >> e;
        if (infile.eof())
            break;
        a[i] = c;
        b[i] = e;
        i++;
    }
    infile.close();            
}
void Write(Polyn h)                //輸出函數,將結果輸出到文件中,h爲鏈表頭結點
{
    ofstream outfile("multiply.txt");       //輸出文件名爲multiply.txt
    Polyn p = h->next;                      //去掉附加頭結點
    if (!outfile)                //打開文件失敗輸出提示信息
    {
        cout << "file open error!" << endl;
        exit(0);
    }
    if (!p)                            //第一個結點爲空,表示運算結果爲0
        outfile << "0" << endl;
    while (p)                    //p不爲空,依次輸出係數和指數
    {
        outfile << p->c << "     " << p->e << endl;
        p = p->next;
    }
    outfile.close();
}
Polyn Create(char *s)                    //先入先出創建鏈表,s代入不一樣的文件名
{
    int i = 0;                             //i用於記錄數組下標
    Polyn h, last, p;
    h = new PNode;
    h->next = NULL;                        //h爲附加頭結點
    last = h;
    Read(s);                               //從文件中讀取係數和指數
    while (a[i]!=0)
    {
        p = new PNode;
        p->c = a[i];
        p->e = b[i];
        p->next = NULL;              //建新結點
        last->next = p;
        last = p;                     //新結點插入到鏈表尾
        i++;
    }
    return h;
}

void PrintPoly(Polyn h)                        //按多項式的形式將結果打印到控制檯界面中
{
    Polyn p = h->next;
    if (!p)                               //所得結果爲空,則輸出0
        cout << "0" << endl;
    while (p)
    {
        if (p->next)                     //p不是尾結點
        {
            if (p->next->c < 0)         //p的後繼結點的係數小於0,不輸出符號 + 
            {
                if (p->c == -1)     //p的後繼結點的係數等於-1
                {
                    cout << "-x^" << p->e;
                    p = p->next;
                }
                else if (p->c == 1) //p的後繼結點的係數等於1
                {
                    cout << "x^" << p->e;
                    p = p->next;
                }
                else
                {
                    cout << p->c << "x^" << p->e;
                    p = p->next;
                }
            }
            else if (p->next->c > 0)       //p的後繼結點的係數大於0,需輸出符號+
            {
                if (p->c == 1)         //p的後繼結點的係數等於1
                {
                    cout << "x^" << p->e << "+";
                    p = p->next;
                }
                else if (p->c == -1)   //p的後繼結點的係數等於-1
                {
                    cout << "-x^" << p->e << "+";
                    p = p->next;
                }
                else
                {
                    cout << p->c << "x^" << p->e << "+";
                    p = p->next;
                }
            }
        }
        else                               //p是尾結點,需在結尾輸出換行
        {
            if (p->c < 0)              //p的指數小於0
            {
                if (p->c == -1)
                {
                    cout << "-x^" << p->e << endl;
                    p = p->next;
                }
                else
                {
                    cout << p->c << "x^" << p->e << endl;
                    p = p->next;
                }
            }
            else if (p->c > 0)         //p的指數大於0
            {
                if (p->c == 1)
                {
                    cout << "x^" << p->e << endl;
                    p = p->next;
                }
                else
                {
                    cout << p->c << "x^" << p->e << endl;
                    p = p->next;
                }    
            }    
        }
    }
}
void CreateNode(Polyn &p)            //建立新結點
{
    p = new PNode;
}
void DeleteNode(Polyn &p)            //刪除結點
{
    delete p;
}
Polyn add(Polyn h1, Polyn h2)                   //實現兩個多項式的相加,返回和式頭指針
{
    Polyn p1, p2, p3, h, p;            //h爲和式R(x)的附加頭結點指針
    p1 = h1->next;
    p2 = h2->next;
    CreateNode(h);
    p3 = h;
    while (p1&&p2)
    {
        if (p1->e < p2->e)              //p1的指數大於p2,先保存p1結點
        {
            p = p1;
            p1 = p1->next;
        }
        else if (p2->e < p1->e)         //p2的指數大於p1,先保存p2結點
        {
            p = p2;
            p2 = p2->next;
        }
        else                             //p1與p2指數相等時
        {
            p1->c += p2->c;         //係數相加,結果保存在p1中
            if (p1->c == 0)         //係數之和爲0,則刪除該結點
            {
                p = p1;
                p1 = p1->next;
                DeleteNode(p);        //刪除結點
                p = p2;
                p2 = p2->next;
                DeleteNode(p);
                continue;
            }
            p = p2;                 //係數之和不爲0時,先刪除p2結點
            p2 = p2->next;
            DeleteNode(p);
            p = p1;                 //將p1鏈接到p中
            p1 = p1->next;
        }
        p3->next = p;                 //插入p結點至和式末尾
        p3 = p;
    }
    if (p1)                              //p1沒有結束,將p1後面全部的結點鏈接到和式
        p3->next = p1;
    else if (p2)                         //p2沒有結束,將p2後面全部的結點鏈接到和式
        p3->next = p2;
    else
        p3->next = NULL;
    h1->next = h2->next = NULL;         //清空h1和h2鏈表
    return h;
}
Polyn mul(Polyn hp, Polyn hq)            //實現兩個多項式的相乘
{
    Polyn hr, ht, q, p, pt;
    CreateNode(hr);
    hr->next = NULL;                     //R(x) = 0
    CreateNode(ht);
    ht->next = NULL;                     //T(x) = 0
    q = hq->next;
    while (q)
    {
        pt = ht;
        p = hp->next;
        while (p)
        {
            CreateNode(pt->next);    //建立新的尾結點
            pt = pt->next;
            pt->c = p->c*q->c;      //係數相乘
            pt->e = p->e + q->e;    //指數相加
            p = p->next;
        }
        pt->next = NULL;
        q = q->next;
        p = add(hr, ht);                 //實現R(x) = R(x) + T(x)
        DeleteNode(hr);
        hr = p;
    }
    DeleteNode(ht);
    return hr;
}
int main()
{
    Polyn h1, h2, h3;                     //定義單向鏈表附加頭結點指針
    cout << "讀取文件,直到讀入0時中止,創建單向鏈表" << endl;
    h1 = Create("polynode1.txt");
    h2 = Create("polynode2.txt");
    cout << "P(x) = ";
    PrintPoly(h1);
    cout << "Q(x) = ";
    PrintPoly(h2);
    h3 = mul(h1, h2);
    cout << "R(x) = P(x) * Q(x) = ";
    PrintPoly(h3);
    Write(h3);                             //寫入文件
    return 0;
}

示例

 (1)  P(x)   1   2    2   3     0函數

Q(x)  1  -2    2  -3     0spa

輸出結果爲:
image.png
(2)P(x)     1  1      2  2      3  3      0設計

Q(x)    -1  1    -2  2     -3  3      0指針

輸出結果爲:
image.pngcode

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