同步容器。它的原理是將狀態封裝起來,並對每一個公有方法都實行同步,使得每次只有1個線程可以訪問容器的狀態。html
同步容器的問題
- 這種方式使得對容器的訪問都串行化,嚴重下降了併發性,若是多個線程來競爭容器的鎖時,吞吐量嚴重下降
- 對容器的多個方法的複合操做,是線程不安全的,好比一個線程負責刪除,另外一個線程負責查詢,有可能出現越界的異常
併發容器。java.util.concurrent包裏面的一系列實現java
分段鎖缺陷在於雖然通常狀況下只要一個鎖,可是遇到須要擴容等相似的事情,只能去獲取全部的鎖數組
ConcurrentHashMap一些問題
- 須要對整個容器中的內容進行計算的方法,好比size、isEmpty、contains等等。因爲併發的存在,在計算的過程當中可能已進過時了,它實際上就是個估計值,可是在併發的場景下,須要使用的場景是不多的。
以ConcurrentHashMap的size方法爲例:/** * Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map. If the * map contains more than <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt> elements, returns * <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt>. * * @return the number of key-value mappings in this map */ public int size() { //爲了可以算準數量,會算2次,若是兩次算的不許,就鎖住再算 final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments; int size; boolean overflow; // true if size overflows 32 bits long sum; // sum of modCounts long last = 0L; // previous sum int retries = -1; // 第一輪的計算總數不重試 try { for (;;) { if (retries++ == RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) { //RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK 默認是2 for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation } sum = 0L; size = 0; overflow = false; for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) { Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j); if (seg != null) { sum += seg.modCount; int c = seg.count; if (c < 0 || (size += c) < 0) overflow = true; } } //第一次計算的時候 if (sum == last) break; //若是先後兩次數數一致,就認爲已經算好了 last = sum; } } finally { if (retries > RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) { for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) segmentAt(segments, j).unlock(); } } return overflow ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : size; }
- 不能提供線程獨佔的功能
CopyOnWrite系列。以CopyOnWriteArrayList爲例,只在每次修改的時候,進行加鎖控制,修改會建立並從新發佈一個新的容器副本,其它時候因爲都是事實上不可變的,也就不會出現線程安全問題安全
CopyOnWrite的問題
每次修改都複製底層數組,存在開銷,所以使用場景通常是迭代操做遠多於修改操做併發
CopyOnWriteArrayList的讀寫示例
/** * Appends the specified element to the end of this list. * * @param e element to be appended to this list * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add}) */ public boolean add(E e) { final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock; lock.lock(); try { Object[] elements = getArray(); int len = elements.length; Object[] newElements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, len + 1); newElements[len] = e; setArray(newElements); return true; } finally { lock.unlock(); } } /** * {@inheritDoc} * * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc} */ public E get(int index) { return get(getArray(), index); } /** * Gets the array. Non-private so as to also be accessible * from CopyOnWriteArraySet class. */ final Object[] getArray() { return array; } private E get(Object[] a, int index) { return (E) a[index]; }
阻塞隊列,BlockingQueue。它提供了put和take方法,在隊列不知足各自條件時將產生阻塞app
BlockingQueue使用示例,生產者-消費者ide
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { BlockingQueue queue = new ArrayBlockingQueue(1024); Producer producer = new Producer(queue); Consumer consumer = new Consumer(queue); new Thread(producer).start(); new Thread(consumer).start(); } } public class Producer implements Runnable{ protected BlockingQueue queue = null; public Producer(BlockingQueue queue) { this.queue = queue; } public void run() { try { queue.put("1"); Thread.sleep(1000); queue.put("2"); Thread.sleep(2000); queue.put("3"); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } public class Consumer implements Runnable{ protected BlockingQueue queue = null; public Consumer(BlockingQueue queue) { this.queue = queue; } public void run() { try { System.out.println(queue.take()); System.out.println("Wait 1 sec"); System.out.println(queue.take()); System.out.println("Wait 2 sec"); System.out.println(queue.take()); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }輸出爲函數
1 Wait 1 sec 2 Wait 2 sec 3
閉鎖工具
CountDownLatch示例:ui
public class TestHarness{ public long timeTasks(int nThreads,final Runnable task) throws InterruptedException { final CountDownLatch startGate = new CountDownLatch(1); final CountDownLatch endGate = new CountDownLatch(nThreads); for (int i=0;i<nThreads;i++){ Thread t = new Thread(){ public void run(){ try { startGate.await(); try { task.run(); }finally { endGate.countDown(); } } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }; t.start(); } long start = System.nanoTime(); startGate.countDown(); endGate.await(); long end=System.nanoTime(); return end-start; } }
啓動門使主線程可以同時釋放全部的工做線程,結束門使得主線程可以等待最後一個線程執行完 - FutureTask。Future.get的若是任務執行完成,則當即返回,不然將阻塞直到任務完結,再返回結果或者是拋出異常
信號量,Semaphore 。它管理着一組虛擬的許可,許可的數量可經過構造函數指定,在執行操做時首先得到許可,並在使用後釋放許可,若是沒有,那麼accquire將阻塞直到有許可。
Semaphore示例
public class BoundedHashSet<T>{ private final Set<T> set; private final Semaphore sem; public BoundedHashSet(int bound) { this.set = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<T>()); this.sem = new Semaphore(bound); } public boolean add(T o) throws InterruptedException { sem.acquire(); boolean wasAdded = false; try { wasAdded = set.add(o); return wasAdded; }finally { if (!wasAdded){ sem.release(); } } } public boolean remove(Object o){ boolean wasRemoved = set.remove(o); if(wasRemoved){ sem.release(); } return wasRemoved; } }
柵欄。它能阻塞一組線程直到某個事件發生。
與閉鎖的區別:
CyclicBarrier使用示例
public static void main(String[] args) { //第k步執行完才能執行第k+1步 CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(3,new StageKPlusOne()); StageK[] stageKs = new StageK[3]; for (int i=0;i<3;i++){ stageKs[i] = new StageK(barrier,"k part "+(i+1)); } for (int i=0;i<3;i++){ new Thread(stageKs[i]).start(); } } class StageKPlusOne implements Runnable{ @Override public void run() { System.out.println("stage k over"); System.out.println("stage k+1 start counting"); } } class StageK implements Runnable{ private CyclicBarrier barrier; private String stage; public StageK(CyclicBarrier barrier, String stage) { this.barrier = barrier; this.stage = stage; } @Override public void run() { System.out.println("stage "+stage+" counting..."); try { TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("stage "+stage+" count over"); try { barrier.await(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (BrokenBarrierException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }輸出爲
stage k part 1 counting... stage k part 3 counting... stage k part 2 counting... stage k part 2 count over stage k part 3 count over stage k part 1 count over stage k over stage k+1 start counting
Exchanger。它是一種兩方柵欄,各方在柵欄位置交換數據
Exchanger 使用示例:
public static void main(String[] args) { Exchanger exchanger = new Exchanger(); ExchangerRunnable er1 = new ExchangerRunnable(exchanger,"1"); ExchangerRunnable er2 = new ExchangerRunnable(exchanger,"2"); new Thread(er1).start(); new Thread(er2).start(); } class ExchangerRunnable implements Runnable{ private Exchanger e; private Object o; public ExchangerRunnable(Exchanger e, Object o) { this.e = e; this.o = o; } @Override public void run() { Object pre=o; try { o=e.exchange(o); System.out.println("pre:"+pre+" now:"+o); } catch (InterruptedException e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } } }
輸出以下
pre:1 now:2 pre:2 now:1