一、WTF表單html
二、數據庫操做mysql
三、一對多關係演練sql
模型表示程序使用的數據實體,在Flask-SQLAlchemy中,模型通常是Python類,繼承自db.Model,db是SQLAlchemy類的實例,表明程序使用的數據庫。數據庫
類中的屬性對應數據庫表中的列。id爲主鍵,是由Flask-SQLAlchemy管理。db.Column類構造函數的第一個參數是數據庫列和模型屬性類型。flask
alter database 數據庫名 CHARACTER SET utf8;
定義兩個模型類:做者和書名:session
from flask import Flask,render_template,redirect,url_for from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy app = Flask(__name__) #設置鏈接數據庫 root是用戶名 冒號後面是密碼 app.config["SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI"] = "mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/flasksql" app.config["SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS"] = True #實例化SQLAlchemy對象,對誰操做 db = SQLAlchemy(app) #定義模型類-做者 class Author(db.Model): #設置表名:author __tablename__ = "authors" #設置 id列 id = db.Column(db.Integer,primary_key=True) name = db.Column(db.String(32),unique=True) #一對多,因此在一的地方聲明關係,與哪張表,backref爲類Author申明新屬性的方法 au_book = db.relationship("Book",backref="author") def __repr__(self): return "Author:%s"%self.name #定義模型類-書名 多對一 class Book(db.Model): __tablename__ = "books" id = db.Column(db.Integer,primary_key=True) name = db.Column(db.String(32)) #關聯那個外鍵表,多對一 首先外鍵對應的是 模型類小寫點屬性 au_book = db.Column(db.Integer,db.ForeignKey("author.id")) def __repr__(self): return "Book:%s,%s"%(self.name,self.id)
#建立表 if __name__ == '__main__': #建表以前須要將數據庫中的表清除完 db.drop_all() db.create_all() app.run(debug=True)
查看錶成功建立。app
添加數據測試一下:函數
#生成數據 au1 = Author(name='老王') au2 = Author(name='老尹') au3 = Author(name='老劉') # 把數據提交給用戶會話 db.session.add_all([au1, au2, au3]) # 提交會話 db.session.commit() bk1 = Book(name='老王回憶錄', au_book=au1.id) bk2 = Book(name='我讀書少,你別騙我', au_book=au1.id) bk3 = Book(name='如何才能讓本身更騷', au_book=au2.id) bk4 = Book(name='怎樣征服美麗少女', au_book=au3.id) bk5 = Book(name='如何征服英俊少男', au_book=au3.id) # 把數據提交給用戶會話 db.session.add_all([bk1, bk2, bk3, bk4, bk5]) # 提交會話 db.session.commit()
定義路由函數,並將Author和Book的全部結果傳到模板post
@app.route('/',methods=['GET','POST']) def index(): author = Author.query.all() book = Book.query.all() return render_template('index.html',author=author,book=book)
模板:測試
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <ul> {% for x in author %} <li>{{ x }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <hr> <ul> {% for x in book %} <li>{{ x }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> </body> </html>
定義表單類
from flask_wtf import FlaskForm from wtforms.validators import DataRequired from wtforms import StringField,SubmitField #建立表單類,用來添加信息 class Append(FlaskForm): au_info = StringField(validators=[DataRequired()]) bk_info = StringField(validators=[DataRequired()]) submit = SubmitField('添加')
傳入模板中:
@app.route('/',methods=['GET','POST']) def index(): author = Author.query.all() book = Book.query.all() form = Append() return render_template('index.html',author=author,book=book,form=form)
模板中的代碼;
<form method="post"> {{ form.csrf_token }} <p>做者:{{ form.au_info }}</p> <p>書名:{{ form.bk_info }}</p> <p>{{ form.submit }}</p> </form>
from flask import Flask,render_template,redirect,url_for,flash,request from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy from flask_wtf import FlaskForm from wtforms.validators import DataRequired from wtforms import StringField,SubmitField app = Flask(__name__) #設置密鑰 app.config["SECRET_KEY"] = "SECRET_KEY" #設置鏈接數據庫 app.config["SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI"] = "mysql://root:@127.0.0.1:3306/flasksql" app.config["SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS"] = True #查詢時會顯示原始SQL app.config["SQLALCHEMY_ECHO"] = True #實例化SQLAlchemy對象,對誰操做 db = SQLAlchemy(app) #定義模型類-做者 class Author(db.Model): #設置表名:author __tablename__ = "authors" #設置 id列 id = db.Column(db.Integer,primary_key=True) name = db.Column(db.String(32),unique=True) #一對多,因此在一的地方聲明關係,與哪張表,backref爲類Author申明新屬性的方法 us = db.relationship("Book",backref="author") def __repr__(self): return "Author:%s"%self.name #定義模型類-書名 多對一 class Book(db.Model): __tablename__ = "books" id = db.Column(db.Integer,primary_key=True) name = db.Column(db.String(32)) #關聯那個外鍵表,多對一 首先外鍵對應的是 建立的表名點屬性 au_book = db.Column(db.Integer,db.ForeignKey("authors.id")) def __repr__(self): return "Book:%s,%s"%(self.name,self.id) #建立表單類,用來添加信息 class Append(FlaskForm): au_info = StringField(validators=[DataRequired()]) bk_info = StringField(validators=[DataRequired()]) #這裏添加u才使得這個數據完整 submit = SubmitField(u'添加') # @app.route('/',methods=['GET','POST']) # def index(): # author = Author.query.all() # book = Book.query.all() # return render_template('index.html',author=author,book=book) # @app.route('/', methods=['get', 'post']) def index(): append_form = Append() if request.method == 'POST': if append_form.validate_on_submit(): #先肯定值 author_name = append_form.au_info.data book_name = append_form.bk_info.data # 判斷數據是否存在 author = Author.query.filter_by(name=author_name).first() if not author: try: # 先添加做者 author = Author(name=author_name) db.session.add(author) db.session.commit() # 再添加書籍 book = Book(name=book_name, au_book=author.id) db.session.add(book) db.session.commit() except Exception as e: db.session.rollback() print(e) flash("數據添加錯誤") else: #查詢和這個做者相關的書名 book_names = [book.name for book in author.us] if book_name in book_names: flash('該做者已存在相同的書名') else: try: book = Book(name=book_name, author_id=author.id) db.session.add(book) db.session.commit() except Exception as e: db.session.rollback() print(e) flash('數據添加錯誤') else: flash('數據輸入有問題') authors = Author.query.all() books = Book.query.all() return render_template('test2.html', authors=authors, books=books, append_form=append_form) #生成數據 # au1 = Author(name='老大') # au2 = Author(name='老二') # au3 = Author(name='老三') # # 把數據提交給用戶會話 # db.session.add_all([au1, au2, au3]) # # 提交會話 # db.session.commit() # bk1 = Book(name='老王回憶錄', au_book=au1.id) # bk2 = Book(name='我讀書少,你別騙我', au_book=au1.id) # bk3 = Book(name='如何才能讓本身更騷', au_book=au2.id) # bk4 = Book(name='怎樣征服美麗少女', au_book=au3.id) # bk5 = Book(name='如何征服英俊少男', au_book=au3.id) # # 把數據提交給用戶會話 # db.session.add_all([bk1, bk2, bk3, bk4, bk5]) # # 提交會話 # db.session.commit() #建立表 if __name__ == '__main__': #建表以前須要將數據庫中的表清除完 # db.drop_all() # db.create_all() app.run(debug=True,port=8080)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {# 從新編寫html文件展現列表書籍 #} <h2>書籍列表</h2> <ul> {% for author in authors %} <li> {{ author.name }} <ul> {% for book in author.us %} <li>{{ book.name }} {% else %} <li>無書籍</li> {% endfor %} </ul> </li> {% endfor %} </ul> <form method="post"> {{ append_form.csrf_token }} <p>做者:{{ append_form.au_info }}</p> <p>書名:{{ append_form.bk_info }}</p> <p>{{ append_form.submit }}</p> </form> {# 在form標籤下添加 flash 消息的顯示 #} {% for message in get_flashed_messages() %} {{ message }} {% endfor %} </body> </html>
{% for message in get_flashed_messages() %} {{ message }} {% endfor %}
定義刪除author和book的路由
# 刪除做者 @app.route('/delete_author/<int:author_id>') def delete_author(author_id): author = Author.query.get(author_id) if not author: flash('數據不存在') else: try:
#要先刪除這個做者的書籍,再刪除做者 Book.query.filter_by(author_id=author_id).delete() #刪除做者
db.session.delete(author) db.session.commit() except Exception as e: db.session.rollback() print(e) flash('操做數據庫失敗') return redirect(url_for('index')) # 刪除書籍 @app.route('/delete_book/<int:book_id>') def delete_book(book_id): book = Book.query.get(book_id) if not book: flash('數據不存在') else: try: db.session.delete(book) db.session.commit() except Exception as e: db.session.rollback() print(e) flash('操做數據庫失敗') return redirect(url_for('index'))
在模板中添加刪除的a標籤連接:
<h2>書籍列表</h2> <ul> {% for author in authors %} <li> {{ author.name }} <a href="/delete_author/{{ author.id }}">刪除</a> <ul> {% for book in author.books %} <li>{{ book.name }} <a href="/delete_book/{{ book.id }}">刪除</a></li> {% else %} <li>無書籍</li> {% endfor %} </ul> </li> {% endfor %} </ul>