Python之爬蟲

時間  2019-12-13
標籤 python 爬蟲 欄目 Python 简体版
原文   原文鏈接

網絡爬蟲（又被稱爲網頁蜘蛛，網絡機器人，在FOAF社區中間，更常常的稱爲網頁追逐者），是一種按照必定的規則，自動地抓取萬維網信息的程序或者腳本。另一些不常使用的名字還有螞蟻、自動索引、模擬程序或者蠕蟲。html

關於Python的爬蟲框架Scrapy
python

請移步至這篇博文——>>> Python爬蟲框架——Scrapy
git

Requests

Python標準庫中提供了：urllib、urllib二、httplib等模塊以供Http請求，可是，它的 API 太渣了。它是爲另外一個時代、另外一個互聯網所建立的。它須要巨量的工做，甚至包括各類方法覆蓋，來完成最簡單的任務。github

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 許可證的 基於Python開發的HTTP 庫，其在Python內置模塊的基礎上進行了高度的封裝，從而使得Pythoner進行網絡請求時，變得美好了許多，使用Requests能夠垂手可得的完成瀏覽器可有的任何操做。json

一、GET請求api

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# 一、無參數實例
   
import requests
   
ret = requests.get( 'https://github.com/timeline.json' )
   
print (ret.url)
print (ret.text)
   
   
# 二、有參數實例
   
import requests
   
payload = { 'key1' : 'value1' , 'key2' : 'value2' }
ret = requests.get( "http://httpbin.org/get" , params = payload)
   
print (ret.url)
print (ret.text)

二、POST請求瀏覽器

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# 一、基本POST實例
   
import requests
   
payload = { 'key1' : 'value1' , 'key2' : 'value2' }
ret = requests.post( "http://httpbin.org/post" , data = payload)
   
print (ret.text)
   
   
# 二、發送請求頭和數據實例
   
import requests
import json
   
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = { 'some' : 'data' }
headers = { 'content-type' : 'application/json' }
   
ret = requests.post(url, data = json.dumps(payload), headers = headers)
   
print (ret.text)
print (ret.cookies)

三、其它請求服務器

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requests.get(url, params = None , * * kwargs)
requests.post(url, data = None , json = None , * * kwargs)
requests.put(url, data = None , * * kwargs)
requests.head(url, * * kwargs)
requests.delete(url, * * kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data = None , * * kwargs)
requests.options(url, * * kwargs)
   
# 以上方法均是在此方法的基礎上構建
requests.request(method, url, * * kwargs)

四、更多參數微信

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
        to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response [200]>
    """
參數列表 
def param_method_url():
    # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    pass


def param_param():
    # - 能夠是字典
    # - 能夠是字符串
    # - 能夠是字節（ascii編碼之內）

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'})

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params="k1=v1&k2=水電費&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

    # 錯誤
    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水電費&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
    pass


def param_data():
    # 能夠是字典
    # 能夠是字符串
    # 能夠是字節
    # 能夠是文件對象

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'})

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件內容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )
    pass


def param_json():
    # 將json中對應的數據進行序列化成一個字符串，json.dumps(...)
    # 而後發送到服務器端的body中，而且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'})


def param_headers():
    # 發送請求頭到服務器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水電費'},
                     headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
                     )


def param_cookies():
    # 發送Cookie到服務器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
                     )
    # 也可使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基礎上封裝）
    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
    from http.cookiejar import Cookie

    obj = CookieJar()
    obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
                          discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
                          port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
                   )
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies=obj)


def param_files():
    # 發送文件
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 發送文件，定製文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 發送文件，定製文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 發送文件，定製文件名
    # file_dict = {
    #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    #                  files=file_dict)

    pass


def param_auth():
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

    ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
    print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
    # print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
    # print(ret)
    #


def param_timeout():
    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
    # print(ret)

    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
    # print(ret)
    pass


def param_allow_redirects():
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
    print(ret.text)


def param_proxies():
    # proxies = {
    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
    # }

    # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
    # print(ret.headers)


    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
    #
    # proxyDict = {
    # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
    # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
    # }
    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
    #
    # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
    # print(r.text)

    pass


def param_stream():
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
    print(ret.content)
    ret.close()

    # from contextlib import closing
    # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
    # # 在此處理響應。
    # for i in r.iter_content():
    # print(i)


def requests_session():
    import requests

    session = requests.Session()

    ### 一、首先登錄任何頁面，獲取cookie

    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

    ### 二、用戶登錄，攜帶上一次的cookie，後臺對cookie中的 gpsd 進行受權
    i2 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
        data={
            'phone': "8615131255089",
            'password': "xxxxxx",
            'oneMonth': ""
        }
    )

    i3 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
    )
    print(i3.text)
參數示例

官方文檔：http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4cookie

BeautifulSoup

BeautifulSoup是一個模塊，該模塊用於接收一個HTML或XML字符串，而後將其進行格式化，以後遍可使用他提供的方法進行快速查找指定元素，從而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素變得簡單。

# 安裝  pip3 install beautifulsoup4
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
asdf
    <div class="title">
        <b>The Dormouse's story總共</b>
        <h1>f</h1>
    </div>
<div class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
    <a  class="sister0" id="link1">Els<span>f</span>ie</a>,
    <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
    <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</div>
ad<br/>sf
<p class="story">...</p>
</body>
</html>
"""
 
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")
# 找到第一個a標籤
tag1 = soup.find(name='a')
# 找到全部的a標籤
tag2 = soup.find_all(name='a')
# 找到id＝link2的標籤
tag3 = soup.select('#link2')
簡單使用

1，name，標籤名稱

2，attr，標籤屬性

3，children，全部子標籤

4，descendants，全部子子孫孫標籤

5，clear,將標籤的全部子標籤所有清空（保留標籤名）

6，decompose,遞歸的刪除全部的標籤

7，extract，遞歸的刪除全部的標籤，並獲取刪除的標籤

8，decode,轉換爲字符串（含當前標籤）；decode_contents（不含當前標籤）

9，encode,轉換爲字節（含當前標籤）；encode_contents（不含當前標籤）

10，find,獲取匹配的第一個標籤

11， find_all,獲取匹配的全部標籤

12，has_attr,檢查標籤是否具備該屬性

13，get_text，獲取標籤內部文本內容

14，index,檢查標籤在某標籤中的索引位置

15，is_empty_element,是不是空標籤(是否能夠是空)或者自閉合標籤，

     判斷是不是以下標籤：'br' , 'hr', 'input', 'img', 'meta','spacer', 'link', 'frame', 'base'

16，當前的關聯標籤

17，查找某標籤的關聯標籤

18，select,select_one, CSS選擇器

19，標籤的內容

20，append在當前標籤內部追加一個標籤

 21，insert在當前標籤內部指定位置插入一個標籤

22，insert_after,insert_before 在當前標籤後面或前面插入

23，replace_with 在當前標籤替換爲指定標籤

24，建立標籤之間的關係

25，wrap，將指定標籤把當前標籤包裹起來

26，unwrap，去掉當前標籤，將保留其包裹的標籤

更多參數官方：http://beautifulsoup.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/v4.4.0/

"破解"微信公衆號

根據Django和Requests分析破解微信公衆號

"破解"微信公衆號其實就是使用Python代碼自動實現【掃碼登錄我的微信】->【獲取我的全部聯繫人】-> 【向某聯繫人或羣組或公衆號發送消息】。以下圖

那麼，是如何登錄獲取聯繫人的呢？？？

代碼及解釋請移步——>>> https://github.com/bingdujianer/WebWeChat

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