不要把異常當作業務邏輯,這性能可能你沒法承受

一:背景

1. 講故事

在項目中摸爬滾打幾年,應該或多或少的見過有人把異常當作業務邏輯處理的狀況(┬_┬),好比說判斷一個數字是否爲整數,就想固然的用try catch 包起來,再進行 int.Parse,若是拋異常就說明不是整數,簡單粗暴,也不須要寫正則或者其餘邏輯,再好比一個字符串強制轉化爲Enum,直接用Enum.Parse,多是由於對異常的開銷不是特別瞭解,這種很差的使用習慣也許被官方發現了,後續給咱們補了不少的Try前綴的方法,好比:int.TryParse , Enum.TryParse, dict.TryGetValue ,用代碼展現以下:xcode

//原始寫法
            var num = int.Parse("1");

            //使用try方式
            var result = 0;
            var b = int.TryParse("1", out result);

用Try系列方法沒毛病,但這寫法讓人吐槽,還要單獨定義result變量,沒撤,官方還得靠咱們這些開發者給他們發揚光大😄😄😄,終於在C# 7.0 中新增了一個 out variables 語法糖。多線程

//try out 變量模式
            var c = int.TryParse("1", out int result2);

這種 out 變量 模式就🐮👃了,一個方法獲取兩個值,尚未拋異常的風險。less

二:爲何要用tryxxx方法

有了tryxxx方法以後,你就應該明白微軟已經在提醒咱們開發人員不要濫用異常,尤爲在可預知可預見的場景下,畢竟他們知道異常的開銷真的是太大了,不知者不怪哈。函數

1. 肉眼看得見的低性能

爲了讓你們肉眼能看見,咱們就用異常方法和tryxxx方法作一個性能比較,迭代50w次,看看各自的性能如何?性能

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
            {
                var watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
                for (int k = 0; k < 50000; k++)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        var num = int.Parse("xxx");
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex) { }
                }
                watch.Stop();

                Console.WriteLine($"i={i + 1},耗費:{watch.ElapsedMilliseconds}");
            }
            Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------------");
            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
            {
                var watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();

                for (int k = 0; k < 50000; k++)
                {
                   var num = int.TryParse("xxx", out int reuslt);
                }

                watch.Stop();

                Console.WriteLine($"i={i + 1},耗費:{watch.ElapsedMilliseconds}");
            }
            Console.ReadLine();

看結果還挺嚇人的,相差480倍, 好熟悉的一個數字。。。 南朝四百八十寺,多少樓臺煙雨中 😄😄😄spa

三: 異常的超強開銷

爲何異常有那麼大的開銷? 只有知己知彼才能心中有數,看過我多線程視頻的朋友應該知道,線程的建立和銷燬代價都是很是大的,其中有一項就是須要代碼從用戶態切換到了內核態,畢竟線程是操做系統層面的事情,和你CLR無關,CLR只是作了一層系統包裝而已,其實不少人都想不到,咱們用的 try catch finally 底層也是封裝了操做系統層面的(Windows 結構化異常處理),也叫作SEH,什麼意思? 就是當你throw以後,代碼須要從用戶態切換到內核態,這個開銷是不會小的,還有一個開銷來自於Exception中的StackTrace,這裏面的值須要從當前異常的線程棧中去抓取調用堆棧,棧越深,開銷就越大。操作系統

1. 從用戶態到內核態

你們確定會說,甭那麼玄乎,凡事都要講個證據, Do more,Talk less, 這裏我準備分兩種狀況講解。pwa

<1> 有catch狀況

準備在catch的時候阻塞住,而後抓它的dump文件。線程

public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            try
            {
                var num = int.Parse("xxx");
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
                Console.ReadLine();
            }
        }

使用 !dumpstack 把當前 0號線程 的全部託管和非託管堆棧所有打出來,簡化後以下:3d

0:000> ~0s
ntdll!NtReadFile+0x14:
00007fff`f805aa64 c3              ret
0:000> !dumpstack
OS Thread Id: 0x2bf0 (0)
Current frame: ntdll!NtReadFile+0x14
Caller, Callee
(MethodDesc 00007fffde3a40b8 +0x18 System.Console.ReadLine())
(MethodDesc 00007fff810d59f8 +0xa5 ConsoleApp4.Program.Main(System.String[])), calling (MethodDesc 00007fffde3a40b8 +0 System.Console.ReadLine())
00000044433fc700 00007fffe07a29e0 clr!ExceptionTracker::CallCatchHandler+0x9c, calling clr!ExceptionTracker::CallHandler
clr!ClrUnwindEx+0x40, calling ntdll!RtlUnwindEx
ntdll!RtlRaiseException+0x4e, calling ntdll!RtlpCaptureContext
clr!IL_Throw+0x114, calling clr!RaiseTheExceptionInternalOnly
(MethodDesc 00007fffde4f95c0 System.Number.StringToNumber(System.String, System.Globalization.NumberStyles, NumberBuffer ByRef, System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo, Boolean)), calling mscorlib_ni+0x53976a
(MethodDesc 00007fffde3b5330 +0xae System.Number.ParseInt32(System.String, System.Globalization.NumberStyles, System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo)), calling (MethodDesc 00007fffde4f95c0 +0 System.Number.StringToNumber(System.String, System.Globalization.NumberStyles, NumberBuffer ByRef, System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo, Boolean))
(MethodDesc 00007fffde1ebfa8 +0x2eb System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo..ctor(System.Globalization.CultureData)), calling (MethodDesc 00007fffde1eba68 +0 System.Globalization.CultureData.GetNFIValues(System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo))
(MethodDesc 00007fff810d59f8 +0x49 ConsoleApp4.Program.Main(System.String[])), calling (MethodDesc 00007fffde3b1708 +0 System.Int32.Parse(System.String))

由於是堆棧,因此執行流就要從後往前看,你會發現流程大概是這個樣子 int.Parse -> CLR -> ntdll -> CLR -> Console.ReadLine ,很顯然 ntdll.dll 是操做系統層級的一個核心文件,這就從用戶態切入到了內核態,若是不是很明白,我畫一張簡圖吧。。。

<2>. 無catch處理

你們確定很好奇,若是無catch會是怎麼樣,你們也能夠用windbg去挖一下。

public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var num = int.Parse("xxx");
        }


0:000> !dumpstack
OS Thread Id: 0xd68 (0)
Current frame: ntdll!NtTerminateProcess+0x14
Caller, Callee
mscoreei!RuntimeDesc::ShutdownAllActiveRuntimes+0x285, calling KERNEL32!ExitProcessImplementation
mscoreei!CLRRuntimeHostInternalImpl::ShutdownAllRuntimesThenExit+0x14, calling mscoreei!RuntimeDesc::ShutdownAllActiveRuntimes
clr!EEPolicy::ExitProcessViaShim+0x9c
clr!SafeExitProcess+0x9d, calling clr!EEPolicy::ExitProcessViaShim
ntdll!KiUserExceptionDispatch+0x53, calling ntdll!NtRaiseException
clr!RaiseTheExceptionInternalOnly+0x188426, calling clr!EEPolicy::HandleFatalError
clr!IL_Throw+0x45, calling clr!LazyMachStateCaptureState
(MethodDesc 00007fffde4f95c0 System.Number.StringToNumber(System.String, System.Globalization.NumberStyles, NumberBuffer ByRef, System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo, Boolean)), calling mscorlib_ni+0x53976a
(MethodDesc 00007fffde3b5330 +0xae System.Number.ParseInt32(System.String, System.Globalization.NumberStyles, System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo)), calling (MethodDesc 00007fffde4f95c0 +0 System.Number.StringToNumber(System.String, System.Globalization.NumberStyles, NumberBuffer ByRef, System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo, Boolean))
(MethodDesc 00007fffde1ebfa8 +0x2eb System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo..ctor(System.Globalization.CultureData)), calling (MethodDesc 00007fffde1eba68 +0 System.Globalization.CultureData.GetNFIValues(System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo))
(MethodDesc 00007fff810e59f8 +0x37 ConsoleApp4.Program.Main(System.String[])), calling (MethodDesc 00007fffde3b1708 +0 System.Int32.Parse(System.String))

能夠看到進程的退出邏輯給了託管程序入口 mscoreei.dll 而再也沒有進入Main函數了, 爲此我也補一張圖給你們看看

2. 抓取線程調用棧

當你們慌慌張張的看到異常的時候,第一眼會去看異常信息是什麼? 第二眼會去看異常出在了哪一行代碼,這就是線程的調用棧,這個信息很是重要,能夠快捷的幫助咱們找到問題解決問題,放在Exception的StackTrace中,先上一段代碼。

public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Run();
            Console.ReadLine();
        }

        public static void Run()
        {
            var ex = new FormatException("你的格式錯誤啦!!!");
            throw ex;
        }

<1> StackTrace什麼時候塞入的

到目前爲止還沒看到哪本書說到StackTrace是什麼時候被塞入的? 因爲水平有限,我也試着探測一下下。

從代碼中能夠看到不是在new的時候塞入的,那會是哪裏呢?

<2> 從CLR中尋找答案

既然不在用戶代碼,那就到CLR中去看看,在windbg中用 dumpstack 去查看非託管堆棧。

0:000> !dumpstack
OS Thread Id: 0x4090 (0)
Current frame: ntdll!NtTerminateProcess+0x14
Caller, Callee
clr!EETypeHashTable::FindItem+0x532, calling clr!NgenHashTable<EEClassHashTable,EEClassHashEntry,4>::PersistedBucketList::GetBucket
clr!JIT_StrCns+0xd0, calling clr!HelperMethodFrameRestoreState
(MethodDesc 00007fff810f5a08 +0x70 ConsoleApp4.Program.Run()), calling clr!IL_Throw
clr!IL_Throw+0x45, calling clr!LazyMachStateCaptureState
(MethodDesc 00007fff810f5a08 +0x70 ConsoleApp4.Program.Run()), calling clr!IL_Throw
(MethodDesc 00007fff810f59f8 +0x28 ConsoleApp4.Program.Main(System.String[])), calling 00007fff81200488 (stub for ConsoleApp4.Program.Run())

從簡化後的流程看,懷疑是由 clr!HelperMethodFrameRestoreState 處理的,爲何這麼說呢? 由於咱們定義的 FormatException ex 會傳給CLR的,不信能夠用 kb 看一看。

0:000> kb
 # RetAddr           : Args to Child                                                           : Call Site
00 00007fff`e07a3181 : 00000000`e0434352 0000006d`4a7fe938 0000017b`30ad2d48 0000017b`2f081690 : KERNELBASE!RaiseException+0x68
01 00007fff`e07a45f4 : ffffffff`fffffffe 0000017b`2ef02542 00000000`0000000a 0000017b`2f040910 : clr!RaiseTheExceptionInternalOnly+0x31f
02 00007fff`811d0950 : 00000000`70000001 00007fff`810c4140 0000006d`4a7fedb8 0000006d`4a7fec78 : clr!IL_Throw+0x114
03 00007fff`811d08b8 : 0000017b`30ad2d30 00007fff`810c4140 00000000`00000000 00007fff`00000000 : 0x00007fff`811d0950
04 00007fff`e0736c93 : 0000017b`30ad2d30 00007fff`810c4140 00000000`00000000 00007fff`00000000 : 0x00007fff`811d08b8
05 00007fff`e0736b79 : 00000000`00000000 00007fff`e0737aae 0000006d`4a7fefb8 00000000`00000000 : clr!CallDescrWorkerInternal+0x83
06 00007fff`e0737410 : 0000006d`4a7fefb8 0000006d`4a7ff048 0000006d`4a7feeb8 00000000`00000001 : clr!CallDescrWorkerWithHandler+0x4e
07 00007fff`e08dcaf2 : 0000006d`4a7fee00 00000000`00000001 00000000`00000001 0000017b`2efcecf0 : clr!MethodDescCallSite::CallTargetWorker+0x102
08 00007fff`e08dd4b3 : 00000000`00000001 00000000`00000000 0000017b`30ad2d30 0000017b`30ad2d30 : clr!RunMain+0x25f
09 00007fff`e08dd367 : 0000017b`2f040910 0000006d`4a7ff420 0000017b`2f040910 0000017b`2f082770 : clr!Assembly::ExecuteMainMethod+0xb7
0a 00007fff`e08dccb3 : 00000000`00000000 0000017b`2ef00000 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 : clr!SystemDomain::ExecuteMainMethod+0x643
0b 00007fff`e08dcc31 : 0000017b`2ef00000 00007fff`e08de090 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 : clr!ExecuteEXE+0x3f
0c 00007fff`e08de0a4 : ffffffff`ffffffff 00007fff`e08de090 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 : clr!_CorExeMainInternal+0xb2
0d 00007fff`e1208a61 : 00000000`00000000 00007fff`00000091 00000000`00000000 0000006d`4a7ff9f8 : clr!CorExeMain+0x14
0e 00007fff`e133a4cc : 00000000`00000000 00007fff`e08de090 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 : mscoreei!CorExeMain+0x112
0f 00007fff`f5cc4034 : 00007fff`e1200000 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 : MSCOREE!CorExeMain_Exported+0x6c
10 00007fff`f8033691 : 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 : KERNEL32!BaseThreadInitThunk+0x14
11 00000000`00000000 : 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 : ntdll!RtlUserThreadStart+0x21

其中第一行的 00 00007fffe07a3181 : 00000000e0434352 0000006d4a7fe938 0000017b30ad2d48 0000017b2f081690 : KERNELBASE!RaiseException+0x68中的第三個參數地址 0000017b30ad2d48` 就是咱們的異常類,打印出來看一下。

0:000> !do 0000017b30ad2d48
Name:        System.FormatException
MethodTable: 00007fffde285c38
EEClass:     00007fffde3930e0
Size:        160(0xa0) bytes
File:        C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.Net\assembly\GAC_64\mscorlib\v4.0_4.0.0.0__b77a5c561934e089\mscorlib.dll
Fields:
              MT    Field   Offset                 Type VT     Attr            Value Name
00007fffde2059c0  40002a2        8        System.String  0 instance 0000017b30ad4c80 _className
00007fffde282a50  40002a3       10 ...ection.MethodBase  0 instance 0000000000000000 _exceptionMethod
00007fffde2059c0  40002a4       18        System.String  0 instance 0000000000000000 _exceptionMethodString
00007fffde2059c0  40002a5       20        System.String  0 instance 0000017b30ad2de8 _message
00007fffde2883d8  40002a6       28 ...tions.IDictionary  0 instance 0000000000000000 _data
00007fffde205b70  40002a7       30     System.Exception  0 instance 0000000000000000 _innerException
00007fffde2059c0  40002a8       38        System.String  0 instance 0000000000000000 _helpURL
00007fffde205dd8  40002a9       40        System.Object  0 instance 0000017b30ad2e98 _stackTrace
00007fffde205dd8  40002aa       48        System.Object  0 instance 0000017b30ad2f28 _watsonBuckets
00007fffde2059c0  40002ab       50        System.String  0 instance 0000000000000000 _stackTraceString
00007fffde2059c0  40002ac       58        System.String  0 instance 0000000000000000 _remoteStackTraceString
00007fffde2085a0  40002ad       88         System.Int32  1 instance                0 _remoteStackIndex
00007fffde205dd8  40002ae       60        System.Object  0 instance 0000000000000000 _dynamicMethods
00007fffde2085a0  40002af       8c         System.Int32  1 instance      -2146233033 _HResult
00007fffde2059c0  40002b0       68        System.String  0 instance 0000000000000000 _source
00007fffde2831f8  40002b1       78        System.IntPtr  1 instance                0 _xptrs
00007fffde2085a0  40002b2       90         System.Int32  1 instance       -532462766 _xcode
00007fffde21e720  40002b3       80       System.UIntPtr  1 instance                0 _ipForWatsonBuckets
00007fffde1f5080  40002b4       70 ...ializationManager  0 instance 0000017b30ad2e18 _safeSerializationManager
00007fffde205dd8  40002a1      100        System.Object  0   shared           static s_EDILock
                                 >> Domain:Value  0000017b2efe0af0:NotInit  <<

0:000> !do 0000017b30ad2e98
Name:        System.SByte[]
MethodTable: 00007fffde20dde8
EEClass:     00007fffde390920
Size:        120(0x78) bytes
Array:       Rank 1, Number of elements 96, Type SByte (Print Array)
Content:     .........../{...P.......@..Jm....Z.........................Jm....Y..............................
Fields:
None

此時 _stackTrace 已經有值了,畢竟Console上已經打印出來了。

最後補充一下你們也能夠經過 !threads 去找異常的線程,以下圖的中 System.FormatException 0000017b30ad2d48,而後經過 !printexception 去打印這個地址 0000017b30ad2d48 上異常對象。

0:000> !threads
ThreadCount:      2
UnstartedThread:  0
BackgroundThread: 1
PendingThread:    0
DeadThread:       0
Hosted Runtime:   no
                                                                                                        Lock  
       ID OSID ThreadOBJ           State GC Mode     GC Alloc Context                  Domain           Count Apt Exception
   0    1  80c 0000016816f508f0    2a020 Preemptive  0000016818CCE3B8:0000016818CCFFD0 0000016816ef0b10 0     MTA System.FormatException 0000017b30ad2d48
   6    2 12d8 0000016816f7b0e0    2b220 Preemptive  0000000000000000:0000000000000000 0000016816ef0b10 0     MTA (Finalizer) 


0:000> !printexception 0000017b30ad2d48
Exception object: 0000017b30ad2d48
Exception type:   System.FormatException
Message:          你的格式錯誤啦!!!
InnerException:   <none>
StackTrace (generated):
    SP               IP               Function
    0000001F8F7FEE90 00007FFF811E0951 ConsoleApp4!ConsoleApp4.Program.Run()+0x71
    0000001F8F7FEEE0 00007FFF811E08B9 ConsoleApp4!ConsoleApp4.Program.Main(System.String[])+0x29

StackTraceString: <none>
HResult: 80131537

三:總結

不要把異常當作業務邏輯處理,這開銷有可能你承受不起,把那些真正不可期的狀況留給異常吧,如: TimeoutException。。。

相關文章
相關標籤/搜索