[譯] Dweb: 什麼是 Dweb?(中英)

原文hacks.mozilla.org/2018/07/int…
做者Dietrich Ayala  發表時間:July 31, 2018
譯者:西樓聽雨  發表時間:2018/8/18
原文是 Mozilla 開發者網站發佈的關於 Dweb 的概念、應用及使用案例介紹的系列文章中的第一篇。( 轉載請註明出處)

本系列各篇章的翻譯連接以下:
web

  1. [譯] Dweb: 什麼是 Dweb?(中英)
  2. [譯] Dweb: 基於 Secure Scuttlebutt 的社交消息流 (中英)
  3. [譯] Dweb: 用 WebTorrent 搭建一個可復原的 Web (中英)
  4. [譯] Dweb: 基於 Beaker 的去中心化 Web (中英)
  5. [譯] Dweb: 基於 IPFS 的去中心化 Web 文件系統 (中英)
  6. 待發布······

什麼是 Dweb?

The web is the most successful programming platform in history, resulting in the largest open and accessible collection of human knowledge ever created. So yeah, it’s pretty great. But there are a set of common problems that the web is not able to address.編程

Web 能夠說是史上最成功的編程平臺,它產生了人類歷史上最大規模的開放、便捷的知識庫。這很好,很不錯。不過如今它還存在一系列廣泛的問題沒法解決。promise

Have you ever…瀏覽器

  • Had a website or app you love get updated to a new version, and you wished to go back to the old version?
  • Tried to share a file between your phone and laptop or tv or other device while not connected to the internet? And without using a cloud service?
  • Gone to a website or service that you depend on, only to find it’s been shut down? Whether it got bought and enveloped by some internet giant, or has gone out of business, or whatever, it was critical for you and now it’s gone.

好比,你是否是也面臨過如下這些情形?服務器

  • 你喜歡的一個網站或應用升級到了一個新的版本,而你卻想回到以前的舊版本。
  • 在沒有聯網的狀況下想在你的手機和筆記本、電視等其餘設備之間分享文件。或者即使聯網了,但他們又沒安裝雲服務。(譯註:這裏應該指雲同步或者文件分享類軟件或服務)
  • 前往某個網站或服務,就爲了驗證它是否已經中止服務了。無論它是被某個互聯網巨頭收購後封閉了,仍是破產了,或者其餘緣由,總之它對你來講很是重要,但如今它不在了。

Additionally, the web is facing critical internet health issues, seemingly intractable due to the centralization of power in the hands of a few large companies who have economic interests in not solving these problems:網絡

  • Hate speech, harassment and other attacks on social networks
  • Repeated attacks on Net Neutrality by governments and corporations
  • Mass human communications compromised and manipulated for profit or political gain
  • Censorship and whole internet shutdowns by governments

另一方面,Web 也正面臨嚴重的互聯網(環境)健康問題,並且看上去這個問題難以解決,由於權利集中在少數的大公司手中,出於經濟利益的考慮,他們不肯解決這些問題:架構

  • 社交網絡上的詆譭性言論、(信息)騷擾,等其餘攻擊
  • 政府和企業對網絡中立性的反覆傷害
  • 爲了利益或政治目的的輿論操縱和造謠
  • 正_攵_廣_付實施的(內容)審查和全面斷網

These are some of the problems and use-cases addressed by a new wave of projects, products and platforms building on or with web technologies but with a twist: They’re using decentralized or distributed network architectures instead of the centralized networks we use now, in order to let the users control their online experience without intermediaries, whether government or corporate. This new structural approach gives rise to the idea of a ‘decentralized web’, often conveniently shortened to ‘dweb’.app

如今新出現的一波基於 Web 技術的項目、產品和平臺已經解決了其中的一些問題和使用場景——雖然力量還很薄弱:他們使用的是去中心化和分佈式的網絡架構,而不是如今咱們使用的中心式的網絡,以此來讓用戶擁有在線體驗的自主權,無需中間人(不論是政府仍是企業)的參與。隨着這種新式的結構浮現的即是「decentrailized web」(去中心化的 Web)的概念,習慣簡稱爲「dweb」。dom

You can read a number of perspectives on centralization, and why it’s an important issue for us to tackle, in Mozilla’s Internet Health Report, released earlier this year.
分佈式

在 Mozilla 今年早些時候發佈的互聯網健康報告中,你能夠了解到關於中心式(網絡)的許多方面,以及爲什麼解決這個問題對咱們來講是如此的重要。

Dweb 中的這個 「D」 是什麼?

The 「d」 in 「dweb」 usually stands for either decentralized or distributed.
What is the difference between distributed vs decentralized architectures? Here’s a visual illustration:

「dweb」中的這個「d」一般指的是 decentralized (去中心化的) 或者 distributed (分佈式的)。這兩種架構之間的區別又是什麼呢?這裏有一張視覺化的說明:

(Image credit: Openclipart.org, your best source for technical clip art with animals)

(圖片來源:Openclipart.org——最好的技術類動物剪貼畫做品素材網站)

In centralized systems, one entity has control over the participation of all other entities. In decentralized systems, power over participation is divided between more than one entity. In distributed systems, no one entity has control over the participation of any other entity.

在中心化的(Centralized)系統中,一個實體擁有全部其餘全部參與者的控制權;在去中心化的系統中,參與者的權利被分發到超過一個以上的實體上;而在分佈式系統中,沒有任何一個實體擁有任何其餘一個參與者的控制權。

Examples of centralization on the web today are the domain name system (DNS), servers run by a single company, and social networks designed for controlled communication.

在現今的 Web 中,中心化的例子包括域名系統(DNS)、由一家公司運營的服務,以及通信可受控制的社交網絡。

A few examples of decentralized or distributed projects that became household names are Napster, BitTorrent and Bitcoin.

而去中心化和分佈式的例子則較少,具體項目有 NapsterBitTorrentBitcoin (比特幣)。

Some of these new dweb projects are decentralizing identity and social networking. Some are building distributed services in or on top of the existing centralized web, and others are distributed application protocols or platforms that run the web stack (HTML, JavaScript and CSS) on something other than HTTP. Also, there are blockchain-based platforms that run anything as long as it can be compiled into WebAssembly.

這些 dweb 項目,其中一些旨在對身份和社交網絡去中心化,另一些旨在在現有的中心式網絡之上/之中構建分佈式的服務,其餘的則是能夠無需 HTTP 來運行 Web 棧(HTML、JavaScript、CSS)的分佈式應用協議和平臺。除此以外,還有能夠運行任何東西的基於區塊鏈的平臺——只要它能夠被編譯爲 WebAssembly

進入正題(Here We Go)

Mozilla’s mission is to put users in control of their experiences online. While some of these projects and technologies turn the familiar on its head (no servers! no DNS! no HTTP(S)!), it’s important for us to explore their potential for empowerment.

Mozilla 的使命就是讓用戶擁有對本身的在線體驗的控制權。雖然某些項目和技術還只是頭腦中的概念(無服務器!無 DNS!無 HTTP/HTTPs!) ,不過這對咱們認識到它們在權利分配方面的潛力很是重要。

This is the first post in a series. We’ll introduce projects that cover social communication, online identity, file sharing, new economic models, as well as high-level application platforms. All of this work is either decentralized or distributed, minimizing or entirely removing centralized control.

本文是系列文章中的第一篇。接下來咱們還會介紹涉及到社交通信、在線身份、文件分享、新經濟模型,以及高級應用程序平臺等的項目。全部這些工做(項目)都是去中心化或分佈式的,旨在最小化或者完全擺脫中心式的控制。

You’ll meet the people behind these projects, and learn about their values and goals, the technical architectures used, and see basic code examples of using the project or platform.

你也將接觸到這些項目背後的人員,瞭解他們的價值觀和理想、使用的技術架構,以及瀏覽一些使用這些項目和平臺的基礎代碼示例。

So leave your assumptions at the door, and get ready to learn what a web more fully in users’ control could look like.

因此,請在進入正題前留下你的設想,而後準備好去了解一個用戶本身更全面地擁有控制權的 Web 的樣子。

Note: This post is the introduction. The following posts in the series are listed below.

注意:這篇貼文是簡介篇。本系列隨後的貼文以下。(譯註:如下,中文爲翻譯連接,英文爲原文連接)

關於 Dietrich Ayala

Dietrich Ayala is a developer advocate at Mozilla, the non-profit makers of the Firefox web browser, where he's been working for internet freedom and shipping open source software to hundreds of millions of people for over a decade.

Dietrich Ayala 是 Mozilla ——Firefox 瀏覽器背後的非盈利的開發方——的一名開發人員倡導者,在這裏,他已經爲網絡自由及爲數億人帶來開源軟件工做了10年之久了。

他的主頁metafluff.com/

他的Twitter@dietrich

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