C#中的開發中,若是遇到「NullReferenceException」或者「未將對象引用到實例」這樣的提示,那麼是你的程序代碼正在試圖訪問一個null的引用類型的實體而拋出的異常。可能的緣由有:數組
忘記了實例化一個引用類型。 在下面的示例中,names聲明,但決不實例化:ide
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; public class Example { public static void Main(string[] args) { int value = Int32.Parse(args[0]); List<String> names; names.Add("Major Major Major"); } }
此例中的 names在使用以前並無初始化,修復後的:this
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; public class Example { public static void Main() { List<String> names = new List<String>(); names.Add("Major Major Major"); } }
以下代碼:rest
ref1.ref2.ref3.member
若是ref1 或者 ref2 或者 ref3任意一個爲空時,此代碼均會拋出NullReferenceException(未將對象引用到實例)的異常錯誤。咱們能夠重寫這個表達式來檢查如下的r1,r2,r3是否爲null:code
var r1 = ref1; var r2 = r1.ref2; var r3 = r2.ref3; r3.member
以下代碼:orm
public class Book { public string Title { get; set; } } public class Example { public void Foo() { Book b1; string title = b1.Title; } }
其中,Example類中的b1並未實例化,會拋出NullReferenceException(未將對象引用到實例)異常,解決方法:對象
使用new關鍵字來實例化b1對象
修復後的代碼:生命週期
public class Book { public string Title { get; set; } } public class Example { public void Foo() { Book b1 = new Book(); string title = b1.Title; } }
以下代碼:事件
public class Person { public int Age { get; set; } } public class Book { public Person Author { get; set; } } public class Example { public void Foo() { Book b1 = new Book(); int authorAge = b1.Author.Age; } }
這裏的 Example 類中的b1已被實例化,但若是咱們運行程序,依然會拋出NullReferenceException(未將對象引用到實例)異常。是由於 Book 類中包含了另一個引用類 Person 但並無被實例化,解決方式能夠在Book的構造器中直接實例化,如:開發
public class Person { public int Age { get; set; } } public class Book { public Book(){ Author = new Person(); } public Person Author { get; set; } } public class Example { public void Foo() { Book b1 = new Book(); int authorAge = b1.Author.Age; } }
固然,你也能夠在使用 Book 這個類的實例時再來初始化 Person 這個引用類,以下:
public class Person { public int Age { get; set; } } public class Book { public Person Author { get; set; } } public class Example { public void Foo() { Book b1 = new Book(); b1.Author = new Person(); int authorAge = b1.Author.Age; } }
int[] numbers = null; int n = numbers[0];
Person[] people = new Person[5]; people[0].Age = 20
long[][] array = new long[1][]; array[0][0] = 3;
這三種數組的定義均爲null,拋出NullReferenceException(未將對象引用到實例)的異常
Dictionary<string, int> agesForNames = null; int age = agesForNames["Bob"];
這裏的 agesForNames字典爲 null,拋出NullReferenceException(未將對象引用到實例)的異常,使用new關鍵字來初始化:
Dictionary<string, int> agesForNames = new Dictionary<string, int>(); int age = agesForNames["Bob"];
public class Person { public string Name { get; set; } } var people = new List<Person>(); people.Add(null); var names = from p in people select p.Name; string firstName = names.First();
以上代碼會在 names.First() 處理拋出異常,由於咱們在
people.Add(null);
添加了null值
public class Demo { public event EventHandler StateChanged; protected virtual void OnStateChanged(EventArgs e) { StateChanged(this, e); } }
若是外部實例沒有註冊 StateChanged 事件,那麼調用 StateChanged(this, e); 會拋出NullReferenceException(未將對象引用到實例),修復方法:
public class Demo { public event EventHandler StateChanged; protected virtual void OnStateChanged(EventArgs e) { if(StateChanged != null) { StateChanged(this, e); } } }
若是全局變量和局部變量的名稱是同樣的,那麼你的全局變量就可能永遠不會被賦值,以下:
public class Form1 { private Customer customer; private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { Customer customer = new Customer(); customer.Name = "John"; } private void Button_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { MessageBox.Show(customer.Name); } }
請使用不一樣的變量名稱來修復:
private Customer _customer;
public partial class Issues_Edit : System.Web.UI.Page { protected TestIssue myIssue; protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (!IsPostBack) { // 只有頁面首次加載時執行,點擊按鈕時不會被執行 myIssue = new TestIssue(); } } protected void SaveButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { myIssue.Entry = "NullReferenceException here!"; } }
string firstName = Session["FirstName"].ToString();
若是Session["FirstName"]沒有被賦值,則會拋出NullReferenceException(未將對象引用到實例)的異常。
// Controller[控制器] public class Restaurant:Controller { public ActionResult Search() { return View(); // Forgot the provide a Model here. } } // Razor[視圖頁面] @foreach (var restaurantSearch in Model.RestaurantSearch) //拋出異常 { } <p>@Model.somePropertyName</p> <!-- 拋出異常 -->
關於.NET[C#]中NullReferenceException(未將對象引用到實例)總結到這裏,若是你遇到在不一樣的情景遇到一樣的異常,歡迎反饋、交流。