伴隨10.5.0的發佈,Node.js 新增了對多線程的實驗性支持(worker_threads模塊)。html
Node.js因爲JS的執行在單一線程,致使CPU密集計算的任務可能會使主線程會處於繁忙的狀態,進而影響服務的性能,雖然能夠經過child_process模塊建立子進程的方式來解決,可是一方面進程之間沒法共享內存,另外一方面建立進程的開銷也不小。因此在10.5.0版本中Node.js提供了worker_threads模塊來支持多線程,一直以來被人所詬病的不擅長CPU密集計算有望成爲歷史。node
多線程目前仍然處於實驗階段,因此啓動時須要增長--experimental-worker
flag才能生效。api
worker_threads
模塊中比較重要的幾個類:MessageChannel: 用於建立異步、雙向通訊的通道實例。MessageChannel實例包含兩個屬性port1和port2,這兩個屬性都是MessagePort的實例。多線程
MessagePort: 用於表示MessageChannel通道的終端,用於Worker之間傳輸結構化數據、內存區域和其餘的MessagePort。MessagePort繼承了EventEmitter,所以可使用postMessage和on方法實現消息的傳遞與接收。app
Worker: 用於建立單獨的JS線程。異步
worker_threads
模塊中比較重要的幾個屬性:parentPort: 子線程中的parentPort指向能夠與主線程進行通訊的MessagePort。async
子線程向父線程發送消息函數
parentPort.postMessage(...)
子線程接受來自父線程的消息post
parentPort.on('message', (msg) => ...)
isMainThread: 用於區分當前文件是否在主線程中執行性能
workerData: 用於傳遞給Worker構造函數的data副本,在子線程中能夠經過workerData獲取到父進程傳入的數據。
瞭解經常使用類與屬性以後再來看一下代碼示例
const { Worker, parentPort, isMainThread } = require('worker_threads'); if (isMainThread) { const w = new Worker(__filename, { workerData: { name: 'Randal' } }); w.postMessage(1e10); const startTime = Date.now(); w.on('message', function(msg) { console.log('main thread get message: ' + msg); console.log('compute time ellapsed: ' + (Date.now() - startTime) / 1000); }); console.log('main thread executing'); } else { const longComputation = (val) => { let sum = 0; for (let i = 0; i < val; i++) { sum += i; }; return sum; }; parentPort.on('message', (msg) => { console.log(`${workerData.name} worker get message: ` + msg); parentPort.postMessage(longComputation(msg)); }); } // 執行結果 main thread executing Randal worker get message: 10000000000 main thread get message: 49999999990067860000 compute time ellapsed: 14.954
port.postMessag(value[, transferList])
除了value以外,postMessage方法還支持傳入transferList參數,transferList是一個List,支持的數據類型包括ArrayBuffer和MessagePort對象,transferList中的對象在傳輸完成後,在發送對象的線程中就不能夠繼續使用了。
const { Worker, isMainThread, parentPort } = require('worker_threads'); // 主線程 if (isMainThread) { const sab = new ArrayBuffer(Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 100); const ia = new Int32Array(sab); for (let i = 0; i < ia.length; i++) { ia[i] = i; } console.log("this is the main thread"); for (let i = 0; i < 1; i++) { let w = new Worker(__filename); console.log('before transfer: ', sab); w.postMessage(null, [ sab ]); setTimeout(() => { console.log('after transfer: ', sab); }, 1000); } } else { console.log("this isn't main thread"); } // 輸出結果 this is the main thread before transfer: ArrayBuffer { byteLength: 400 } this isn't main thread after transfer: ArrayBuffer { byteLength: 0 }
若是ArrayBuffer是經過value傳輸的(且在transferList中不存在),則傳輸過去的是副本,以下所示:
w.postMessage(sab); // 輸出結果 this is the main thread before transfer: ArrayBuffer { byteLength: 400 } this isn't main thread after transfer: ArrayBuffer { byteLength: 400 }
輪到SharedArrayBuffer出場了,若是postMessage中的value是SharedArrayBuffer的話,則線程之間就能夠共享內存,以下面例子所示:
const { Worker, isMainThread, parentPort } = require('worker_threads'); // 主線程 if (isMainThread) { const sab = new SharedArrayBuffer(Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 5); const ia = new Int32Array(sab); for (let i = 0; i < ia.length; i++) { ia[i] = i; } for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) { let w = new Worker(__filename); w.postMessage(sab); w.on('message', () => { console.log(ia); }); } } else { parentPort.on('message', (msg) => { const ia = new Int32Array(msg, 0, 1); ia[0] = ia[0] + 1; parentPort.postMessage('done'); }); } // 輸出結果 Int32Array [ 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 ] Int32Array [ 2, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]
推薦一個封裝threads的開源庫microjob
Microjob is a tiny wrapper for Node.js threads and is intended to perform heavy CPU loads using anonymous functions. So, Microjob treats Node.js threads as temporary working units: if you need to spawn a long-living thread, then you should use the default API.
官方示例以下:
(async () => { const { job } = require('microjob') try { // this function will be executed in another thread const res = await job(() => { let i = 0 for (i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) { // heavy CPU load ... } return i }) console.log(res) // 1000000 } catch (err) { console.error(err) } })()
https://medium.com/dailyjs/th...
https://nodejs.org/dist/lates...