1、行轉列函數
即將本來同一列下多行的不一樣內容做爲多個字段,輸出對應內容。spa
建表語句3d
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tb_score; CREATE TABLE tb_score( id INT(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, userid VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '用戶id', subject VARCHAR(20) COMMENT '科目', score DOUBLE COMMENT '成績', PRIMARY KEY(id) )ENGINE = INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8;
插入數據code
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('001','語文',90); INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('001','數學',92); INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('001','英語',80); INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('002','語文',88); INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('002','數學',90); INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('002','英語',75.5); INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','語文',70); INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','數學',85); INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','英語',90); INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','政治',82);
查詢數據表中的內容(即轉換前的結果)blog
SELECT * FROM tb_score
先來看一下轉換後的結果:排序
能夠看出,這裏行轉列是將原來的subject字段的多行內容選出來,做爲結果集中的不一樣列,並根據userid進行分組顯示對應的score。rem
一、使用case...when....then 進行行轉列字符串
SELECT userid, SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '語文' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '語文', SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '數學' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '數學', SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '英語' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '英語', SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '政治' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '政治' FROM tb_score GROUP BY userid
二、使用IF() 進行行轉列:數學
SELECT userid, SUM(IF(`subject`='語文',score,0)) as '語文', SUM(IF(`subject`='數學',score,0)) as '數學', SUM(IF(`subject`='英語',score,0)) as '英語', SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) as '政治' FROM tb_score GROUP BY userid
注意點:class
(1)SUM() 是爲了可以使用GROUP BY根據userid進行分組,由於每個userid對應的subject="語文"的記錄只有一條,因此SUM() 的值就等於對應那一條記錄的score的值。
假如userid ='001' and subject='語文' 的記錄有兩條,則此時SUM() 的值將會是這兩條記錄的和,同理,使用Max()的值將會是這兩條記錄裏面值最大的一個。可是正常狀況下,一個user對應一個subject只有一個分數,所以可使用SUM()、MAX()、MIN()、AVG()等聚合函數均可以達到行轉列的效果。
(2)IF(`subject`='語文',score,0) 做爲條件,即對全部subject='語文'的記錄的score字段進行SUM()、MAX()、MIN()、AVG()操做,若是score沒有值則默認爲0。
三、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列 + WITH ROLLUP 生成彙總行,並利用 IFNULL將彙總行標題顯示爲Total
SELECT IFNULL(userid,'total') AS userid, SUM(IF(`subject`='語文',score,0)) AS 語文, SUM(IF(`subject`='數學',score,0)) AS 數學, SUM(IF(`subject`='英語',score,0)) AS 英語, SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治, SUM(IF(`subject`='total',score,0)) AS total FROM( SELECT userid,IFNULL(`subject`,'total') AS `subject`,SUM(score) AS score FROM tb_score GROUP BY userid,`subject` WITH ROLLUP HAVING userid IS NOT NULL )AS A GROUP BY userid WITH ROLLUP;
運行結果:
四、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列 + UNION 生成彙總行,並利用 IFNULL將彙總行標題顯示爲 Total
SELECT userid, SUM(IF(`subject`='語文',score,0)) AS 語文, SUM(IF(`subject`='數學',score,0)) AS 數學, SUM(IF(`subject`='英語',score,0)) AS 英語, SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治, SUM(score) AS TOTAL FROM tb_score GROUP BY userid UNION SELECT 'TOTAL',SUM(IF(`subject`='語文',score,0)) AS 語文, SUM(IF(`subject`='數學',score,0)) AS 數學, SUM(IF(`subject`='英語',score,0)) AS 英語, SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治, SUM(score) FROM tb_score
運行結果:
五、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列,直接生成結果再也不利用子查詢
SELECT IFNULL(userid,'TOTAL') AS userid, SUM(IF(`subject`='語文',score,0)) AS 語文, SUM(IF(`subject`='數學',score,0)) AS 數學, SUM(IF(`subject`='英語',score,0)) AS 英語, SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治, SUM(score) AS TOTAL FROM tb_score GROUP BY userid WITH ROLLUP;
運行結果:
六、動態,適用於列不肯定狀況
SET @EE=''; select @EE :=CONCAT(@EE,'sum(if(subject= \'',subject,'\',score,0)) as ',subject, ',') AS aa FROM (SELECT DISTINCT subject FROM tb_score) A ; SET @QQ = CONCAT('select ifnull(userid,\'TOTAL\')as userid,',@EE,' sum(score) as TOTAL from tb_score group by userid WITH ROLLUP'); -- SELECT @QQ; PREPARE stmt FROM @QQ; EXECUTE stmt; DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
運行結果:
七、合併字段顯示:利用group_concat()
SELECT userid,GROUP_CONCAT(`subject`,":",score)AS 成績 FROM tb_score GROUP BY userid
運行結果:
group_concat(),手冊上說明:該函數返回帶有來自一個組的鏈接的非NULL值的字符串結果。
比較抽象,難以理解。通俗點理解,實際上是這樣的:group_concat()會計算哪些行屬於同一組,將屬於同一組的列顯示出來。要返回哪些列,由函數參數(就是字段名)決定。分組必須有個標準,就是根據group by指定的列進行分組。
結論:group_concat()函數能夠很好的建屬於同一分組的多個行轉化爲一個列。
3、列轉行
建表語句:
CREATE TABLE tb_score1( id INT(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, userid VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '用戶id', cn_score DOUBLE COMMENT '語文成績', math_score DOUBLE COMMENT '數學成績', en_score DOUBLE COMMENT '英語成績', po_score DOUBLE COMMENT '政治成績', PRIMARY KEY(id) )ENGINE = INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8;
插入數據:
INSERT INTO tb_score1(userid,cn_score,math_score,en_score,po_score) VALUES ('001',90,92,80,0); INSERT INTO tb_score1(userid,cn_score,math_score,en_score,po_score) VALUES ('002',88,90,75.5,0); INSERT INTO tb_score1(userid,cn_score,math_score,en_score,po_score) VALUES ('003',70,85,90,82);
查詢數據表中的內容(即轉換前的結果)
SELECT * FROM tb_score1
轉換後:
本質是將userid的每一個科目分數分散成一條記錄顯示出來。
直接上SQL:
SELECT userid,'語文' AS course,cn_score AS score FROM tb_score1 UNION ALL SELECT userid,'數學' AS course,math_score AS score FROM tb_score1 UNION ALL SELECT userid,'英語' AS course,en_score AS score FROM tb_score1 UNION ALL SELECT userid,'政治' AS course,po_score AS score FROM tb_score1 ORDER BY userid
這裏將每一個userid對應的多個科目的成績查出來,經過UNION ALL將結果集加起來,達到上圖的效果。
附:UNION與UNION ALL的區別(摘):
1.對重複結果的處理:UNION會去掉重複記錄,UNION ALL不會;
2.對排序的處理:UNION會排序,UNION ALL只是簡單地將兩個結果集合並;
3.效率方面的區別:由於UNION 會作去重和排序處理,所以效率比UNION ALL慢不少;