【原】無腦操做:TypeScript環境搭建

概述:本文描述TypeScript環境搭建,以及基於VSCode的自動編譯設置和調試設置。網絡上不少相應文章的方式過期了或者沒法試驗成功。javascript

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TypeScript簡介:由微軟開發的開源免費的編程語言,是JavaScript語言的一個超集,本質上爲JavaScript語言添加了可選的靜態類型和基於類的面向對象編程概念。java

TypeScript的做者是大名鼎鼎的Anders Hejlsberg,沒錯,就是Delphi和C#之父。node

    

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一、TypeScript環境搭建:typescript

① 操做系統:Windows 7 64位旗艦版express

② 從Node.JS官網(https://nodejs.org/en/)下載當前穩定版本的Node.js(截至2019年04月27日,node-v10.15.3-x64.msi)npm

    下載完畢,點擊安裝,選擇好安裝路徑,一路回車安裝便可。編程

③ 當前版本的Node.js默認就帶有npm工具。因此,安裝完畢後,在命令行窗口中分別輸入node -v 和 npm -v,查看版本信息,驗證是否安裝成功。json

④ 使用npm安裝TypeScript,在命令行窗口中輸入 npm install -g typescript,全局安裝TypeScript。安裝完成後,能夠輸入 tsc -v,查看TypeScript編譯器的版本信息。

⑤ 新建一個demo.ts文件

function say(msg) {
    return "Hello, " + msg;
}

let str = "TypeScript";
console.log(say(str));

在命令行窗口中,使用tsc指令(輸入: tsc demo.ts)編譯爲對應的JavaScript文件demo.js,打開該文件

function say(msg) {
    return "Hello, " + msg;
}
var str = "TypeScript";
console.log(say(str));

能夠使用Node.js對生成的JavaScript文件進行執行

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二、使用VSCode搭建開發環境

① 從VSCode官網(https://code.visualstudio.com)下載當前穩定版本(截至2019年04月27日,VSCodeUserSetup-x64-1.33.1.exe)

② 喜歡中文的朋友能夠安裝VSCode的中文插件

③ 建立目錄demo,使用VSCode選擇該目錄,點擊"終端"----->新建終端(快捷鍵:ctrl + shift + `),輸入 tsc --init,建立出tsconfig.json文件。

④ tsconfig.json是TypeScript的配置文件,咱們放開sourceMap 和 outDir的設置。其中,sourceMap是爲了後續調試使用,outDir指定了自動編譯時生成出JavaScript文件的位置。

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    /* Basic Options */
    "target": "es5",                          /* Specify ECMAScript target version: 'ES3' (default), 'ES5', 'ES2015', 'ES2016', 'ES2017', 'ES2018', 'ES2019' or 'ESNEXT'. */
    "module": "commonjs",                     /* Specify module code generation: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es2015', or 'ESNext'. */
    // "lib": [],                             /* Specify library files to be included in the compilation. */
    // "allowJs": true,                       /* Allow javascript files to be compiled. */
    // "checkJs": true,                       /* Report errors in .js files. */
    // "jsx": "preserve",                     /* Specify JSX code generation: 'preserve', 'react-native', or 'react'. */
    // "declaration": true,                   /* Generates corresponding '.d.ts' file. */
    // "declarationMap": true,                /* Generates a sourcemap for each corresponding '.d.ts' file. */
    "sourceMap": true,                     /* Generates corresponding '.map' file. */
    // "outFile": "./",                       /* Concatenate and emit output to single file. */
    "outDir": "./js",                        /* Redirect output structure to the directory. */
    // "rootDir": "./",                       /* Specify the root directory of input files. Use to control the output directory structure with --outDir. */
    // "composite": true,                     /* Enable project compilation */
    // "incremental": true,                   /* Enable incremental compilation */
    // "tsBuildInfoFile": "./",               /* Specify file to store incremental compilation information */
    // "removeComments": true,                /* Do not emit comments to output. */
    // "noEmit": true,                        /* Do not emit outputs. */
    // "importHelpers": true,                 /* Import emit helpers from 'tslib'. */
    // "downlevelIteration": true,            /* Provide full support for iterables in 'for-of', spread, and destructuring when targeting 'ES5' or 'ES3'. */
    // "isolatedModules": true,               /* Transpile each file as a separate module (similar to 'ts.transpileModule'). */

    /* Strict Type-Checking Options */
    "strict": true,                           /* Enable all strict type-checking options. */
    // "noImplicitAny": true,                 /* Raise error on expressions and declarations with an implied 'any' type. */
    // "strictNullChecks": true,              /* Enable strict null checks. */
    // "strictFunctionTypes": true,           /* Enable strict checking of function types. */
    // "strictBindCallApply": true,           /* Enable strict 'bind', 'call', and 'apply' methods on functions. */
    // "strictPropertyInitialization": true,  /* Enable strict checking of property initialization in classes. */
    // "noImplicitThis": true,                /* Raise error on 'this' expressions with an implied 'any' type. */
    // "alwaysStrict": true,                  /* Parse in strict mode and emit "use strict" for each source file. */

    /* Additional Checks */
    // "noUnusedLocals": true,                /* Report errors on unused locals. */
    // "noUnusedParameters": true,            /* Report errors on unused parameters. */
    // "noImplicitReturns": true,             /* Report error when not all code paths in function return a value. */
    // "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,    /* Report errors for fallthrough cases in switch statement. */

    /* Module Resolution Options */
    // "moduleResolution": "node",            /* Specify module resolution strategy: 'node' (Node.js) or 'classic' (TypeScript pre-1.6). */
    // "baseUrl": "./",                       /* Base directory to resolve non-absolute module names. */
    // "paths": {},                           /* A series of entries which re-map imports to lookup locations relative to the 'baseUrl'. */
    // "rootDirs": [],                        /* List of root folders whose combined content represents the structure of the project at runtime. */
    // "typeRoots": [],                       /* List of folders to include type definitions from. */
    // "types": [],                           /* Type declaration files to be included in compilation. */
    // "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,  /* Allow default imports from modules with no default export. This does not affect code emit, just typechecking. */
    "esModuleInterop": true                   /* Enables emit interoperability between CommonJS and ES Modules via creation of namespace objects for all imports. Implies 'allowSyntheticDefaultImports'. */
    // "preserveSymlinks": true,              /* Do not resolve the real path of symlinks. */

    /* Source Map Options */
    // "sourceRoot": "",                      /* Specify the location where debugger should locate TypeScript files instead of source locations. */
    // "mapRoot": "",                         /* Specify the location where debugger should locate map files instead of generated locations. */
    // "inlineSourceMap": true,               /* Emit a single file with source maps instead of having a separate file. */
    // "inlineSources": true,                 /* Emit the source alongside the sourcemaps within a single file; requires '--inlineSourceMap' or '--sourceMap' to be set. */

    /* Experimental Options */
    // "experimentalDecorators": true,        /* Enables experimental support for ES7 decorators. */
    // "emitDecoratorMetadata": true,         /* Enables experimental support for emitting type metadata for decorators. */
  }
}

⑤ 編寫TypeScript文件sample.ts

// 定義類
class Person {
    // 成員變量
    name: string;
    age: number;

    // 構造函數
    constructor(name: string, age: number) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    // 成員方法
    say(): void {
        console.log('姓名:' + this.name + ',年齡:' + this.age);
    }
}

// 實例化
let person = new Person('temptation', 18);
person.say();

⑥ 點擊"終端"----->運行生成任務(快捷鍵:ctrl + shift + B),選擇tsc:監視 - tsconfig.json,一下子就會生成js目錄以及對應ts文件的js文件

生成的JavaScript文件內容以下:

"use strict";
// 定義類
var Person = /** @class */ (function () {
    // 構造函數
    function Person(name, age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }
    // 成員方法
    Person.prototype.say = function () {
        console.log('姓名:' + this.name + ',年齡:' + this.age);
    };
    return Person;
}());
// 實例化
var person = new Person('temptation', 18);
person.say();
//# sourceMappingURL=sample.js.map

⑦ 調試TypeScript文件。在須要中斷的位置,使用F9設置斷點。再點擊F5啓動調試便可。F10單步調試。F11單步走入。

⑧ HTML文件不能直接使用TypeScript,須要使用TypeScript自動編譯生成的JavaScript文件。

能夠在VSCode中安裝open in browser這個插件,運行時,在HTML文件中右鍵找到Open In Default/Other Browser,打開相應的瀏覽器。在瀏覽器的控制檯看到執行結果

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>TypeScript使用示例</title>
</head>
<body>
    <script src="js/sample.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
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