1、設計系統表html
2、admin後臺管理python
3、基本數據訪問(SQLite數據庫)mysql
首先打開sign/models.py,經過模型完成標的建立:sql
from django.db import models # Create your models here. # 發佈會表 class Event(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=100) # 發佈會標題 limit = models.IntegerField() # 參加人數 status = models.BooleanField() # 狀態 address = models.CharField(max_length=200) # 地址 start_time = models.DateTimeField("event time") # 發佈會時間 create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True) # 建立時間(自動獲取當前時間) def __str__(self): return self.name # 嘉賓表 class Guest(models.Model): event = models.ForeignKey(Event) # 關聯發佈會id realname = models.CharField(max_length=64) # 姓名 phone = models.CharField(max_length=16) # 手機號 email = models.EmailField() # 郵箱 sign = models.BooleanField() # 簽到狀態 create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True) # 建立時間(自動獲取當前時間)
def __str__(self): return self.realname
class Meta: unique_together = ("event","phone")
模型建立好後,進行數據遷移:shell
打開終端執行:數據庫
test:guest zhan$ python manage.py makemigrations sign Migrations for 'sign': sign/migrations/0001_initial.py: - Create model Event - Create model Guest test:guest zhan$ python manage.py migrate Operations to perform: Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions, sign Running migrations: Applying sign.0001_initial... OK
sign/migrations/下會生成0001_initial.py文件:django
首先,在sign/admin.py文件中寫入:session
from django.contrib import admin from sign.models import Event,Guest # Register your models here. # 這些代碼通知Admin管理工具爲這些模塊提供界面 admin.site.register(Event) admin.site.register(Guest)
以下圖:框架
登陸Admin後臺系統:http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/ 工具
添加發佈會:
列表顯示一列發佈會名字,是由於本身定義了__str__():裏面的name
若是想顯示所有的列表字段,則在 sign/admin.py中繼續添加:
from django.contrib import admin from sign.models import Event,Guest # Register your models here. # 添加兩個方法,把字段值放在list_display中 class EventAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ["id","name","limit","status","address","start_time","create_time"] class GuestAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ["event","realname","phone","email","sign","create_time"] # 這些代碼通知Admin管理工具爲這些模塊提供界面 admin.site.register(Event,EventAdmin) # 並添加class進來 admin.site.register(Guest,GuestAdmin)
還能夠添加【搜索欄、過濾器】,在sign/admin.py中繼續添加:
from django.contrib import admin from sign.models import Event,Guest # Register your models here. class EventAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ["id","name","limit","status","address","start_time","create_time"] search_fields = ["name"] # 搜索欄 list_filter = ["status"] # 過濾器 class GuestAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ["event","realname","phone","email","sign","create_time"] search_fields = ["realname","phone"] # 搜索欄 list_filter = ["sign"] # 過濾器 # 這些代碼通知Admin管理工具爲這些模塊提供界面 admin.site.register(Event,EventAdmin) admin.site.register(Guest,GuestAdmin)
search_fields:用於建立搜索欄,能夠設置匹配多個關鍵字。
list_filter:用於建立字段過濾器。
下面咱們經過Django自帶的SQLite操做數據庫,如何經過數據庫進行操做呢,須要命令行運行manage.py的shell命令
python manage.py shell
# 準備條件
>>> from sign.models import Event,Guest >>> from datetime import datetime >>> Event.objects.all() <QuerySet [<Event: 小米發佈會>]> >>> Guest.objects.all() <QuerySet [<Guest: zc>]>
①第一種插入語句:建立和保存
insert_e1 = Event(id='2', name='魅族發佈會', limit='1000', status=True, address='天津梅江會展', start_time=datetime(2018,10,15,12,0,0)) insert_e1.save()
②第二種插入語句:直接建立
Event.objects.create(id='2', name='魅族發佈會', limit='1000', status=True, address='天津梅江會展', start_time=datetime(2018,10,15,12,0,0))
Guest.objects.create(realname='owen',
phone= '136',
email='136@qq.com',
sign=False,
event_id='2')
可是會提示警告信息:
1430: RuntimeWarning: DateTimeField Event.start_time received a naive datetime (2018-10-15 12:00:00) while time zone support is active. RuntimeWarning)
UTC問題,能夠忽略此問題,guest/settings.py中,設置USE_TZ = False。
address做爲查詢條件,查詢name
>>> e1 = Event.objects.get(address = '天津梅江會展') >>> e1.name '魅族發佈會'
# 或者
>>> Event.objects.get(address = '天津梅江會展').name
'魅族發佈會'
>>>
相對應的Guest表:
>>> g1 = Guest.objects.get(realname__contains='ow') >>> g1.event <Event: 魅族發佈會> >>> g1.event.name '魅族發佈會' >>> g1.event.address '天津梅江會展' >>>
只想查詢關鍵字
filter()方法是從數據庫中取得匹配結果,返回的是列表;name與contains雙下劃線鏈接,contains相似於LIKE語句。
>>> Event.objects.filter(name__contains='發佈會') <QuerySet [<Event: 小米發佈會>, <Event: 魅族發佈會>]> >>>
注:我寫的是模糊查詢刪除,最好是精確刪除。
>>> g1 = Guest.objects.get(realname__contains='ow') >>> g1.delete() (1, {'sign.Guest': 1}) >>> # 或者 >>> Guest.objects.get(realname__contains='ow').delete() (1, {'sign.Guest': 1}) >>>
>>> g1 = Guest.objects.get(realname__contains='ow') >>> g1.realname='owen02' >>> g1.save() >>> # 或者 Guest.objects.select_for_update().filter(realname__contains='ow').update(realname='owen') 1
雖然SQLite數據庫能夠操做數據,可是不適用於大型項目,下面來介紹MySQL數據庫在Django中的操做。
參考個人另外一篇文章:《【Mac系統 + Mysql】之安裝Mysql數據庫》
數據庫操做:
# 進入mysql mysql -u root -p
# 查看數據庫 show databases; # 建立數據庫 create database if not exists guest; # 進入guest數據庫 use guest; # 查看數據庫的表 show tables; # 建立表 create table if not exists sign_guest( id int unsigned auto_increment, realname varchar(100)not null, phone varchar(16) not null, email VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE, # UNIQUE:不可重複,只有null是能夠重複 sign varchar(5), create_time date, primary key(id,phone) )charset=utf8; # 查看錶屬性 desc sign_guest; # 插入數據 insert into sign_guest(realname,phone,email,sign,create_time)values
('zc','16612345678','123@qq.com','1',now())
安裝命令:
pip install pymysql
具體操做可參考個人文章:《【Python + Mysql】之用pymysql庫鏈接Mysql數據庫並進行增刪改查操做》
在此忽略......
修改guest/settings.py下的DATABASES
DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', # 驅動 'HOST': '127.0.0.1', # 主機地址 'PORT': '3306', # 端口號 'NAME': 'guest', # 數據庫 'USER': 'root', # 登陸用戶名 'PASSWORD': '1234567', # 登陸密碼 'OPTIONS': { 'init_command': "SET sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES'", }, } }
在guest項目中輸入命令:
test:guest zhan$ python manage.py migrate
可是報錯:
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Error loading MySQLdb module: No module named 'MySQLdb'
緣由爲沒有MySQLdb驅動,解決辦法以下:
在.../guest/__init__.py中添加代碼:
import pymysql pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
而後再執行命令:
python manage.py migrate
可是,會提示錯誤,若是沒有問題跳過此段落:
......
Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
Applying sign.0001_initial...Traceback (most recent call last):
...
...
...
pymysql.err.InternalError: (1050, "Table 'sign_guest' already exists")
緣由爲我在上面寫mysql基本數據庫操做時候,本身建立了sign_guest表,因此最好刪除guest數據庫,從新再執行一遍命令。
終端進入數據庫,具體操做不描述,上面基本操做介紹過。
# 刪除數據庫 drop database guest; # 建立數據庫 create database guest;
再執行命令:
python manage.py migrate
正確顯示以下:
Operations to perform: Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions, sign Running migrations: Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK Applying auth.0001_initial... OK Applying admin.0001_initial... OK Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK Applying sign.0001_initial... OK
由於更換了數據庫,因此裏面的Admin超級管理員帳號也須要從新建立。
而後再終端輸入命令:
python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'zhan'): admin Email address: xxx@xxx.com Password: Password (again): Superuser created successfully.
至此,Django的模型建立完畢,下一篇介紹Django模板